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54-544: Fanta ( / ˈ f æ n t ə / ) is an American-owned brand of fruit-flavored carbonated soft drink created by Coca-Cola Deutschland under the leadership of German businessman Max Keith . There are over 200 flavors worldwide. Fanta originated in Germany as a Coca-Cola alternative in 1941 due to the American trade embargo of Nazi Germany which affected the availability of Coca-Cola ingredients. Fanta soon dominated

108-510: A 1 MXN per litre tax (around US$ 0.08) on sodas, along with a 5% tax on junk food. Research has shown that Mexico's sugary drinks tax reduced soft drink consumption. According to a 2016 study published in BMJ , annual sales of sodas in Mexico declined 6% in 2014 after the introduction of the soda tax. Monthly sales figures for December 2014 were down 12% on the previous two years. Households with

162-429: A confirm that "reducing the amount of sugar in our diet is extremely important." Dental caries, also known as tooth decay or dental cavities, is the most common noncommunicable disease worldwide. Sugary drink taxes have been discussed as a potential means to reduce the health and economic burden of dental caries. Proponents of soda taxes cite the success of tobacco taxes worldwide when explaining why they think

216-632: A constant rate per unit volume), and that "only three SSB taxes worldwide are proportional to sugar content." The study argued that such volumetric taxes "are poorly targeted to the actual health harms from SSBs," and suggested taxing the amount of sugar in beverages, rather than the volume of liquid accompanying the sugar. A design change such as this has been proposed to "boost a SSB tax's health benefits and overall economic gains by roughly 30%." Increased taxes on sweetened products have been suggested to promote companies to re-formulate their product in order to keep consumer costs affordable by decreasing use of

270-455: A highly significant decrease in the monthly purchased volume of the higher-taxed, sugary soft drinks by 21.6%. The direction of the reduction was robust to different empirical modelling approaches, but the statistical significance and the magnitude of the changes varied considerably. Furthermore, the authors found a barely significant decrease in the volume of all soft drinks (that is, the higher- and lower-taxed soft drinks). Denmark instituted

324-439: A level that reduces consumption until the collective private benefit balances the collective costs of poorer health, though this could be accomplished at a lower tax level by using the tax revenue to create childhood nutrition programs or obesity-prevention programs. This would lessen the tax burden on people who consume soda moderately enough not to cause health problems. The Australian Beverages Council has opposed taxes while

378-607: A litre per capita per year), an impact which would be consistent with the low tax rate. We find suggestive evidence of a larger response by the sub-sample of heavy purchasers. Fruit juices and water do not seem to have been affected by the tax." French Polynesia implemented taxes on soft drinks in 2002. Hungary 's tax, which came into effect in September 2011, is a 4 per cent tax on foods and drinks that contain large quantities of sugar and salt, such as soft drinks, confectionery, salty snacks, condiments, and fruit jams. In 2016,

432-423: A national level in 2012. The tax, which is 0.0716 euro per liter, applies to both regular and diet soft drinks, flavored mineral water, and fruit juices with added sugar, but does not apply to mineral water and 100% fruit juices (i.e., those with no added sugars). Following introduction, soft drinks were estimated to be up to 3.5% more expensive. A 2019 article published in the journal PLOS One estimated

486-633: A new product for the German market, using only ingredients available in Germany at the time, including sugar beet , whey (a cheese byproduct), and apple pomace . He later described them as the "leftovers of leftovers". The name was the result of a brainstorming session, which started with Keith's exhorting his team to "use their imagination" ( Fantasie in German), to which one of his salesmen, Joe Knipp, retorted "Fanta!". The German plant had been cut off from Coca-Cola headquarters following America's entry into

540-553: A public speech the idea of introducing a tax "on carbonated drinks" (not specifying if it refers only to sugary drinks), referring to it as "practicable". By the end of 2019 the proposal of a tax on the consumption of sweetened soft drinks equal to 10 Euros per hectolitre in the case of finished products and 0.25 Euros per kilogram in the case of products to be diluted has been officially approved; its official start has been then postponed to 1 January 2022. The association of soft drinks and beverages producers has renewed its opposition to

594-483: A soda tax might go, as suggested by Mike Rayner of the United Kingdom, is to subsidize healthier foods like fruits and vegetables. According to a 2019 review of research on sugar drink taxes, the taxes successfully reduced consumption of sugar drinks and reduced adverse health consequences due to the increased price of the drinks drinks causes the demand for them to drop. Another review of data up to 2019 found

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648-455: A soda tax will work to lower soda consumption. Where the main concern with tobacco is cancer, the main concerns with soda are diabetes and obesity. The tactics used to oppose soda taxes by soda companies mimic those of tobacco companies, including funding research that downplays the health risks of its products. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services reports that a national targeted tax on sugar in soda could generate $ 14.9 billion in

702-445: A soft drink tax in the 1930s (it amounted to 1.64 Danish krone per liter), but announced in 2013 that they were going to abolish it along with a fat tax , with the stated goal of creating jobs and helping the local economy. Dominica has a sugar tax since 2015. Fiji has an import tax and an excise tax on soda. Finland introduced a sugar tax in 1940. France first introduced a targeted tax on nonalcoholic sugary drinks at

756-403: A whole could be worse off if these costs are calculated to be greater than the benefit to the consumers of soda. A Pigovian tax like a sugary drinks tax, factors these externalities into the price of the beverage. To some degree, this causes people who over-consume soda to pay for health care costs they are causing, which proponents argue is more fair. In theory, this tax could be set at such

810-535: Is Fanta Shokata (a wordplay on "soc" which means both "elderberry" and "shock" in Romanian) based on an elderflower blossom extract drink. In Russia, however, "Shokata" is the rebranding of Fanta Citrus , which is more like a common lemonade. This version of the drink is clear, like ordinary lemonade, while the bottle is blue-colored. In early February 2023, The Coca Cola Company announced that Lilt (a pineapple and grapefruit soft drink sold in countries such as

864-427: Is a tax or surcharge (food-related fiscal policy) designed to reduce consumption of sweetened beverages by making them more expensive to purchase. Drinks covered under a soda tax often include carbonated soft drinks , sports drinks and energy drinks . Fruit juices without added sugar are usually excluded, despite similar sugar content, though there is some debate on including them. This policy intervention

918-463: Is a growing health concern in many developed and developing countries around the world, with 1.6 million deaths directly due to this disease in 2015 alone. Unlike sugar from food, the sugar from drinks enters the body so quickly that it can overload the pancreas and the liver, leading to diabetes and heart disease over time. A 2010 study said that consuming one to two sugary drinks a day increases your risk of developing diabetes by 26%. Heart disease

972-449: Is also a global public and health policy concern, with the percentage of overweight and obese people in many developed and middle income countries rising rapidly. Consumption of added sugar in sugar- sweetened beverages has been positively correlated with high calorie intake, and through it, with excess weight and obesity. The addition of one sugar-sweetened beverage per day to the normal US diet can amount to 15 pounds of weight gain over

1026-551: Is an effort to decrease obesity and the health impacts related to being overweight. The tax is a matter of public debate in many countries and beverage producers like Coca-Cola often oppose it. Advocates such as national medical associations and the World Health Organization promote the tax as an example of a Pigouvian tax , aimed to discourage unhealthy diets and offset the growing economic costs of obesity . Tax design approaches include direct taxes on

1080-442: Is dependent on the value paid for the item. The amount of both VAT and sales tax are directly proportional to the amount of money paid for an item and do not consider the volume of food or drink. For this reason, a large (bulk) item would have less tax compared to a smaller cheaper item (i.e., there is less tax impact on larger packages of a food item). Most taxes on sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) are set volumetrically (i.e., with

1134-600: Is made with sugar whereas the US version uses high fructose corn syrup . In the UK, the sugar content was reduced in 2017 to 4.6g per 100ml in the standard version (non-sugar free) to ensure that the product was below the 5g that would incur the country's sugary drink tax . This was a third lower than the recipe used before 2016, as some of the sugar was replaced by sweeteners. In Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Poland, Serbia, Romania, Sweden, and some other European countries, there

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1188-463: Is responsible for 31% of all global deaths and although one sugary drink has minimal effects on the heart, consuming sugary drinks daily are associated with long term consequences. A study found that men, for every added serving per day of sugar-sweetened beverages, each serving was associated with a 19% increased risk of developing heart disease. Another study also found increased risks for heart disease in women who drank sugary drinks daily. Obesity

1242-588: The Australian Medical Association and Australian Greens continued to press for a sugar tax. Tax since 2017. Barbados passed a soda tax in September 2015, applied as an excise of 10%. US$ 0.29/liter tax since April 2017. In 2020, the Province of British Columbia stopped exempting soda beverages from a 7% provincial sales tax for grocery items. Still fruit juices and non-sweetened carbonated beverages are still exempted from

1296-547: The Minister of Health Giulia Grillo containing a proposal to raise a 20% tax on sugary drinks, seen as a way to generate benefits for consumers' general health. A debate emerged on the introduction of such a tax, seen on the one hand as a possible mean to promote a healthier diet, and on the other as a danger to the sugar industry. In September 2019 the Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte mentioned in

1350-605: The UK and the Republic of Ireland ) would be rebranded as Fanta Pineapple and Grapefruit flavor on 14 February 2023. In August 2024, to promote the film Beetlejuice Beetlejuice , the limited edition "Haunted Apple" flavor was released. Carbonation In inorganic chemistry and geology , carbonation is common. Metal hydroxides (MOH) and metal oxides (M'O) react with CO 2 to give bicarbonates and carbonates : In mammalian physiology, transport of carbon dioxide to

1404-583: The German market with three million cases sold in 1943. The current formulation of Fanta, with orange flavor, was developed in Italy in 1955. During the Second World War , Germany was under a United States trade embargo , the British naval blockade and the import of Coca-Cola syrup was prohibited. To circumvent this, Max Keith , the head of Coca-Cola Deutschland (Coca-Cola GmbH), decided to create

1458-533: The Mexican Chamber of Deputies and Senate from approving the 10% soda tax. They argued that such measure would not help reduce the obesity in Mexico and would leave hundreds of Mexicans working in the sugar cane industry jobless. They also publicly accused New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg of orchestrating the controversial bill from overseas. In late October 2013, the Mexican Senate approved

1512-573: The United States until the 1960s because the company feared it would undermine the strong market position of their flagship cola. Even then, its availability was limited especially after the 1980s due to sister brand Minute Maid selling similar products under its own name. In 2001, Fanta received a national push due to the U.S.'s growing Hispanic population and the drink's proven popularity in Latin America . The modern-day orange Fanta

1566-515: The benefits of the tax reduced as some will buy sugary drinks from areas where they are not taxed. The regressive component of the tax is that consumers on lower incomes would spend relatively more up-front due to higher prices than consumers on higher incomes. The progressive components of the tax include both the health savings and benefits to those who are most price-sensitive and the potential for tax revenue to subsidize healthier foods or other priorities for low-income people. Type 2 diabetes

1620-418: The city itself, but when accounting for people traveling to neighboring cities without a tax, overall purchases of the affected beverages dropped 20%. The way that the tax burden is divided upon the consumer and seller depends on the price elasticity for sugary drinks. The tax burden will fall more on sellers when the price elasticity of demand is greater than the price elasticity of supply while on buyers when

1674-459: The concrete is known as neutralisation . The similar reaction in which calcium hydroxide from cement reacts with carbon dioxide and forms insoluble calcium carbonate is carbonatation . Carbonation of ammonia is one step in the industrial production of urea :In 2020, worldwide production capacity was approximately 180 million tonnes. As a fertilizer, it is a source of nitrogen for plants. Urea production plants are almost always located adjacent to

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1728-444: The course of 1 year. Added sugar is a common feature of many processed and convenience foods such as breakfast cereals, chocolate, ice cream, cookies, yogurts and drinks produced by retailers. The ubiquity of sugar-sweetened beverages and their appeal to younger consumers has made their consumption a subject of particular concern by public health professionals. In both the United States and the United Kingdom, sugar sweetened drinks are

1782-407: The fewest resources had an average reduction in purchases of 9% in 2014, increasing to 17% by December. Furthermore, purchases of water and non-taxed beverages increased by about 4% on average. Whether the imposition of the tax and the resulting 6% decline in sales of soft drinks will have any measurable impact on long-term obesity or diabetes trends in Mexico has yet to be determined. The authors of

1836-420: The first year alone. The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) estimates that a nationwide three-cent-per-ounce tax would generate over $ 24 billion over four years. Some tax measures call for using the revenue collected to pay for relevant health needs: improving diet, increasing physical activity, obesity prevention, nutrition education, advancing healthcare reform, etc. Another area to which the revenue raised by

1890-547: The health benefits as being of very low certainty in a one single study applied to Hungarian settings. A 10% tax in Mexico enacted in January 2014 reduced consumption by 12% after one year, said one study that had not yet been peer-reviewed. A study (which has yet to be peer-reviewed) of the 1.5-cents-per-ounce tax in Philadelphia found actual sales of the affected beverages (which included diet beverages) dropped 46% in

1944-449: The lungs involves a carbonation reaction catalyzed by the enzyme carbonic anhydrase . In the absence of such catalysts, carbon dioxide cannot be expelled sufficient rate to support metabolic needs. The enzyme harbors a zinc aquo complex , which captures carbon dioxide to give a zinc bicarbonate: In reinforced concrete , the chemical reaction between carbon dioxide In the air and calcium hydroxide and hydrated calcium silicate in

1998-522: The optimal nationwide SSB tax rate may be higher than the one cent per ounce rate most commonly used in U.S. cities." A 2019 study in the Quarterly Journal of Economics estimated that the optimal sugar drink tax on the federal level in the U.S. would be between 1 and 2.1 cents per ounce, whereas the optimal tax on the city-level was 60% lower than that due to cross-border shopping. A 2022 systematic review and meta-analysis of studies from around

2052-529: The packaging as "less sweet" and a German original. An associated television ad referenced the history of the drink and said the Coca-Cola company wanted to bring back "the feeling of the Good Old Times" which was interpreted by many to mean Nazi rule. The ad was subsequently replaced. The Orange flavor recipe outside the US contains orange juice, while the American version does not. In Mexico, Fanta

2106-404: The price and consumption effects of the tax, using a difference-in-difference methodology. The study concluded: "We find that the tax is transmitted to the prices of taxed drinks, with full transmission for soft drinks and partial transmission for fruit juices. The evidence on purchase responses is mixed and less robust, indicating at most a very small reduction in soft drink purchases (about half

2160-455: The price elasticity of supply is greater than the price elasticity of demand. The price elasticity for sugary drinks is different from country to country. For instance, the price elasticity of demand for the sugary drink was found to be -1.37 in Chile while -1.16 in Mexico. A 2019 National Bureau of Economic Research paper concluded that sugar drink taxes were "welfare enhancing, and indeed that

2214-434: The product and indirect taxes. Indirect taxes include import/export taxes on sugar or other ingredients before it has been processed and local/regional/international taxes. Sales tax (indirect tax) is paid by the person consuming the item at the time of purchase and collected by the government from the seller. VAT (value added tax) is the most common type of tax and is also added on at the time of purchase, at an amount that

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2268-495: The proposal, estimating that it would have as an effect a contraction of the market equal to 16%. Malaysia has a sugary drink tax implemented 1 July 2019. Mauritius passed a soda tax in 2013. In September 2013, Mexico 's president Enrique Peña Nieto , on his fiscal bill package, proposed a 10% tax on all soft drinks, especially carbonated drinks, with the intention of reducing the number of patients with diabetes and other cardiovascular diseases in Mexico, which has one of

2322-413: The site where the ammonia is manufactured. In the subsequent urea conversion: the ammonium carbamate is decomposed into urea, releasing water: Henry's law states that P CO 2 =K B x CO 2 where P CO 2 is the partial pressure of CO 2 gas above the solution. K B is Henry's law constant. K B increases as temperature increases. x CO 2 is the mole fraction of CO 2 gas in

2376-565: The solution. According to Henry's law carbonation increases in a solution as temperature decreases. Since carbonation is the process of giving compounds like carbonic acid (liq) from CO 2 (gas) {i.e. making liquid from gasses} thus the partial pressure of CO 2 has to decrease or the mole fraction of CO 2 in solution has to increase {P CO 2 /x CO 2 = K B } and both these two conditions support increase in carbonation. Sugary drink tax#United Kingdom A sugary drink tax , soda tax , or sweetened beverage tax ( SBT )

2430-542: The tax has resulted in a 22% reduction in energy drink consumption and 19% of people reduced their intake of sugary soft drinks. 40% tax on sugary soda from 1 July 2017. Sugar tax introduced on 1 May 2018. The tax sees 30 cent per litre added to the price of popular sweetened drinks containing more than 8g of sugar per 100ml. In 2022, Israel also imposed a sugary drink tax due to it adding to their obesity rates. The tax has been cancelled as of 2023. In 2018, several medical representatives forwarded an official letter to

2484-453: The tax. The measure was introduced based on health recommendations to address youth obesity. In May 2021, the Province of Newfoundland and Labrador announced a 20 cent per litre tax for sugar sweetened beverages. This tax was implemented on September 1, 2022. In 2014, a measure was passed to increase tax on sugary drinks, and reduce tax on low-sugar drinks. The tax rate was increased from 13% to 18%. A study with data from 2011-2015 found

2538-399: The taxed ingredient (i.e., sugar) in their product. Government revenues from these taxes sometimes are put towards improving public health services, however this is not always the case. Some point to substitutes like fruit juice, energy-dense snacks and biscuits as ways a tax on processed sugar in drinks might be limited. Jurisdictions where cross-border shopping is convenient can also have

2592-501: The top calorie source in teenager's diets. A French study published in 2019 on the British Medical Journal also enlighted a possible link between the consumption of sugary drinks (beverages containing more than a 5% of sugar) and a higher or increased risk of developing cancer . Even if the researchers were unable to prove a clear causality between the two factors, they stated that their results can be taken as

2646-550: The war after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941. After the war, the Coca-Cola Company regained control of the plant, formula, and the trademarks to the new Fanta product—as well as the plant profits made during the war. In 1943, 3 million cases of Fanta were sold in Germany. Many bottles were not consumed as a beverage but used as a cooking ingredient to add sweetness and flavor to soups and stews, as sugar

2700-495: The world found that sugary drink taxes resulted in higher prices of the targeted beverages and a 15% decrease in the sales of such products. The purchase of sugary drinks has significant negative externalities when over-consumption causes diseases like obesity and type 2 diabetes. Depending on the national health care system, a significant portion of these costs are paid by taxpayers or insurance rate-payers; lost productivity costs are paid to some degree by employers. Society as

2754-525: The world's highest rates of obesity . According to Mexican government data, in 2011, the treatment for each patient with diabetes cost the Mexican public health care system (the largest of Latin America) around US$ 708 per year, with a total cost of 778,427,475 USD in 2010, and with each patient paying only 30 MXN (around US$ 2.31). In September 2013, soda companies launched a media campaign to discourage

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2808-581: Was discontinued in 1949. In 1955, in Naples , Italy, production of a new formulation with oranges began. Following the launch of several drinks by Pepsi-Cola in the 1950s, Società Napoletana Imbottigliamento Bevande Gassate (SNIBEG) relaunched Fanta in 1955 with a different formulation. In 1960 Coca-Cola bought the brand, distributing it worldwide. The drink was heavily marketed in Europe, Asia, Africa, and South America, although it did not become widely available in

2862-455: Was first produced in Naples, Italy in 1955 by a local bottling plant using locally sourced oranges . The design of the classic annulated bottle comes from these years. In February 2015, a 75th-anniversary version of Fanta was released in Germany. Packaged in glass bottles evoking the original design and with an authentic original wartime flavor including 30% whey and pomace, it is described on

2916-669: Was severely rationed. During the war, the Dutch Coca-Cola plant in Amsterdam (N.V. Nederlandse Coca-Cola Maatschappij) suffered the same difficulties as the German Coca-Cola plant. Keith put the Fanta brand at the disposal of the Dutch Coca-Cola plant, of which he had been appointed the official caretaker. Dutch Fanta had a different recipe from German Fanta, using elderberries as a main ingredients. Fanta production

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