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56-564: In modern times, the masks have been a contentious subject among the Haudenosaunee. In 1995, the Haudenosaunee Grand Council issued a statement condemning the circulation and exhibition of masks used in medicinal rituals. They also called for the return of the masks from collectors and museums. Haudenosaunee traditionalists object to labeling the masks as simply "artifacts" since they are not conceived as objects but

112-426: A common, sustainable resource can be transformed into a high-tech material with applications in fine jewelry, solar cells, and precision optical devices. Although Tilia cordata is believed to be stronger, T. americana is also used medicinally. The dried flowers are mildly sweet and sticky, and the fruit is somewhat sweet and mucilaginous . Linden tea has a pleasing taste, due to the aromatic volatile oil found in

168-415: A diuretic (increases urine production), antispasmodic (reduces smooth muscle spasm along the digestive tract), and sedative. The flowers were added to baths to quell hysteria, and steeped as a tea to relieve anxiety-related indigestion, irregular heartbeat, and vomiting. The leaves are used to promote sweating to reduce fevers. The wood is used for liver and gallbladder disorders and cellulitis (inflammation of

224-584: A mask from a tree. Hadúi inspires the unique elements of the mask's design and the resulting product represents the spirit himself, imbued with his powers. The masks are carved directly on the tree and only removed when completed. Masks are painted red if they were begun in the morning or black if they were begun in the afternoon. Because the masks are carved into trees that are alive, they are similarly considered to be living and breathing. They are served parched whitecorn mush and given small pouches of tobacco as payment for services. The False Face Society performs

280-419: A mildly spicy flavor from its blossoms. The inner bark was used historically as a fiber source for making baskets, rope, and fishing nets. Basswood attracts many insect pests, including Japanese beetles , and skeletonized leaves are common. Mite galls commonly form on the foliage. Cultivars include 'Nova', 'Duros' (with an upright crown), the pyramidal 'Frontyard' and the conic-crowned 'Redmond'. The tree

336-493: A ritual twice a year. The ceremony contains a telling of the False Face myth, an invocation to the spirits using tobacco, the main False Face ritual, and a doling out of mush at the end. During the main part of the ritual, the False Face members, wearing masks, go through houses in the community, driving away sickness, disease and evil spirits. The False Face members use turtle shell rattles, shaking them and rubbing them along

392-426: A small amount. Shöñgwaia'dihsa'ih declared that Ethiso:da' had power but not enough to move the mountain significantly. He proceeded to move the mountain, telling Ethiso:da' not to look behind him. Turning his head quickly out of curiosity, the mountain struck the stranger in the face and left his face disfigured. Shöñgwaia'dihsum then employed Ethiso:da' to protect his children from disease and sickness. But knowing

448-446: A trunk diameter of 1–1.5 m (3–5 ft) at maturity. It grows faster than many North American hardwoods, often twice the annual growth rate of American beech and many birch species. Life expectancy is around 200 years, with flowering and seeding generally occurring between 15 and 100 years, though occasionally seed production may start as early as eight years. The crown is domed, the branches spreading, often pendulous. The bark

504-459: A verbal root, and an aspectual suffix. The nominal template consists of an agreement prefix (usually neuter for non-possessed nouns), the nominal root, and a suffix. Basswood Tilia glabra Ventenat Tilia americana is a species of tree in the family Malvaceae , native to eastern North America , from southeast Manitoba east to New Brunswick , southwest to northeast Oklahoma , southeast to South Carolina , and west along

560-473: A very small consonant inventory. Allophonic variations that occur in Cayuga: Most words have accented vowels, resulting in a higher pitch. Where the stress is placed is dependent on the "position of the word in the phrase." The default location for stress for nouns is on final vowel. "In words that are at the end of a phrase, accent falls on the 2nd last vowel, the 3rd last vowel, or occasionally, on

616-491: A whispered [ j ] , and [ o ] and [ õ ] devoiced as [o̥, õ̥] , sound like a whispered [ w ] . Furthermore, the [ ã ] in [ẽhãʔ] and [õhã] is nasalized because of [ ẽ ] and [ õ ] . The consonant before the nasalized vowel becomes voiceless. Also, odd-numbered vowels followed by [ h ] are devoiced, while even-numbered vowels followed by [ h ] are not. Like other Iroquoian languages, Cayuga has

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672-448: A whitish-green leaf-like bract attached for half its length at the base of the cyme. They are perfect, regular, with five sepals and petals , numerous stamens , and a five-celled superior ovary . The leaves emerge in mid-spring, but the flowers require day lengths of approximately 14 hours and 30 minutes to form, hence T. americana' s range is limited to north of the 35th parallel. Time of flowering varies by several weeks depending on

728-686: Is a Northern Iroquoian language of the Iroquois Proper (also known as "Five Nations Iroquois ") subfamily, and is spoken on Six Nations of the Grand River First Nation , Ontario, by around 240 Cayuga people, and on the Cattaraugus Reservation , New York, by fewer than 10. Cayuga is critically endangered, with only 115 people of the Indigenous population reporting Cayuga as their mother tongue in

784-420: Is collected as they arrive, and burned when the ceremony begins. The ceremony itself is meant to renew and re-strengthen the power of the gathered masks, as well as the spirit of Hadui in general. The ritual continues with dancing. At the end of the ritual, corn mush is doled out to the assembled crowd, and everyone goes home. The ritual is performed during the spring and fall. Other, smaller versions occur during

840-449: Is gray to light brown, with narrow, well defined fissures. The roots are large, deep, and spreading. The twigs are smooth, reddish-green, becoming light gray in their second year, finally dark brown or brownish gray, marked with dark wart-like excrescences. The winter buds are stout, ovate-acute, smooth, deep red, with two bud scales visible. The leaves are simple , alternately arranged, ovate to cordate , asymmetrical, unequal at

896-538: Is known to decay the logs of the tree. The American basswood can be propagated by cuttings and grafting as well as by seed. Propagated plants grow rapidly in a rich soil, but are susceptible to many pests. The American basswood is known for being one of the most difficult native North American trees to propagate from seed, as they not only have a low viability rate (approximately 30% of all seeds are viable), but quickly develop an extremely hard seed coating that may delay germination for up to two years. If planting them, it

952-568: Is not phonemic, but surfaces due to a phonological pattern of nasalization, where underlying /a/ becomes [ ã ] when following a nasal vowel. Sometimes, the sounds [ u ] and [ o ] are used interchangeably according to the speaker's preference. After long [ eː ] and [ oː ] , an [ n ] sound can be heard, especially when before [ t ] , [ d ] , [ k ] , [ ɡ ] , [ ts ] , and [ j ] . Vowels can be devoiced as [ V̥ ] allophonically, indicated in

1008-401: Is often paired with maple laminates to balance the midrange with more treble (inherent to maple) to make a very well rounded sounding instrument. It is also relatively inexpensive, which has made it a favorite of large factories mass-producing instruments. It has proven especially popular in instruments made for musicians who play heavy metal . This could be because its tonality helps level out

1064-487: Is recommended as an ornamental tree when the mass of foliage or a deep shade is desired; no native tree surpasses it in this respect. It is often planted on the windward side of an orchard as a protection to young and delicate trees. It is cultivated at least as far north as Juneau, Alaska . The foliage and flowers are both edible, though the tender young leaves are more palatable. It is a beneficial species for attracting pollinators as well. Bees produce excellent honey with

1120-415: Is recommended to gather the seeds in early autumn and sow them before they dry out and form a coating. This will then allow germination to occur immediately. Overall, seeds are not a major part of the tree's reproductive strategy and it instead mostly spreads by self- coppicing . All juvenile basswoods coppice extremely readily, and even old trees will often sprout from the stump if cut. The American basswood

1176-399: Is relatively lightweight and easy to work and sand. It accepts paint and finishes very well. It is usually used for guitars that will be painted an opaque color as its lack of notable grain makes it an unattractive candidate for transparent finish. It exhibits a very balanced, even tone with a good low/mid-midrange projection making it suitable for a wide variety of musical applications. It

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1232-409: Is sold generally under the name basswood. It has a density of 0.4525 (relative to water). The wood is considered odorless. This makes it valuable in the manufacture of wooden utensils and furniture. It is also used for woodcarving. The inner bark is very tough and fibrous, used in the past for making ropes. Basswood is a tonewood commonly used in the manufacture of solid-body electric guitars . It

1288-1033: Is spoken by those of the Lower End of the Six Nations and the Upper Cayuga are from the Upper End. The main difference between the two is that the Lower Cayuga use the sound [kj] and the Upper use the sound [tj] . Also, pronunciation differs between individual speakers of Cayuga and their preferences. There are five oral vowels in Cayuga, as well as four long vowels, [ iː ] , [ aː ] , [ oː ] , and [ eː ] . Cayuga also has three nasalized vowels , [ ɛ̃ ] , [ õ ] , and [ ã ] . Both [ u ] and [ ã ] are rare sounds in Cayuga. The latter

1344-578: The Niobrara River to Cherry County, Nebraska . It is the sole representative of its genus in the Western Hemisphere, assuming T. caroliniana is treated as a subspecies or local ecotype of T. americana . Common names include American basswood and American linden . The American basswood is a medium-sized to large deciduous tree reaching a height of 18 to 37 m (60 to 120 ft) exceptionally 39 m (128 ft) with

1400-444: The 1980s. The two dialects of the Cayuga at Six Nations are often associated with the two Cayuga longhouses, Sour Springs or “ Upper” Cayuga and “ Lower” Cayuga . Differences between these two dialects of southern Ontario are known to include two phonological patterns. In the Lower Cayuga (LC) variety, underlying *tj sequences surface as /ky/, e.g. LC gyę:gwa’ /kjɛ̃ːkwaʔ/ vs (UC) ję:gwa’ /tjɛ̃ːkwaʔ/. Another apparent difference involves

1456-542: The 2021 Canadian census. The Cayuga people are working to revitalize the language. As an example of such, Six Nations Polytechnic has developed apps on IOS and study programs in Cayuga, Oneida , Mohawk and others. There are at least two distinct dialects of Cayuga. Two are spoken at Six Nations of the Grand River in southern Ontario. Another, called "Seneca-Cayuga", was spoken in Oklahoma until its extinction in

1512-437: The 4th vowel from the end of the word." For example: These sounds are long, especially in an even-numbered position. When nouns and verbs are not at the end of a phrase, accent is placed on the final vowel. For example: Cayuga is a polysynthetic language . As with other Iroquoian languages, the verbal template contains an optional prepronominal prefix, a pronominal prefix (indicating agreement), an optional incorporated noun,

1568-580: The Great Defender') in Seneca . Ethiso:da' (lit. 'our grandfather') in Onondaga. In English, he is most often referred to as simply false face . The Grand Council of the Haudenosaunee has opposed the sale of False Face masks to private collectors and museums. They argue that the society is very sacred and not to be shared, in any form, with those who do not belong to either the society itself or

1624-605: The Midwinter Festival, and at an individual's home as requested. To this day, the Iroquois believe that the being protects them in times of need, redirecting fierce winds that threaten them and healing those who are ill. Various names are used to refer to this being among the Iroquois communities. Etihsó:t Hadúi (lit. 'our grandfather, he who drives it away') is used in Cayuga. Gagöhsa' (lit. 'a face') or 'Sagojowéhgowa: (lit. 'he defends or protects them;

1680-536: The accounts, the Creator Shöñgwaia'dihsum ('our creator' in Onondaga ), blessed with healing powers in response to his love of living things, encountered a stranger, referred to in Onondaga as Ethiso:da' ('our grandfather') or Hado'ih ( IPA: [haduʔiʔ] ), and challenged him in a competition to see who could move a mountain. Ethiso:da' managed to make the mountain quake and move but

1736-486: The bark, sometimes girdling young trees. The leaves serve as food for caterpillars of various Lepidoptera (see Lepidoptera which feed on Tilia ). The ribbed cocoon maker species Bucculatrix improvisa has not been found on other plants. This species is particularly susceptible to adult Japanese beetles (an invasive species in North America) that feed on its leaves. The mushroom Pholiota squarrosoides

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1792-405: The base (the side nearest the branch the largest), 10–15 cm (4–6 in) (can grow up to 25 cm or 10 in) long and broad, with a long, slender petiole, a coarsely serrated margin and an acuminate apex. William Jackson Bean noted that occasionally, enormous leaves measuring 38 cm or 15 in long by 25 cm or 10 in wide appear on thick, succulent shoots. They open from

1848-499: The bud conduplicate, pale green, downy; when full grown are dark green, smooth, shining above, paler beneath, with tufts of rusty brown hairs in the axils of the primary veins; the small stipules fall soon after leaf opening. The fall color is yellow-green to yellow. Both the twigs and leaves contain mucilaginous sap. The flowers are small, fragrant, yellowish-white, 10–14 mm ( 13 ⁄ 32 – 9 ⁄ 16 inch) in diameter, arranged in drooping, cymose clusters of 6–20 with

1904-464: The creator of this land, and I am walking around now admiring what I have done." Surprised, Shonkwaia'tison said, "No, you are wrong. It was I who created this land." They bickered back and forth like this for a little while, until finally Shonkwaia'tison said, "Fine then, let us have a test to see who actually did create this land." He pointed to a mountain in the distance. "See that mountain?" he said. "We will use our power to move it. The one who moves it

1960-401: The farthest must have the most power, and must therefore also be the creator of this land." The stranger agreed to this challenge, and added his own rule: "We will turn our backs," he said, "and when one's turn is up we will turn back around to see how far the mountain has moved." Shonkwaia'tison agreed to this, and so they turned. The stranger went first. When he was satisfied that he had moved

2016-474: The floors and walls. The arrival of the False Faces is heralded by another medicine society that uses masks made of corn husk. If a sick person is found, a healing ritual may be performed using tobacco and singing. The tobacco is burned, and wood ashes are blown over the sick person. The community then gathers at the longhouse where the False Faces enter and sit on the floor. The people bring tobacco which

2072-490: The flowers. The flowers, leaves, wood, and charcoal (obtained from the wood) are used for medicinal purposes. Active ingredients in the linden flowers include flavonoids (which act as antioxidants ), volatile oils, and mucilaginous constituents (which soothe and reduce inflammation). The plant also contains tannins that can act as an astringent . Linden flowers are used in colds, cough, fever, infections, inflammation, high blood pressure, headache (particularly migraine), as

2128-464: The hair above their foreheads. Basswood is usually used for the masks although white pine, poplar, and maple are sometimes used. Horse tail hair is used for the hair, which can be black, reddish brown, brown, grey or white. Before the introduction of horses by the Europeans, corn husks and buffalo hair were used. When making a mask, a man walks through the woods until he is moved by Hadúi to carve

2184-461: The latitude; early May in Canada and early June in the extreme southern extent. Leaf drop in fall occurs between early and late October depending on the latitude. The flowers are fragrant and insect-pollinated. The fruit is a small, globose , downy, hard and dry cream-colored nutlet with a diameter of 8–10 mm ( 5 ⁄ 16 – 13 ⁄ 32  in). American basswood is dominant in

2240-584: The living representation of a spirit. As described in, for example, Fenton (1987), the Creator ( Shonkwaia'tison in Cayuga , lit. 'he has completed our bodies'), having just completed forming the earth and what was on it, was walking around admiring his handiwork when he noticed what appeared to be another man in the distance, walking toward him. They soon met, and Shonkwaia'tison asked the stranger where he had come from. The stranger replied, "I believe that I am

2296-404: The mask they will prepare a certain kind of corn mush, and burn tobacco. The tobacco will form their words which I will hear, and I will come. They will refer to me as their grandfather, and I will help them as long as the earth remains." Shonkwaia'tison agreed to this, and allowed the stranger to stay on the earth. Iroquois oral history tells the beginning of the False Face tradition. According to

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2352-461: The masks to the public. They also condemn the general distribution of information regarding the medicine societies, as well as denying non-Indigenous People any right to examine, interpret, or present the beliefs, functions, or duties of these societies. Some Haudenosaunee artists contest the condemnation of the circulation of the False Face masks as many rely on the sale of the masks. Cayuga language Cayuga (Cayuga: Gayogo̱hó꞉nǫˀ )

2408-419: The metrical pattern of Laryngeal Spreading. In Lower Cayuga words, odd-numbered vowels preceding /h/ or /ʔ/ are pronounced with the voice quality of the following consonant. That is to say, such vowels are pronounced with whispered vowels when preceding /h/ or creaky voice before /ʔ/. An example of this occurs in the word for ‘nine,’ gyoHdo̜h [kjo̤htõh]. There are two varieties of Cayuga. The Lower Cayuga dialect

2464-457: The mountain (if only a little bit), the stranger indeed was possessed of a certain degree of power, and Shonkwaia'tison thought that it would not do to let such a being remain on the earth; he was about to populate the earth with people, and to let this stranger coexist with them might not be a good thing. He told the stranger so, and proposed that he would have to remove him from the land. The stranger pleaded with Shonkwaia'tison and said that, if he

2520-421: The mountain so close to the stranger's back that when he turned to look he struck his face on it. The force of the impact bent his nose and left one side of his face crooked. At this, the stranger conceded that Shonkwaia'tison was the more powerful of the two, and that he must also be the creator of the land and everything on it. Shonkwaia'tison then had to decide what to do about the stranger. Because he had moved

2576-416: The mountain, they turned back around. Shonkwaia'tison was surprised to see that the mountain had indeed moved, although only a little bit. "Now it's my turn," Shonkwaia'tison said, and they turned their backs on the mountain once more. There was a commotion and noise behind them, and, out of curiosity, the stranger turned back around before they had agreed to it. Little did he know that Shonkwaia'tison had moved

2632-438: The nation, whose members are sometimes involved in the curing rites without belonging to the society. Traditionalists insist that schools should not imitate the faces for projects, as it is seen by them as a sign of disrespect to the Iroquois people and the False Face spirit. Many Haudenosaunee also campaign to regain possession of masks that remain with private collectors or museums. Several Haudenosaunee governments have pushed for

2688-538: The orthography used at Six Nations by underlining them. /ɑ̃/ occurs in only a few words. /ɛ̃/ may be pronounced [ʌ̃], and /õ/ may be [ũ]. Length is important because it alone can distinguish two completely different meanings from one another. For example: [haʔseʔ] you are going [haʔseː] you went Following are some words that demonstrate what some vowels sound like when they occur before [h]. In words like [ehaʔ] , [ẽhaʔ] , [ohaʔ] , and [õha] , [ e ] and [ ẽ ] devoiced as [e̥, ẽ̥] , sound like

2744-422: The power to heal sickness. If ever the people are struck down with illness they can call on me, and I will help them to get better. This is how they will do it. When they need aid of me in this way, they will create a mask whose face is in my image, and I will hand-pick the men who will create these masks. The very second that they lay the first strike in creating a mask, that fast will it have my power. When they use

2800-561: The return of masks to the communities from which they came. The National Museum of the American Indian in Washington D.C. has returned many items of significant importance, including masks, and is still in the process of returning others. The Haudenosaunee Grand Council issued a statement online in 1995 about the Haudenosaunee policies regarding masks. These policies prohibit the sale, exhibition or representation in pictures of

2856-559: The sight of Ethiso:da' was not suitable for his children's eyes, Shöñgwaia'dihsum banished him to live in caves and great wooded forests, only to leave when called upon to cure or interact through dreams. Hado'ih then became a great healer, also known as "Old Broken Nose". The design of the masks is somewhat variable, but most share certain features. The eyes are deep-set and accented by metal. The noses are bent and crooked. The other facial features are variable. The masks are painted red and black. Most often they have pouches of tobacco tied onto

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2912-412: The skin and surrounding soft tissue). The wood burned to charcoal is ingested to treat intestinal disorders and used topically to treat edema or infection, such as cellulitis or ulcers of the lower leg. Several animal studies showed that the extract of T. americana increased sleeping time by 50 minutes (similar to the effects of diazepam ) and decreased movement, which indicates sedative effects. It

2968-436: The sugar maple–basswood forest association, which is most common in western Wisconsin and central Minnesota , but occurs as far east as New England and southern Quebec in places that have mesic soil with relatively high pH . It also has minor occurrence in many other forest cover types. Its flowers provide abundant nectar for insects. The seeds are eaten by chipmunks , mice , and squirrels . Rabbits and voles eat

3024-565: The thin, tinny sound associated with knife edged tremolo contacts that many modern rock and metal players use as bridges on their guitars. Recently, basswood was used in the development of "Nxylon", a super-black material discovered by University of British Columbia researchers. As the primary wood used to create Nxylon, basswood's natural properties contribute to the material's lightweight, stiff structure that can be easily cut into intricate shapes. The use of basswood in Nxylon demonstrates how

3080-441: Was allowed to stay, he would help the people who Shonkwaia'tison was about to make. "This is what I will do," the stranger said. "I have the power to control the wind, and I can protect the people in this way. If ever a strong wind or storm threatens them, I will use my cane and block it from destroying their settlements, and I can lift it and send it over their settlements so that it does not blow through. In addition to this, I have

3136-456: Was introduced to the UK in 1752, but has never prospered there, being prone to dieback. The wood is pale brown, sometimes nearly white or faintly tinged with red; light, soft with fine close grain; clear of knots but does not split easily. It is low in strength and has a poor steam-bending classification. It can take stains and polish without difficulty and it planes, glues, screws and nails well. It

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