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66-480: Fallersleben is a part ( Ortsteil ) of the City of Wolfsburg , Lower Saxony , Germany , with a population of 11,269 (as of 2010). The village of Fallersleben was first mentioned in 942 under the name of Valareslebo . Fallersleben became a city in 1929, and was incorporated into Wolfsburg in 1972. Before 1972, it belonged to Gifhorn . In 1939, Fallersleben had 2,600 inhabitants. This Wolfsburg location article

132-562: A constitutional crisis as he tried to suspend parliament and nullify the written constitution of 1819. He also presided over the country during the turbulent Revolutions of 1848 . His son, George V , assumed the throne in 1851. In 1866, during the Austro-Prussian War , Hanover attempted to maintain a neutral position, along with some other member states of the German Confederation . Hanover's vote in favor of

198-627: A junior branch of the House of Hanover. In 1884, that branch became extinct with the death of William , a distant cousin of Ernest Augustus. Since Ernest Augustus refused to renounce his claim to annexed Hanover, the Bundesrat of the German Empire ruled that he would disturb the peace of the empire if he ascended the throne of Brunswick. As a result, Brunswick was ruled by a regency until 1913, when his son, also named Ernest Augustus , married

264-606: A key part of Volkswagen's production capacity. During the German economic miracle Wolfsburg experienced a large influx of immigrant workers, especially from Italy. In 1958, the city hall was built. In 1960 the Volkswagenwerk GmbH (limited partnership with a limited liability) was changed into an AG (public limited company). In the course of a land reform in Lower Saxony in 1972, 20 localities were added to

330-424: A local official as its mayor. First the councils were only established in the 11 localities annexed in 1972. They partly took over the functions of the former city councils of each of the districts. In 1991 and 2001 some of the localities were split into smaller areas so that today there are 16 localities, each with its own council which are directly elected by the citizens. The only exception from this organization

396-492: A major city ("Großstadt"). In 1973, the population reached its highest level: 131,971. At the end of December 2010, 121,451 people were registered with their principal residence in Wolfsburg. By the end of 2012, this number had climbed to 123,144. The city of Wolfsburg is organized into 41 districts. One or more districts make up one of the total of 16 localities which are represented by their own councils. Every council has

462-635: A male took precedence only over his own sisters. The Congress of Vienna instituted a territorial adjustment between Hanover and Prussia to form more contiguous borders. Hanover increased its area substantially, gaining the Prince-Bishopric of Hildesheim , East Frisia , the Prince-Bishopric of Osnabrück , the Lower County of Lingen and the northern part of the Prince-Bishopric of Münster . Hanover also annexed territories that had previously been ruled in personal union by its Elector, such as

528-613: A new and modern attraction called the Autostadt . The old part of the city Alt Wolfsburg (de) shows some manor buildings in traditional framework style. Atop a hill by the River Aller is the Wolfsburg Castle . The Autostadt is an open-air museum-theme park dedicated to automobiles owned and operated by Volkswagen. In the center of the park are the pavilions featuring Volkswagen's major brands: Volkswagen and Audi to

594-569: A private art museum ( Kunstmuseum Wolfsburg ) specialising in modern and contemporary art. Another major attraction is the Wolfsburg Water Show, the world's largest water-flame-laser-video fountain show with its up to 70-meter high fountains which was in the Autostadt complex in 2014. The event sometimes can be seen when there are special events in the complex. Besides the Autostadt, another well-known and distinctive attraction

660-713: A registered office in Uelzen . These associations were founded to foster cultural establishments in the regions. The most famous professional sports club in the city is VfL Wolfsburg , established in 1945. The men's football team won the Bundesliga in 2009, the DFB-Pokal in 2015 and the DFL-Supercup in 2015. The women's football team has been even more successful, winning six Bundesliga titles and seven DFB-Pokal titles. The women's team has also succeeded in winning

726-527: Is twinned with: Wolfsburg also has friendly relations with: Kingdom of Hanover The personal union with the United Kingdom ended in 1837 upon the accession of Queen Victoria because semi-Salic law prevented females from inheriting the Hanoverian throne while a dynastic male was still alive. Her uncle Ernest Augustus thus became the ruler of Hanover. His only son succeeded him to

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792-433: Is BadeLand, a beautiful wellness and relaxation centre with a bathing area and various saunas. From about 1,000 inhabitants in 1938, the population of the city increased to 25,000 in 1950 and doubled to 50,000 until 1958. On 1 July 1972, the population of Wolfsburg first went beyond the mark of 100,000 because several adjacent suburbanized villages were incorporated into the city with the "Wolfsburg law" which made Wolfsburg

858-427: Is Dennis Weilmann. The city has been described as a "social democratic utopia". The city council is made up of the fractions of the different parties (47 seats) and the lord mayor with one seat. The lord mayor is head of administration, thus the superior of all employees of the city council. The lord mayor is supported by four departmental heads who are voted in by the council on his suggestion. Together, they make up

924-518: Is July and the driest month is April, while the wettest are July and August. The "Wolfsburg" Castle was first mentioned in 1302 in a document as the domicile of the noble lineage of Bartensleben . Originally a keep next to the Aller, it was protected by a moat some centuries later. In 1372, the first documentary reference to the Burg Neuhaus ("castle of Neuhaus") near Wolfsburg appeared. After

990-455: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Wolfsburg Wolfsburg ( German: [ˈvɔlfsbʊʁk] ; Eastphalian : Wulfsborg ) is the fifth-largest city in the German state of Lower Saxony , located on the river Aller . It lies about 75 kilometres (47 mi) east of Hanover and 230 kilometres (143 mi) west of Berlin . Wolfsburg is famous as the location of Volkswagen AG 's headquarters and, until it

1056-487: Is green and white. Lower Saxony's Department of the Interior awarded the city of Wolfsburg's emblem in 1952 after it had been constituted in the association articles in 1947. In 1961, it was improved heraldically and newly awarded by the governmental executive committee of Lüneburg. The symbols of the wolf and the castle reflect the city's name (canting arm) and do not have a historical, directly conveyed reference. The flag

1122-592: Is the Allerpark ( Aller Park ), a local recreation area surrounding the Allersee lake, and the area of the Volkswagen factory which are both located in the central city area. The administrative area of Wolfsburg includes six nature reserves . Five of them are located in the ancient Aller river valley. The first mayor of the young Stadt des KdF-Wagens was the government assessor Karl Bock, on enactment #145 of

1188-619: The Mittellandkanal ( lit.   ' middle land canal ' ). It is bordered by the districts of Gifhorn and Helmstedt . The total annual precipitation is about 532 millimetres (21 in) which is quite low as it belongs to the lowest tenth of the measured data in Germany. Only 7% of all observation stations of the Deutscher Wetterdienst (German weather service) record lower measurements. The warmest month

1254-471: The Arbeitsdorf concentration camp in the city for a few months. At least six individuals died while working at this camp. The city and Volkswagen factory were captured on April 11, 1945, by US troops, and about 7,700 forced labourers were liberated from the Volkswagen factory. The US troops occupied the city until the end of June, during which time the city was renamed Wolfsburg on 25 May 1945, after

1320-775: The County of Hohenstein  [ de ] , a Hanoverian exclave in the Eastern Harz mountains), in Osnabrück (for the former Prince-Bishopric of Osnabrück ), in Otterndorf (existed 1535–1885 for the Land of Hadeln ) as well as in Stade (existed 1650–1903, until 1885 for the former Bremen-Verden proper without Hadeln, then including the complete Stade region ). A general superintendent chaired each consistory. In 1848,

1386-766: The Hanover Land-Rabbinate  [ de ] ( Hanover and Lüneburg regions ), the Hildesheim Land-Rabbinate (Hildesheim region and Clausthal Mountain Captaincy  [ de ] ), and the Stade Land-Rabbinate  [ nds ] ( Stade region ). In many diaspora areas Jews regarded this a progress and a burden alike, because of the implied financial burden for rabbis and religion teacher, synagogues or schools . The local authorities now requested that

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1452-657: The Netherlands , called the Guelphic Legion . It was eventually disbanded in 1870. Nevertheless, George refused to accept the Prussian takeover of his realm and claimed he was still the legitimate king of Hanover. His only son, Ernest Augustus, Crown Prince of Hanover , inherited the claim upon George's death in 1878. Ernest Augustus was also first in line to the throne of the Duchy of Brunswick , whose rulers had been

1518-619: The Strength Through Joy car at Fallersleben ), a planned town centred around the village of Fallersleben, built to house workers of the Volkswagen factories erected to assemble what would be later known as the Volkswagen Beetle . During World War II, military cars, aeroplanes, and other military equipment were built there, mainly by forced workers and prisoners-of-war . In 1942, German authorities established

1584-701: The Ständeversammlung (lit. Estates Assembly , the Hanoverian parliament) to pass a new law as to the constitution of the Lutheran church. The constitution provided a state synod (parishioners' parliament, German : Landessynode ). But its first session only materialised in 1869 when, after the 1866 Prussian annexation of the Kingdom of Hanover, the Hanoverian Lutherans desired a representative body separate from Prussian rule, though it

1650-488: The UEFA Women's Champions League in two consecutive years, 2013 and 2014. Wolfsburg is also the home of the ice hockey team Grizzlys Wolfsburg , which since 2007 has made it to a leading position in the first-tier Deutsche Eishockey Liga , where it was runner-up in 2011, 2016 and 2017. Also based in city is the tennis tournament Volkswagen Challenger , which has been held annually in Wolfsburg since 1993. Wolfsburg

1716-672: The Calvinist congregations elsewhere in Hanover were in a somewhat sorry state. Though some Calvinist congregations of Huguenot origin were organised in the Lower Saxon Confederation ( German : Niedersächsische Konföderation ). The Lutheran church being the state church of Hanover also supervised the Calvinist diaspora parishes outside East Frisia and Bentheim. In 1848 the new Hanoverian law also provided for presbyteries in these Calvinist parishes, which exactly fit

1782-794: The Duchies of Bremen-Verden and the County of Bentheim . It lost those parts of Saxe-Lauenburg to the northeast of the Elbe , which was assigned in personal union to Denmark , except the Amt Neuhaus . Further small exclaves in the east were lost. Hanover comprised a number of territories, which had been Imperial Estates within the Holy Roman Empire . Their respective governments, now called provincial governments, were organised according to partially very old traditions, including different levels of estate participation in rule. In 1823,

1848-802: The Electorate of Braunschweig-Lüneburg, which later developed into the Kingdom of Hanover and became a Prussian province in 1866. Other urban districts, including Heßlingen , belonged to the Prussian Duchy of Magdeburg . In 1932, these districts were detached from the Prussian Province of Saxony and integrated into the Province of Hanover . Wolfsburg was founded on 1 July 1938 as the Stadt des KdF-Wagens bei Fallersleben, ( " City of

1914-592: The German Emperor's daughter, Princess Viktoria Luise and swore allegiance to the German Empire. The Duke then renounced his claim to Brunswick in favour of his son, and the Bundesrat allowed the younger Ernest Augustus to take possession of Brunswick as a kind of dowry compensation for Hanover. The German-Hanoverian Party , which at times supported secession from the Reich , demanded a separate status for

1980-564: The House of Hanover ascended the throne of Great Britain as George I , and Hanover was joined in a personal union with Great Britain. In 1803, Hanover was conquered by the French and Prussian armies in the Napoleonic Wars . The Treaties of Tilsit in 1807 joined it to territories from Prussia and created the Kingdom of Westphalia , ruled by Napoleon 's youngest brother, Jérôme Bonaparte . French control lasted until October 1813, when

2046-641: The Jewish congregations establish synagogues and Jewish education for the pupils. The land-rabbins , chairing the land-rabbinates, simultaneously fulfilled religious and state functions, like supervising Jewish elementary schools and the teaching of Jewish religion in all schools. The Kingdom of Hanover was thus one of the few states within the German Confederation, where rabbins held a similar semi-state authoritative position as to Jews as did, e.g., Lutheran clergy towards Lutherans. In 1813, George III

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2112-622: The Jews , the government took the decisions of the German Confederation on the rights of the Jews, in Johann Smidt 's manipulated formulation, as the legal grounds. In 1842, Hanover finally granted equal rights to Jews and promoted to build up Jewish congregations, where this did not already happen earlier, and a superstructure of four regional land-rabbinates . These were the Emden Land-Rabbinate (Aurich and Osnabrück regions),

2178-676: The Kingdom of Hanover with the King being summus episcopus (Supreme Governor of the Lutheran Church). Regional consistories supervised church and clergy. These were in Aurich , a simultaneously Lutheran and Calvinist consistory dominated by Lutherans (for East Frisia ) and the Lutheran consistories in Hanover (for the former Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg proper), in Ilfeld (for

2244-543: The Lutheran parishes were democratised by the introduction of presbyteries ( German : Kirchenvorstände , singular Kirchenvorstand ; literally: church boards ), elected by all major male parishioners and chairing each congregation in co-operation with the pastor , being before the sole chairman. This introduction of presbyteries was somewhat revolutionary in the rather hierarchically structured Lutheran church. In 1864, Carl Lichtenberg , Hanoverian minister of education, cultural and religious affairs (1862–65), persuaded

2310-646: The Prussians during its march south towards Austria, at the Battle of Langensalza . However, it was later surrounded and forced to surrender to Prussia. After the personal union with the United Kingdom ended in 1837 with the accession of Queen Victoria, Hanover kept the British royal arms and standard , only introducing a new Crown, after the British model. The centre of this coat of arms and royal standard included

2376-734: The Roman Catholic Vicariate Apostolic of the Nordic Missions , into the existing dioceses of the former prince-bishoprics, whose diocesan territories were thus extended into the diaspora areas. Jews lived all over Hanover in diaspora . Until 1806, they were not allowed to reside in some areas. By the Westphalian and French annexations in 1807 and 1810, all-male inhabitants in later restituted Hanover became Westphalian or French citizens of equal rights. On 17 March 1808, Napoléon Bonaparte restricted

2442-444: The accession to the throne by a female if any male of the dynasty had survived. Ernest Augustus , now the eldest surviving son of George III, succeeded to the throne as King of Hanover. Adolph Frederick, the younger brother and long-time Viceroy, returned to Britain. Ernest Augustus had a personally-strained relationship with his niece Queen Victoria, and they frequently squabbled over family affairs. Domestically, his reign began with

2508-436: The board of directors of the city administration where the most important decisions concerning administration are deliberated weekly. Results of the local elections on 11 September 2011: Voter participations: 49.4% Wolfsburg's emblem shows a silver two-tower castle with a closed gate on red ground over a green base with silver waved timbers. A golden wolf with a blue tongue paces over the castle's battlement. The city's flag

2574-400: The chief president of the government of Lüneburg effective from 1 July 1938. His allies were also deployed by the government. In 1946, the military government of the British zone of occupation established a communal constitution following the British example. After this, citizens voted for a council that elected a volunteer mayor/lord mayor as the city's leader and representative. After 1946,

2640-504: The city through the "Wolfsburg-Act". Wolfsburg gained the status of major city with nearly 131,000 inhabitants. The city's area grew from 35 to nearly 204 km (79 sq mi). In 1973, the city's population peaked at 131,971. In 1982, the A39, a side road of the A2 (Oberhausen - Hannover - Werder), was built as a direct freeway to Wolfsburg. In 1988, the city became a university town with

2706-418: The council elected a full-time director to lead the city council. In 2001, the city council's dual leadership was abolished. It is led by a full-time lord mayor who is also the city's representative. Since 2001, citizens directly elect the lord mayor. The council still has its own chairperson elected by the council's constitutive conference after every local election. The current Bürgermeister (mayor) of Wolfsburg

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2772-533: The eponymous castle located there. The American occupation ended at the end of June 1945 when the region became part of the British occupation zone . In 1951, Wolfsburg was separated from the District of Gifhorn, and became an urban district . In 1955, the one-millionth VW Beetle was manufactured in Wolfsburg. Postwar Beetle production ended in Wolfsburg in 1974, though Beetle production continued within Germany at Emden until 1978. The factories in Wolfsburg remain

2838-537: The establishment of the University of Applied Science Braunschweig/Wolfenbüttel. Today its name is Ostfalia University of Applied Sciences . As a launch promotion for the 5th generation of the Volkswagen Golf the city of Wolfsburg welcomed visitors on the internet, on the official stationery, and on every city limit sign with the name " Golfsburg " from 25 August to 10 October 2003. This campaign gained

2904-660: The extinction of the Bartensleben line in 1742, the property and its Schloss Wolfsburg (Wolfsburg castle) passed on to the Counts of Schulenburg. The communal manor was an important employer for the nearby settlements Rothenfelde and Heßlingen . Some of today's urban districts, including Vorsfelde and the villages transferred to Wolfsburg from the county of Helmstedt , belonged to the Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel . Fallersleben and other villages belonged to

2970-605: The first half of the 20th century as a planned city . From its founding on 1 July 1938 as a home for workers producing the KdF - Wagen until 25 May 1945, the city was called Stadt des KdF-Wagens bei Fallersleben . In 1972, the population first exceeded 100,000. In 2019, the GRP was €188,453 per capita. Wolfsburg is located at the Southern edge of the ancient river valley of the Aller at

3036-474: The following: The Hanoverian subdivisions into high-bailiwicks and bailiwicks remained unchanged until 1 April 1885, when they were replaced by Prussian-style provinces ( Regierungsbezirke ) and districts ( Kreise ). The Kingdom of Hanover maintained an army after the Napoleonic Wars. In 1832, King William IV of Hanover and the United Kingdom issued his troops with British Army uniforms, but they differed slightly from their original British versions. When

3102-463: The kingdom was reorganised into high-bailiwicks ( German : Landdrosteien , singular: Landdrostei ), each led by a high-bailiff ( German : Landdrost ) according to unitary standards, doing away with the inherited provincial peculiarities. The high-bailiwicks were subdivided into bailiwicks ( German : Ämter , singular Amt ), presided by a bailiff ( Amtmann , plural Amtleute ). The high-bailiwicks, named after their capitals, were

3168-436: The mobilisation of Confederation troops against Prussia on 14 June 1866 prompted Prussia to declare war. The outcome of the war led to the dissolution of Hanover as an independent kingdom, which was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia and became the Prussian Province of Hanover . In 1871, along with the rest of Prussia, it became part of the German Empire . After George V fled Hanover in 1866, he raised forces loyal to him in

3234-403: The nationwide attention of press, radio, and TV broadcasting. In the summer of 2009, Wolfsburg gained nationwide attention when their football team, VfL Wolfsburg , won the German football league. A party was held in the city centre with about 100,000 people, the first in the history of the city. The centre of Wolfsburg is unique in Germany. Instead of a medieval city centre, Wolfsburg features

3300-420: The north, further south are SEAT, Škoda Auto , Lamborghini, Bentley, Bugatti , and the Premium Clubhouse. Right next to the lagoon is the Porsche pavilion. The striking Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles pavilion is in the south-east of the park. The Autostadt also includes a planetarium , a Ritz-Carlton hotel, the Phaeno Science Center , the largest hands-on science museum in Germany, a water skiing resort, and

3366-433: The original arms of Hanover, which consisted of the two lions of the Brunswick , the rampant lion with hearts of Lüneburg and the horse of Hanover, surmounted by the Imperial Crown of the Holy Roman Empire for the Holy Roman office of Archbannerbearer/ Archtreasurer . As Hanover no longer was ruled by the British monarchs, the arms of Hanover was simultaneously removed from the British coat of arms and royal standard, so it

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3432-420: The personal union with the United Kingdom ended in 1837 and Ernst August ascended to the crown of Hanover, he replaced their uniforms with Prussian Army -style ones, which included the pickelhaube spiked helmet for his Guard Corps. By 1866 they wore a more Austrian style of uniform , with only the guard corps keeping the Prussian one. During the Austro-Prussian War , the Hanoverian Army fought and defeated

3498-407: The presbyterian structure of Calvinism. Catholics formed an overall minority in Hanover, but regionally majorities in the former prince-bishoprics. By the annexations in 1803 and 1814 Hanover had become a state of three Christian denominations. In 1824, Hanover and the Holy See thus agreed to integrate diaspora parishes which were located in prevailingly Protestant areas, until then supervised by

3564-445: The province in the Reichstag. The party existed until banned by the Nazi government. With Prussia on the verge of official dissolution (1947), Hanoverian politicians in 1946 took advantage of the opportunity and advocated that the Control Commission for Germany (British Element)  [ de ] (CCG/BE) revive Hanoverian statehood, reconstituting the Prussian Province of Hanover as the State of Hanover . The state saw itself in

3630-465: The rights of Jews in the French-annexed territory by his so-called décret infâme . The Jewish congregations became subject to French regional Jewish consistories or the Royal Westphalian Consistory of the Israelites  [ he ] , respectively. In 1813, when Hanover resumed independence and sovereignty, its government deprived the Jews their legal equality. Arguing it was the French or Westphalian state and not Hanover, which had emancipated

3696-456: The state was later merged with some smaller states to form the current state of Lower Saxony in West Germany . The territory of Hanover had earlier been a principality within the Holy Roman Empire before being elevated into an electorate in 1708, when Hanover was formed by union of the dynastic divisions of the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg , excepting the Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel . After his accession in 1714, George Louis of

3762-432: The territory was overrun by Russian Cossacks . The Battle of Leipzig , shortly thereafter, spelled the definitive end of the Napoleonic client states , and the electorate was restored to the House of Hanover. The terms of the Congress of Vienna in 1814 not only restored Hanover but also elevated it to an independent kingdom with its Prince-Elector, George III of the United Kingdom, as King of Hanover . The new kingdom

3828-401: The throne as George V . As he backed the losing side in the Austro-Prussian War , his kingdom was conquered by Prussia in 1866 and ceased to exist as an independent kingdom, becoming the Prussian Province of Hanover . In January 1871, along with the rest of Prussia, Hanover became part of the German Empire upon the unification of Germany . Briefly revived as the State of Hanover in 1946,

3894-413: The tradition of the kingdom. Its prime minister, Hinrich Wilhelm Kopf , played a central role when the state of Lower Saxony was founded just a few months later by merging Hanover with several smaller states, with the city of Hanover as its capital. The former territory of Hanover makes up 85 percent of Lower Saxony and is the origin of its coat of arms. The Lutheran church was the state church of

3960-427: Was adopted in 1955. Volkswagen used a modified version of the Wolfsburg coat of arms as its steering wheel emblem, (and occasionally as a hood ornament, on classic Beetles) until the early 1980s, when it was replaced by the VW roundel. The city of Wolfsburg is a member of the association Braunschweigische Landschaft e.V , with a registered office in Braunschweig and in the Lüneburgischen Landschaftsverband e.V , with

4026-464: Was also greatly expanded and became the fourth-largest state in the German Confederation (behind Prussia, Austria and Bavaria ) and the second-largest in northern Germany. George III never visited the kingdom during his 60-year reign. Having succumbed to dementia prior to the elevation of Hanover, it is unlikely that he ever understood that he had gained an additional kingship, and he took no role in its governance. Functional administration of Hanover

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4092-480: Was formed with representatives from the regional consistories. While the Calvinist congregations in formerly-Prussian East Frisia had a common roof organisation with the Lutherans there ("Coetus") and the Reformed Church in the former County of Bentheim , then being the state church, had fully established church bodies for Bentheim only ( German : Königlich-Großbrittanisch-Hannoverscher Ober-Kirchenrath , English: Royal British-Hanoverian Supreme Church Council ),

4158-404: Was overtaken by Tesla Gigafactory Texas in 2022, the world's biggest car plant . The Autostadt is a visitor attraction next to the Volkswagen factory that features the company's model range: Audi , Bentley , Bugatti , Ducati , Lamborghini , MAN , Neoplan , Porsche , Scania , SEAT , Škoda Auto and Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles . Wolfsburg is one of the few German cities built during

4224-415: Was restored to his Hanoverian territories, and in October 1814, they were constituted as the independent Kingdom of Hanover at the Congress of Vienna. The personal union with the United Kingdom ended in 1837 on the accession of Queen Victoria because the succession laws in Hanover, based on semi-Salic law , prevented a female inheriting the title if there was a surviving male heir. In the United Kingdom,

4290-437: Was restricted to Lutheran matters only. After the Prussian conquest in 1866, on 19 September 1866, the day before the official Prussian annexation took place and with the last summus episcopus , King George V of Hanover, in exile, the Kingdom's six consistories joined to form today's still-existing church body, the Lutheran State Church of Hanover . An all-Hanoverian consistory, the Landeskonsistorium (state consistory),

4356-415: Was usually handled by a viceroy, which during the later years of George III's reign and the reigns of Kings George IV and William IV from 1816 to 1837, was Adolph Frederick , George III's youngest surviving son. When Queen Victoria succeeded to the British throne in 1837, the 123-year personal union of Great Britain and Hanover ended. Unlike in Britain, semi- Salic law operated in Hanover, prohibiting

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