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71-575: The first workable folding kayak was built by Alfred Heurich in 1905, a German architectural student. Heurich paddled his creation on the Isar River near Munich and took out a patent on the design, called the Delphin (German: dolphin ), the following year. The Delphin had a bamboo frame with a sailcloth hull stretched over it. It could be folded up and carried in three bags, each weighing less than 4.5 kg (9.9 lb). The folding kayak

142-759: A military engineers company, a platoon of the 1st Special Commando Regiment , and a logistics component from the 10th Logistics Brigade. Elsewhere, Polish forces were sent to MINURCAT in Chad and the Central African Republic (2007–2010). As of 2008, Poland had deployed 985 personnel in eight separarate UN peacekeeping operations (the United Nations Disengagement Observer Force , MINURSO , MONUC , UNOCI , UNIFIL , UNMEE , UNMIK , UNMIL , and UNOMIG ). Formerly set up according to Warsaw Pact standards,

213-697: A 2-man design. His boats were patented (Aust. Patent 117,779) and initially produced for sport use. During the Pacific war, Hoehn and Hedley's P.L. built a total of 1024 folding kayaks, called 'folboats', for the Australian military from the Hoehn design. Hoehn supplied the first 2 folboats for the highly secret 'Operation Jaywick' training at Camp-X near Sydney in 1942. Then Hoehn supplied his folboats for Cairns, Fraser Island and Mount Martha training camps. Hoehn's first military model designated 'Folboat Kayak Type'

284-509: A closer feeling of contact with the water and waves than hardshell boats. Two substantial advantages of folding kayaks are lightness and portability. Most models typically weigh 1/3 to 1/2 less than composite (fiberglass or rotomold) or polyurethane kayaks of similar dimensions. Most models can be packed down small enough when dismantled to be stored in a closet or carried in the boot of a car and can be checked as baggage on most airlines. Even having to pay excess baggage charges for some flights

355-495: A few newer boats such as Fujita and Firstlight use carbon fiber or glass-reinforced plastic tubing. Typically there are solid bow and stern pieces, and anywhere from three to seven ribs connected via some sort of flexible attachment to a number of longerons . Many boats follow the basic design pioneered by Klepper in having a folding set of floorboards and gunwales as well as additional longerons to add stiffness and shape. Many folding kayaks also use air sponsons (up to four in

426-514: A good many older boats), so a Klepper Aerius II frame can be used with a Long Haul MK-II skin, and vice versa. Several Asian and Eastern European makers have been producing designs similar to those of the Folbot and Feathercraft. . Most folding kayaks have very similar construction, even though the materials may differ. Some boats use frames made of mountain ash, spruce and marine plywood , while others use aluminium tubing and various plastics, and

497-542: A handful of small, one-off makers. In addition to Klepper the best-known modern brands have been Feathercraft and Folbot (both of which closed and ended production in 2016 due to slipping sales), also Triton Advanced, Long Haul Folding Kayaks, Nautiraid, Hermes Sport Company (successor to Wayland), Pakboats (who also produce folding canoes that are popular with fly-in wilderness fishing guides and researchers who use them for remote expeditions), Pouch and TRAK. Long Haul double kayak hulls are identical in form to Kleppers (as well as

568-424: A hardshell kayak, waves and chop on the water can slow down the momentum of the craft and push the kayak back. The flexibility of the frame and the "give" of the skin in a folding kayak help the boat absorb the energy of waves and current, allowing the boat to move more easily through confused waves that buffet hardshells and to ride up over waves rather than smashing into their face. Folding kayaks (and canoes) provide

639-411: A heavily coated synthetic fiber . In the early days, rubber coated cotton canvas was used, while the modern boats use a synthetic elastomer — Hypalon , polyurethane or PVC —over a synthetic (typically Dacron ) cloth. The tension on the hull is what gives certain folding kayaks performance advantages over others. One manufacturer (TRAK) incorporates several hydraulic jacks into the frame that allow

710-535: A special model for military use, as do Klepper and Long Haul, who supply German and US Special Forces , respectively. The newest design innovation has come from Canada's TRAK Kayaks, who in 2007 have come out with a polyurethane skin over aluminum frame design with hydraulics in the cockpit to make the skin extremely taut and also to change the shape of the hull for varying paddling conditions. Armed Forces of Poland use Hermes Sport Company custom equipment. There are about five major folding kayak manufacturers today, and

781-466: Is diverted several times and almost the whole river was canalized . For example, just north of Mittenwald all the river's water was diverted to the lake Walchensee in 1923 for the Walchensee hydroelectric plant. Since 1990 a small portion of the water, 4 cubic meters per second (roughly 1,100 U.S. gallons per second) is allowed to remain in the river Isar to prevent drought . The construction of

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852-585: Is located some 12 km south of Lenggries . It has prevented the flooding of Munich , for example in 1979, 1999, and most recently in 2005. At Bad Tölz the Isar leaves the Bavarian Alps . Bad Tölz marks the river's transit from its upper to its middle course. The Isar river flows through a sub-alpine, glacial morainic landscape towards Wolfratshausen . Just north of the town the Loisach flows into

923-472: Is mentioned for the first time in 763 as Isura . Related names include: The Isar river drains a substantial part of the Bavarian Alps and parts of the Karwendel mountains. Apart from the larger tributaries Loisach and Amper many smaller rivers flow into the Isar. The drainage basin contains some 9,000 square kilometers (roughly 3,500 square miles). During the winter most of the precipitation in

994-456: Is performed with the middle and index fingers extended and touching each other, while the ring and little fingers are bent and touched by the thumb. The tips of the middle and index fingers touch the peak of the cap, two fingers supposedly meaning Honour and Fatherland (Honor i Ojczyzna). Czołem Żołnierze (the Polish language version of Greetings Soldiers ) is the official military greeting of

1065-541: Is still more economical than the cost of renting boats at a paddler's destination. For example, the 12' Pakboat Puffin solo folding kayak weighs only 24 pounds with the optional deck. It can be packed in a bag that meets airline dimensions and weight for "standard" baggage with enough room to spare for all the safety gear and clothing needed for paddling. Roger Courtney founder of the Special Boat Service had his own folding kayak called 'Buttercup'. "It

1136-442: Is to ensure favourable and secure conditions for the realization of national interests by eliminating external and internal threats, reducing risks, rightly assessing undertaken challenges, and ably using existing opportunities. The Republic of Poland's main strategic goals in the area of defence include: The List of Polish wars chronicles Polish military involvements since the year 972. The present armed forces trace their roots to

1207-606: The Armed Forces General Command and Armed Forces Operational Command were both established, superseding the previous individual service branch command structures. Prompted in part by the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine , the Homeland Defence Act was unanimously passed by the Polish parliament on March 17, 2022 and signed into law by President Duda the following day. In accordance with

1278-793: The Central Powers failed to provide guarantees of Polish independence after the war. General Józef Haller , the commander of the Second Brigade of the Polish Legion, switched sides in late 1917, and via Murmansk took part of his troops to France , where he created the Blue Army . It was joined by several thousand Polish volunteers from the United States . It fought on the French front in 1917 and 1918. The Polish Army

1349-698: The Council of State , and General Wojciech Jaruzelski , at that time the Chief of the General Staff , was named to replace him. Jaruzelski, a known Soviet loyalist, was put in place by the Soviets in order to ensure that a trusted group of officers was in control of one of the least trusted armies in the Warsaw Pact. After January 1990 and the collapse of the communist block, the name of the armed forces

1420-716: The Danube near Deggendorf . With 295 km length, it is among the longest rivers in Bavaria. It is Germany's second most important tributary of the Danube. One theory is that the name Isar stems from *es or *is in the Indo-European languages , meaning "flowing water", and later turned into a word with a meaning narrowed to frozen water (hence English ice , German : Eis ) in Proto-Germanic . The name itself

1491-769: The German attack in September 1939 , which was followed on 17 September 1939 by an invasion by the Soviet Union . Some Polish forces escaped from the occupied country and joined Allied forces fighting in other theaters while those that remained in Poland splintered into guerilla units of the Armia Krajowa (" Home Army ") and other partisan groups which fought in clandestine ways against the foreign occupiers. Thus, there were three threads to Polish armed forces from 1939;

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1562-758: The ISAF mission in Afghanistan led by NATO . Poland's contribution to ISAF was the country's largest since its entrance into NATO. Polish forces also took part in the Iraq War . From 2003 to 2008, Polish military forces commanded the Multinational Division (MND-CS) located in the South-Central Occupation Zone of Iraq. The division was made up of troops from 23 nations and totaled as many as 8,500 soldiers. In March 2003,

1633-525: The Polish Armed Forces and popularly called Wojsko Polskie in Poland ( [ˈvɔj.skɔ ˈpɔl.skjɛ] , roughly the "Polish Military"—abbreviated WP ), are the national armed forces of the Republic of Poland . The name has been used since the early 19th century, but can also be applied to earlier periods . The Polish Legions and the Blue Army , composed of Polish volunteers from

1704-571: The Polish Armed Forces in the West , the Armia Krajowa and other resistance organizations fighting the Germans in Poland, and the Polish Armed Forces in the East , which later became the post-war communist Polish People's Army (LWP). Until the fall of communism , the army's prestige under communist rule continued to fall, as it was used by the government to resettle ethnic minorities immediately after

1775-639: The Russian Empire with a certain degree of autonomy, had a separate Polish army in the years 1815–1830, which was disbanded after the unsuccessful November Uprising. Large numbers of Poles also served in the armies of the partitioning powers, Russian Empire , Austria-Hungary and German Empire . During World War I , the Polish Legions were set up in Galicia , the southern part of Poland under Austrian occupation. They were both disbanded after

1846-525: The Sylvenstein Dam and numerous regulations relating to the river, pushed through in the early 19th century, have strongly enhanced its character. The construction of the Sylvenstein dam has prevented the river from overflowing its banks . Lately, there have been attempts to bring the Isar river closer back to a natural character. For example, since May 2000 the river is being re-naturalized in

1917-544: The United States and those who switched sides from the Central Powers , were formed during World War I . In the war's aftermath, the Polish Army was reformed from the remnants of the partitioning powers' forces and expanded significantly during the Polish–Soviet War of 1920. World War II dramatically impacted Polish military structures, with the initial defeat by Nazi Germany and Soviet Union invasions leading to

1988-653: The Walchensee Hydroelectric Power Station . 200 metres lower, the Walchensee Hydroelectric Power Station releases water into the Kochelsee . From here it flows into the river Loisach, Isar's second most important tributary. Not far down the Isar river is a large reservoir called Sylvensteinsee was created between 1954 and 1959 to make more energy generation possible and also to avoid flooding. It

2059-536: The Alps turns into snow . The snowmelt can result in an increased water flow down the Isar rivers during the spring meltdown. It has an average discharge at the mouth of 174 m /s. The official source of the Isar is located in the Hinterau valley east of the village Scharnitz in the Karwendel mountains at a height above sea level of 1160m. The Lavatschbach is the Isar's longest headstream. A further source for

2130-802: The German doctor Hannes Lindemann crossed the Atlantic using a Klepper Aerius II folding kayak, today the kayak is exhibited in the Deutsches Museum . Isar River The Isar ( pronounced [ˈiːzaʁ] ) is a river in Austria and in Bavaria , Germany . Its source is in the Karwendel mountain range of the Alps . The Isar river enters Germany near Mittenwald and flows through Bad Tölz , Munich , and Landshut before reaching

2201-551: The Isar valley Gabriel von Seidl founded the Isartalverein in 1902. This first civil initiative from Munich purchased 90 ha of land, and today maintains more than 330 km of hiking trails. Polish Armed Forces The Armed Forces of the Republic of Poland ( Polish : Siły Zbrojne Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej , pronounced [ˈɕiwɨ ˈzbrɔjnɛ ʐɛt͡ʂpɔsˈpɔlitɛj ˈpɔlskʲɛj] ; abbreviated SZ RP ), also called

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2272-569: The Isar. The Isar continues on to and through the Munich gravel plain which ends within the city limits of Munich. Further downstream the river passes Freising , then the Amper flows into the Isar, its most important tributary, at Moosburg . This is where the lower course of the Isar river begins. Passing Landshut , the river makes its way through the Tertiary Hills of Lower Bavaria all

2343-675: The Klepper Quattro) to tighten the skin on the frame and to adjust the shape of the hull. Most folding boats have two-part skins, with different materials used for the deck and the hull. Decks can be made of a breathable cotton / hemp blend, as Klepper has done since their early days, or of coated synthetics, as Feathercraft, Folbot, Long Haul Folding Kayaks, Nautiraid, Hermes Sport Company, Pouch and TRAK do. Each approach has its own particular benefits and drawbacks; all work well in practice, and some companies, such as Long Haul Folding Kayaks, offer both materials. Hulls are generally made of

2414-583: The Pacific Islands, notably RIMAU, COPPER, PYTHON, PLATYPUS and SUNCHARLIE used these folboats. The Klepper Aerius II model was introduced in 1951 and is still in production. In 1956, Dr. Hannes Lindemann crossed the Atlantic Ocean in an Aerius II , proof of the folding kayak's integrity and seaworthiness. Their light weight and non-metallic construction has made them the choice of many military special forces . Nautiraid of France produces

2485-797: The Polish Armed Forces took part in the 2003 invasion of Iraq , deploying special forces and a support ship . Following the destruction of Saddam's regime the Polish Land Forces supplied a brigade and a division headquarters for the 17-nation Multinational Division Central-South , part of the U.S.-led Multi-National Force – Iraq . At its peak Poland had 2,500 soldiers in the south of the country. Other completed operations include 2005 'Swift Relief' in Pakistan, in which NATO Response Force -allocated personnel were despatched. Polish Land Forces personnel sent to Pakistan included

2556-556: The Polish armed forces are now fully organized according to NATO requirements. Poland is also playing an increasingly larger role as a major European peacekeeping power in the world through various UN peacekeeping actions, and cooperation with neighboring nations through multinational formations and units such as the Multinational Corps Northeast and POLUKRBAT . As of 1 January 2010, the Armed Forces of

2627-399: The Polish flag, the latter is a march strictly used for march pasts, military parades and other processions. The Polish Armed Forces are the only military entity in the world to use a two-finger salute which is only used while wearing a hat (it refers to the fact that the salute is given to the emblem itself) with the emblem of the Polish eagle, such as military hat rogatywka . The salute

2698-820: The RMBPD in Operation Frankton , the attack on Bordeaux in late 1942. There is plenty of documentation showing delivery of British canoes Mk 3's and Mk 6's for British Military in Australia and beyond. For the British led Operation Jaywick the British Mark 1 type kayaks were used. Walter Höhn (English; Hoehn) developed and built the first Swiss folding kayaks, which were tested in white water conditions, in 1924. Hoehn emigrated to Australia in 1928, bringing two examples of his boat designs with him: A 1-man and

2769-832: The Republic of Poland comprise five main service branches: the Polish Land Forces ( Wojska Lądowe ), the Polish Navy ( Marynarka Wojenna ), the Polish Air Force ( Siły Powietrzne ), the Polish Special Forces ( Wojska Specjalne ), and the Polish Territorial Defence Force ( Wojska Obrony Terytorialnej ), under the command of the Ministry of National Defence of Poland . According to SIPRI , Poland spent $ 31.6 billion on its defense budget in 2023, ranking 14th in

2840-673: The Republic of Poland have transitioned to a completely contract-based manpower supply system. On 10 April 2010, a Polish Air Force Tu-154M crashed near Smolensk, Russia while in transit to a ceremony commemorating the Katyn massacre . On board the plane were the President (Commander-in-Chief), the Chief of Staff, all four Branch Commanders of the Polish Military, and a number of other military officials; all were killed. In 2014–2015,

2911-584: The Second World War the British and Commonwealth special forces employed kayaks in the Mediterranean, European, and South-east Asian theatres. The special forces of the day ( COPPS , Royal Marines Boom Patrol Detachment, etc.) had developed for them about a dozen state of the art kayaks which were given the codename Cockle . These Cockles ranged from the Mk 1 early frame-and fabric 'folbot' type to

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2982-412: The act, Poland intends to roughly double the size of the armed forces to 300,000 personnel, and to spend at least 3% of GDP on defence budget in 2023. This includes increasing the size of the tank fleet by adding approximately 1,000 new tanks and adding 600 new howitzers to Poland's ground forces. Poland's Deputy Prime Minister and Defense Minister Mariusz Blaszczak said that it is Poland's goal to build

3053-417: The ashes of the convicted Nazi war criminals Joachim von Ribbentrop , Hans Frank , Wilhelm Keitel , Alfred Jodl , Alfred Rosenberg , Ernst Kaltenbrunner , Wilhelm Frick , Arthur Seyss-Inquart , Fritz Sauckel , and Julius Streicher were scattered in the Isar, as were those of Hermann Göring who had committed suicide the previous night in defiance of his scheduled execution. In the 1940s and 1950s

3124-406: The city of Munich . The municipal wastewater treatment has also been upgraded along the river. The water pollution , however, is still relatively high. Together with other cities and communities along the river Isar, Munich has set a goal to reduce the number of germs. The sewer treatment plants on the upper river are now disinfecting the raw sewage with ultraviolet . To preserve the beauty of

3195-573: The development of modern canoe warfare and the British military units that would go on to form the SBS. The folding kayak that used to belong to pope John Paul II has been on display at the Archdiocesan Museum in Kraków , Poland since 2003. When already a cardinal, the future pope shared the ownership of "The Pebble" with a student friend of his, who later donated it to the museum. In 1956

3266-478: The dispersion of Polish forces. After the war, the Polish People's Army (LWP) was formed and its standards aligned to those of the former Warsaw Pact . The LWP's reputation suffered due to its role in political suppression both domestically and abroad, such as during the Prague Spring . Following the fall of communism, Poland shifted towards Western military standards, joining NATO in 1999 and undertaking substantial modernization of its forces. The Armed Forces of

3337-466: The early 20th century, yet the history of Polish armed forces in their broadest sense stretches back much further. After the partitions of Poland , during the period from 1795 until 1918, Polish military was recreated several times during national insurrections that included the November Uprising of 1830, and the January Uprising in 1863, and the Napoleonic Wars that saw the formation of the Polish Legions in Italy . The Congress Poland , being part of

3408-406: The federal state of Bavaria financed the construction of major hydroelectric power plants, the Sylvenstein reservoir on the Isar was constructed between 1954 and 1959. From 2000 till 2011 the Isarplan was implemented to reduce the risk of flooding. The planning and implementation was the responsibility of the Regional Office for Water Management and the city of Munich . Embankments were removed and

3479-468: The five different branches was as follows: All five branches are supported by: The Polish armed forces has consistently held two yearly military parades ( Polish : Defilada wojskowa ) on Armed Forces Day and National Independence Day . These parades take place on Ujazdów Avenue and near the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier on Piłsudski Square respectively. The Armed Forces Day Parade was introduced in 2007 and 2008 as first grand military parades since

3550-403: The four man boats made of aluminum alloy; most were 'collapsible' rather than being boats that could be completely disassembled, as with modern-day folding boats . The Mk 2 could be collapsed along its 15 ft length to just approximately 7 inches. This Mk 2 and its three-man Mk 2** were all of the same design and were designed by the same man—a Mr Fred Goatley. The Cockle Mk II was used by

3621-405: The holiday was reinstated and have been held yearly since 2013. The first Polish military parade took place on 17 January 1945 and as of 2019, the 3 May Constitution Day parade was officially reinstated. Marsz Generalski and Warszawianka (1831) are the main military musical pieces performed at ceremonial events. While the former is a solemn march used during inspections and the march on of

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3692-602: The kayak. The speed may be comparable to sea kayaks made from composite materials such as fibreglass or carbon/kevlar. In general, most folding kayaks trade off some performance in speed for the ease of travelling with a kayak. This is because the sponsons found in most modern folding kayaks make the kayaks wider; this increases drag and slows the kayak down. Though they do tend to be somewhat less efficient in flat water than hardshell kayaks of similar dimensions, folding kayaks and other skin-on-frame boats have characteristics that can aid paddling efficiency in rough water conditions. In

3763-462: The most powerful ground forces of all the North Atlantic Treaty Organization members in Europe. Since 2011, the Armed Forces are in the middle of a long-term modernization program. Plans involve new anti-aircraft missile systems, ballistic missile defense systems, a Lead-In Fighter Trainer (LIFT) aircraft, medium transport and combat helicopters, submarines, unmanned aerial vehicles, as well as self-propelled howitzers. Technical modernization plans for

3834-427: The principles of origami to construct kayaks ranging in length from 9 ft (2.7 m) to 16 ft (4.9 m) using a single sheet of corrugated plastic as both the ribs and skin. The Oru kayak folds into itself to form a carrying case when not in use. The stability and design robustness of several folding kayak models makes them ideal for upwind and downwind sailing. Dr. Hannes Lindemann's Atlantic crossing

3905-621: The program is the acquisition of around 1,200 unmanned aerial vehicles, including at least 1,000 with combat capabilities. Additionally, new helicopters and air defense systems are to be procured along with five light vessels for the navy. A new submarine force is to be jointly operated with a NATO partner, and general upgrade and modernization efforts are aimed at the country's air defenses, naval forces, cyber warfare capabilities, armored forces, and territorial defense forces (to have 50,000 volunteer members). The Polish Armed Forces consist of 292,000+ active duty personnel. In 2023, troop strength in

3976-408: The river bed was widened, establishing connections to surrounding flood plains. Riverbed rock ramps were constructed so that fish can move upstream again. Since the 1920s the water of the river Isar has been used for the generation of electricity. This has had far-reaching consequences for the local fauna and flora. To provide the 28 hydroelectric power plants with enough water power the river's water

4047-425: The river's sediments during the 16th and 17th century. However, there was no big economic revenue in this due to the minor amounts of the metal found in the river. Industrialization gave rise to a sociotechnical system were the Isar River was economically exploited through multifunctional use. Over forty hydropower plants were built on the Isar to electrify Bavaria. Following their executions on October 16, 1946,

4118-404: The same category as hardshell boats, folding kayaks exhibit many of the same paddling characteristics as the original skin-and-frame vessels of the circumpolar north. Other than contemporary versions of Inuit , Aleut , and Yup'ik kayaks and baidarkas , they are the closest relatives to the skin-and-frame boats of the past. The performance of these folding kayaks depend largely on the design of

4189-402: The southern part of the river's passage through the city of Munich. The riverbed is being widened, the banks are flattened and small gravel islands are built along with near-natural rock ramps to slow the waterflow. Besides an improved protection against flooding the Isar river was, thus, brought into an almost natural state and this resulted in an improved quality of the recreational area within

4260-445: The user to change the hull's shape. Assembly time and mechanisms or designs vary by manufacturer and model. Assembly times can be as little as 8–10 minutes or can reach upwards of 40–45 minutes, depending on the design of the kayak and the skill of the assembler. Commando teams can assemble a large Klepper or Long Haul double kayak in around 8 minutes or less. Disassembly is typically half the assembly time. The Oru Kayak company uses

4331-432: The war ( Operation Vistula ), and to violently suppress opposition several times, during the 1956 Poznań protests , the 1970 Polish protests , and during martial law in Poland in 1981–1983. The LWP also took part in the suppressing of the 1968 democratization process of Czechoslovakia, commonly known as the Prague Spring . That same year Marshal of Poland Marian Spychalski was asked to replace Edward Ochab as chairman of

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4402-407: The way into the Danube river. The Isar river descends some 848m to flow into the Danube, about five kilometres away from Deggendorf . Among Central European habitats, Alpine rivers are ranked among those most substantially altered by humans over the past hundred years. The Isar Rivers are now protected from development. At the lower Isar between Moosburg and Plattling gold was washed from

4473-408: The world in terms of military expenditures. In 2023, Poland spent the greatest share of its GDP for military expenditures (3.9%) among all NATO members. With over 216,100 active personnel in 2024, the Polish Armed Forces are the third largest military in NATO, after Turkey and the USA . Pursuant to the national security strategy of Poland, the supreme strategic goal of Poland's military forces

4544-429: The years 2013 through to 2022 have been put in place. During the 2013 to 2016 period of the plan, 37.8 billion PLN, or 27.8% of the period's military budget of 135.5 billion PLN was invested into technical modernisation. Significant military equipment acquisitions are also planned for through the 2022 period, with the Ministry of Defense outlying 61 billion złoty to be spent on further modernization. A major feature of

4615-419: The young Isar is the Birkkarbach, which has its sources in the Birkkarspitze mountain. The Isar enters Upper Bavaria after ca. 22 km just north of Scharnitz , the Isar is dammed for the first time between Mittenwald and Krün . Some of the Isar waters are channeled via the Rißbach into the Walchensee , the Rißbach flow direction having been reversed. The Isar water flows into the giant downpipes of

4686-436: Was a two seater sports model he had purchased from Selfridges department store in London for £22". It was 17 feet long and included a mast and sails. Over six months he navigated it from the Lake Victoria along the River Nile to the Mediterranean Sea. For their honeymoon in 1938 Courtney and his wife paddled Buttercup down the River Danube. His experience and his demonstration of his skills in Buttercup were instrumental in

4757-434: Was changed to "Armed Forces of the Republic of Poland" to accord with the Polish State's new official name. Following the subsequent disbandment of the Warsaw Pact , Poland was admitted into NATO on 12 March 1999 and the Polish armed forces began a major reorganization effort in order to conform to the new western standards. From 2002 until 2014, Polish military forces were part of the Coalition Forces that participated in

4828-475: Was in most part achieved by sailing. Folders are known for their durability, stability, and longevity: The Klepper Aerius I (a single-seater) was used successfully in the early days of white-water kayaking before the era of modern polyethylene boats, owing to its durability and excellent manoeuvrability. Some well-maintained Kleppers have been in use for more than 50 years. Although a few hardshell kayakers are critical of folding boats, and do not regard them as in

4899-472: Was made commercially successful by Johannes Klepper , whose factory was at Rosenheim , Germany . Klepper kayaks were very popular for their compact size and ease of transport. Klepper's Faltboot was introduced in 1906, many years before hardshell boats were commercially produced. Oskar Speck undertook his seven-year journey from Germany to Australia in the 1930s using folding kayaks made and sponsored by another manufacturer, Pionier-Faltboot-Werft . During

4970-412: Was recreated in 1918 from elements of the three separate Russian, Austro-Hungarian, and German armies, and armed with equipment left following World War I. The force expanded during the Polish–Soviet War of 1919–1922 to nearly 800,000 men, but then were reduced after peace was reestablished. At the onset of World War II , on 1 September 1939 Nazi Germany invaded Poland. Polish forces were overwhelmed by

5041-494: Was succeeded by the 3-seater MKIII. The MKIII was successfully used in many raids during the Pacific War. Hoehn's first army folboats were tested at the ZES commando base in Cairns, Queensland by commandos under the direction of Major Ivan Lyon for preparation of the Operation Jaywick raid. They included Capt. Sam Carey , Robert Page and Albert Sargent. They were also used for training and actual use in Operation Rimau . At least 34 raids, reconnaissance patrols and rescue missions in

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