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49-577: Northern Rivers is the most northeasterly region of the Australian state of New South Wales , located between 590 and 820 kilometres (370 and 510 mi) north of the state capital, Sydney , and encompasses the catchments and fertile valleys of the Clarence , Richmond , and Tweed rivers. It extends from Tweed Heads in the north (adjacent to the Queensland border) to the southern extent of

98-516: A doctor for further testing and advice. Macadamias are toxic to dogs. Ingestion may result in macadamia toxicity marked by weakness and hind limb paralysis with the inability to stand, occurring within 12 hours of ingestion. It is not known what makes macadamia nuts toxic in dogs. Depending on the quantity ingested and the size of the dog, symptoms may also include muscle tremors, joint pain, and severe abdominal pain. In high doses of toxin, opiate medication may be required for symptom relief until

147-414: A high amount of monounsaturated fats (59% of total content) and contain, as 17% of total fat, the monounsaturated fat , omega-7 palmitoleic acid . The trees are also grown as ornamental plants in subtropical regions for their glossy foliage and attractive flowers. The flowers produce a well-regarded honey. The wood is used decoratively for small items. Macadamia species are used as food plants by

196-404: A long, slender, and simple raceme 50–300 mm (2–12 in) long, the individual flowers 10–15 mm ( 3 ⁄ 8 – 9 ⁄ 16  in) long, white to pink or purple, with four tepals . The fruit is a hard, woody, globose follicle with a pointed apex containing one or two seeds . The nutshell ("coat") is particularly tough and requires around 2000 N to crack. The shell material

245-555: A new Geographical Classification called the Australian Statistical Geography Standard. Geography is now divided into Statistical Area Level 1, 2, 3, and 4. Statistical Area Level 4 is the highest (regions of a State) and Statistical Area Level 1 being the lower (Mesh blocks are more refined but not readily available apart from the Census of Population and Housing). For older statistics, such as

294-682: A recreation of areas of Olley's famous home studio, principally the Hat Factory and the Yellow Room. The region has a history of Italian settlement. The locality of New Italy was settled in 1882 by Italian pioneers who attempted to cultivate the area's difficult interior, while additional phases of migration followed in the 1920s and again with the post- World War II influx of European migrants anxious to escape their war-ravaged country. They typically leased hilly land from local farmers on which they cultivated bananas, moving to other trades when

343-579: A reputation as both a centre for relaxation and "alternative" health practices such as yoga , and at certain times of the year, a convenient out-of-town recreation area for partygoers from the major urban centres of south-east Queensland. The village of Nimbin , in the Lismore area, also attracts tourists interested in its reputation for environmental and alternative living initiatives such as permaculture , sustainability, and self-sufficiency, as well as its often-cited counterculture which includes lobbying for

392-678: A small number of non-geographic specialty networks cover paediatric health, justice and forensic health, and the St' Vincent's Health network. The New South Wales Police Force is organised into approximately 81 local area commands, which are aggregated into six regions: The NSW National Parks & Wildlife Service uses the Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia bioregions based on ecological factors. These bioregions extend into neighbouring States. Yet another subdivision of New South Wales into regions

441-525: Is a land area made up of a group of interacting ecosystems that are repeated in similar form across the landscape. Regions and subregion cross state and territory boundaries. The bioregions that are located within all or part of New South Wales include: New South Wales is also informally divided into a smaller number of regions. These regions have no general administrative function or status. Many of them are only vaguely defined, or are defined in different ways for different purposes. For example, departments of

490-560: Is a non-capital, urban region of one or more adjoining areas, with a population of 25,000 or more. The SDist is defined with consideration of a 20-year growth forecast. The SDist does not need to conform to LGA boundaries or to state territory boundaries. The thirteen Statistical Districts in New South Wales are: The Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia (IBRA) is a biogeographic regionalisation of Australia; divided into 89 bioregions and 419 subregions. Each region

539-778: Is a type of food allergy to macadamia nuts which is relatively rare, affecting less than 5% of people with tree nut allergy in the United States. Macadamia allergy can cause mild to severe allergic reactions, such as oral allergy syndrome , urticaria , angioedema , vomiting, abdominal pain, asthma , and anaphylaxis . Macadamia allergy can also cross-react with other tree nuts or foods that have similar allergenic proteins, such as coconut , walnut , hazelnut , and cashew . The diagnosis and management of macadamia allergy involves avoiding macadamia nuts and their derivatives, reading food labels carefully, carrying an epinephrine auto-injector in case of severe reactions, and consulting

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588-562: Is as follows: This classification subdivides the most commonly accepted notion of "The Riverina" into two separate regions, "Riverina" and "The Murray". The "Blue Mountains" is also included as it own distinct region, which is usually considered a district of the state capital "Sydney". Macadamia Macadamia is a genus of four species of trees in the flowering plant family Proteaceae . They are indigenous to Australia, native to northeastern New South Wales and central and southeastern Queensland specifically. Two species of

637-492: Is commercially produced in many countries of Southeast Asia, South America, Australia, and North America having Mediterranean , temperate or tropical climates . The first commercial orchard of macadamia trees was planted in the early 1880s by Rous Mill, 12 km (7.5 mi) southeast of Lismore, New South Wales , consisting of M. tetraphylla . Besides the development of a small boutique industry in Australia during

686-514: Is five times harder than hazelnut shells and has mechanical properties similar to aluminum . It has a Vickers hardness of 35. Nuts from M. jansenii and M. ternifolia contain cyanogenic glycosides . The other two species are cultivated for the commercial production of macadamia nuts for human consumption. Previously, more species with disjunct distributions were named as members of this genus Macadamia . Genetics and morphological studies published in 2008 show they have separated from

735-614: Is the common base unit for each of the larger regional structures. The boundaries of the SLA are designed to be typically coterminous with Local Government Areas unless the LGA does not fit entirely into a Statistical Subdivision (SSD), or is not of a comparative nature to other LGA's. Bureau of Statistics provides statistics for Local Government Areas, as well as three other statistical structures: Statistical Divisions , Statistical Regions , and Statistical Districts . Statistical Divisions (SD) form

784-775: The Coral Sea and the Tasman Sea to the east and the New England region to the west, where the Great Dividing Range forms a mountainous boundary. To the north is the border between New South Wales and Queensland, where the Darling Downs are located to the north-west and South East Queensland directly to the north. The southern boundary is the Dorrigo ranges, which also mark the southern boundary for

833-482: The North Coast railway line which links Sydney to Brisbane. The northernmost part of the region contains Mount Warning and the surrounding remnants of the long-extinct Tweed Volcano , portions of which extend into southern Queensland . Immediately to the south was formerly the " Big Scrub ", an extensive area of subtropical rainforest that was largely cleared for timber-getting and subsequently dairy farming in

882-572: The Southern Cross University , which is headquartered at Lismore and has campuses in Tweed Heads and Coffs Harbour . The North Coast Institute of TAFE has campuses at Lismore , Ballina , Casino , Grafton , Kingscliff , Maclean , Trenayr, Wollongbar and Yamba . There are several local sporting competitions, including: The region has also produced several famous sportspeople, including: Some sporting venues on

931-531: The genus are commercially important for their fruit, the macadamia nut / ˌ m æ k ə ˈ d eɪ m i ə / (or simply macadamia ). Global production in 2015 was 160,000 tonnes (180,000 short tons). Other names include Queensland nut , bush nut , maroochi nut , bauple nut and, in the US, they are also known as Hawaii nut . It was an important source of bushfood for the Aboriginal peoples . The nut

980-735: The 2006 Census of Population and Housing, the Australian Bureau of Statistics has multiple regional structures for which it analyses and reports data. These regional structures derive from the Australian Standard Geographical Classification (AGSC). The AGSC defines at the very smallest level, the Census Collection District (CCD). These CCD's aggregate to form the Statistical Local Area (SLA), which

1029-668: The 2014 Bentley blockade, which protested against exploratory drilling for gas at that location, and flow-on community reaction which eventually led to the New South Wales State Government buying back a coal seam gas exploration licence covering more than 500,000 hectares across the region in October 2015. Prior to European settlement in the nineteenth century, the region was home to the Aboriginal Bundjalung people (or Bandjalang) (including

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1078-540: The Clarence River Basin. The defining characteristic of the region are the fertile valleys of the Clarence , Richmond and Tweed rivers and their sources, hence the region's name; and the region's white sandy beaches. The following local government areas are contained within the region: The region is traversed by the Pacific Highway , Bruxner Highway , Clarence Way, Summerland Way and

1127-570: The Clarence river catchment which lies between Grafton and Coffs Harbour , and includes the main towns of Tweed Heads , Byron Bay , Ballina , Kyogle , Lismore , Casino and Grafton. At its most northern point, the region is 102 kilometres (63 mi) south-southeast of the Queensland capital, Brisbane . As with all regions of New South Wales, it has no official status, although state government department offices and local governments in

1176-525: The Hawaiian trees must have descended from a small population of Australian trees from Gympie , possibly just a single tree. This lack of genetic diversity in the commercial crop puts it at risk of succumbing to pathogens (as has happened in the past to banana cultivars). Growers may seek to diversify the cultivated population by hybridizing with wild specimens. Nuts from M. jansenii and M. ternifolia contain cyanogenic glycosides. Macadamia allergy

1225-814: The New South Wales government, such as the New South Wales Police Force , or the Ministry of Health , define regions of the State for their own internal administrative purposes. These regions may be defined in completely different ways, as shown by the maps in the references. The original basis for descriptive regional names in New South Wales is based on the geography of the State. The State can be divided into four components: These four components are then typically divided into north, central and southern components based upon their location relative to Sydney . This two-way subdivision gives rise to

1274-894: The Northern Rivers includes: The Northern Rivers has its own orchestras, the Northern Rivers Symphony Orchestra based in Murwillumbah and the Lismore Symphony Orchestra. Murwillumbah, Lismore and Grafton all have regional art galleries; that at Murwillumbah (the Tweed Regional Gallery) includes the Margaret Olley Art Centre named after the prominent locally-born Australian artist Margaret Olley and includes examples of her work plus

1323-790: The Widjabul of the Lismore region, the Arakwal of the Byron Bay area, and the Kalibal and Minjungbal of the Tweed and Queensland border) and the Gumbaynggirr and Yaegl peoples to the south, which collectively still form a component of the local population, and have been successful in some native title land claims on behalf of local Bandjalang and Yaegl communities. The region contains

1372-399: The area work together for purposes such as tourism, education, water catchment management and waste management. This area has a mild, sub-tropical climate. Major industries are agriculture, fisheries, public services (particularly health) and tourism; the region is also popular for niche crops, hobby farmers, and retirees from life in the larger cities. The Northern Rivers region is bounded by

1421-443: The cultivation of macadamia trees which are used for their production of both raw nuts and macadamia oil. Ballina is a fishing port and was a centre for Australia's east coast offshore prawn industry, although boat numbers have declined in recent years, while additional vessels operate out of Iluka and Yamba . Byron Bay was at one time a centre for commercial whaling as well as mineral extraction via sand mining. Further south,

1470-469: The decriminalisation of recreational and medicinal cannabis , as evidenced by its annual MardiGrass celebration. Following some decades of population decline with the reduction of certain primary industry (in particular dairying), the area is now seeing a population increase, in part because of the availability of ex-dairy land for newer niche crops and hobby farms along with an influx of "sea change" and "tree change" families, as well as retirees attracted by

1519-514: The federal and state governments are the local government authorities, which are responsible for the local government areas . The types of LGAs in New South Wales are cities , municipalities , shires and regions . New South Wales has more than 150 local government areas which have an elected council and carry out various functions delegated to them by the Government of New South Wales . The Australian Bureau of Statistics has moved towards

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1568-405: The garden, usually carrying a useful crop by the fourth year and improving from then on. It crops prodigiously when well pollinated. The impressive, grape-like clusters are sometimes so heavy they break the branchlets to which they are attached. Commercial orchards have reached 18 kg (40 lb) per tree by eight years old. On the downside, the macadamias do not drop from the tree when ripe, and

1617-522: The generic pattern of regions, and in some cases, subregions: The Australian Bureau of Meteorology divides New South Wales into sixteen districts. The Department of State and Regional Development lists fourteen regions in New South Wales. The Office of Local Government listed twelve regions: Local governments in New South Wales have created regional groupings. The NSW Regional Organisations of Councils , typically with names like " Western Sydney Regional Organisation of Councils " (WSROC) have

1666-514: The genus Macadamia , correlating less closely than thought from earlier morphological studies. The species previously named in the genus Macadamia may still be referred to overall by the descriptive, non-scientific name of macadamia. The German-Australian botanist Ferdinand von Mueller gave the genus the name Macadamia in 1857 in honour of the Scottish-Australian chemist , medical teacher, and politician John Macadam , who

1715-624: The late 19th and early 20th centuries, macadamia was extensively planted as a commercial crop in Hawaii from the 1920s onward. Macadamia seeds were first imported into Hawaii in 1882 by William H. Purvis , who planted seeds that year at Kapulena . The Hawaiian-produced macadamia established the well-known seed internationally, and in 2017, Hawaii produced over 22,000 tonnes. In 2019, researchers collected samples from hundreds of trees in Queensland and compared their genetic profiles to samples from Hawaiian orchards. They determined that essentially all

1764-459: The leaves are a bit prickly when one reaches into the tree's interior during harvest. Its shell is easier to open than that of most commercial varieties. A pure M. tetraphylla variety from Australia, this strain is cultivated for its productive crop yield, flavour, and suitability for pollinating 'Beaumont.' A South African M. integrifolia / M. tetraphylla hybrid cultivar, it has a sweet seed, which means it has to be cooked carefully so that

1813-411: The local banana industry declined when refrigeration and better transport links facilitated the supply of cheaper competition from Queensland. The Northern Rivers was served for over a century by the Murwillumbah railway line , although, amidst some ongoing controversy, services were suspended in 2004. Regions of New South Wales In New South Wales on the third tier of elected government after

1862-455: The macadamia nut is the most expensive nut in the world, which is attributed to the slow harvesting process. A Macadamia integrifolia / M. tetraphylla hybrid commercial variety is widely planted in Australia and New Zealand; Dr. J. H. Beaumont discovered it. It is high in oil but is not sweet. New leaves are reddish, and flowers are bright pink, borne on long racemes. It is one of the quickest varieties to come into bearing once planted in

1911-764: The main function of lobbying the State Government on various matters, coordinating economic development, joint purchasing between councils and regional promotion. They have no formal administrative function. There are thirteen networks of regional organisation, in addition to the six networks in Greater Metropolitan Sydney: The NSW Department of Planning, Industry and Environment divides New South Wales into ten regions: The New South Wales Ministry of Health divided New South Wales into fifteen separate regions, called Local Health Districts. These are: Additionally,

1960-423: The main structural hierarchy of statistical analysis. These regions are structured to provide a broad range of social , demographic and economic statistics. The basis for the boundary delineations center on socioeconomic criteria. The thirteen divisions for New South Wales are: The Statistical Region (SR) structure was established in 1986 as a means for labor force analysis. The Statistical District (SDist)

2009-595: The nineteenth century. The major towns of the area developed at the navigable heads of the local river systems (Murwillumbah on the Tweed, Lismore on the Wilsons – a tributary of the Richmond – and Grafton on the Clarence) rather than on the coast, in order to be able to transport the valuable timber products (in particular the Australian red cedar, Toona ciliata ) to markets interstate and overseas. Dairy production in

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2058-559: The region was extensive up until the 1970s and many towns in the area retain their dairy processing plants ("butter factories") from that era, now largely re-purposed for other uses; dairy cattle were then largely replaced with beef cattle for economic reasons, although some dairy production remains. The north of the region is an important sugarcane growing area with smaller contributions from coffee, bananas and assorted tropical fruit and vegetables. The hills with their red volcanic soils inland from Byron Bay provide Australia's main region for

2107-555: The region's subtropical climate and unique combination of lifestyle attributes. From the 1970s onwards, the northern portion of the region has also been the scene of successful environmental protests aimed at preventing the destruction of the area's significant natural assets, including the 1979 Terania Creek anti-logging protest in the Nightcap National Park which led to the then Wran State Government gazetting remaining rainforest in New South Wales as National Parks,

2156-475: The rural portions of the Clarence river catchment are predominantly used for forestry, agriculture and grazing. The region as a whole includes a significant component of New South Wales' state forests and national parks, and tourism is important in the north of the region in particular, especially in Tweed Heads , which is effectively a southern extension of the Gold Coast , and Byron Bay, which has developed

2205-449: The sugars do not caramelise. The sweet seed is usually not fully processed, as it generally does not taste as good, but many people enjoy eating it uncooked. It has an open micropyle (hole in the shell), which may let in fungal spores. The crack-out percentage (ratio of nut meat to the whole nut by weight) is high. Ten-year-old trees average 22 kg (50 lb) per tree. It is a popular variety because of its pollination of 'Beaumont,' and

2254-810: The toxic effects diminish, with full recovery usually within 24 to 48 hours. Macadamias are also toxic to cats, causing tremor, paralysis, stiffness in joints and high fever. Raw macadamia nuts are 1% water, 14% carbohydrates , 76% fat , and 8% protein . A 100-gram reference amount of macadamia nuts provides 740 kilocalories and are a rich source (20% or more of the Daily Value (DV)) of numerous essential nutrients , including thiamine (104% DV), vitamin B 6 (21% DV), other B vitamins , manganese (195% DV), iron (28% DV), magnesium (37% DV) and phosphorus (27% DV). Compared with other common edible nuts, such as almonds and cashews , macadamias are high in total fat and relatively low in protein. They have

2303-479: The yields are almost comparable. A M. integrifolia / M. tetraphylla hybrid, this is a rather spreading tree. On the plus side, it is high yielding commercially; 17 kg (37 lb) from a 9-year-old tree has been recorded, and the nuts drop to the ground. However, they are thick-shelled, with not much flavour. In 2018, South Africa was estimated as the leading producer of macadamia nuts, with 54,000 tonnes out of global production of 211,000 tonnes. Macadamia

2352-744: Was first commercially produced on a wide scale in Hawaii , where Australian seeds were introduced in the 1880s, and for more than a century they were the world's largest producer. South Africa has been the world's largest producer of the macadamia since the 2010s. The macadamia is the only widely-grown food plant that is native to Australia. Macadamia is an evergreen genus that grows 2–12 m (7–40 ft) tall. The leaves are arranged in whorls of three to six, lanceolate to obovate or elliptic in shape , 60–300 mm ( 2 + 1 ⁄ 2 –12 in) long and 30–130 mm ( 1 + 1 ⁄ 8 – 5 + 1 ⁄ 8  in) broad, with an entire or spiny-serrated margin. The flowers are produced in

2401-811: Was the honorary Secretary of the Philosophical Institute of Victoria beginning in 1857. The macadamia tree is usually propagated by grafting and does not begin to produce commercial quantities of seeds until it is 7–10 years old, but once established, it may continue bearing for over 100 years. Macadamias prefer fertile, well-drained soils, a rainfall of 1,000–2,000 mm (40–80 in), and temperatures not falling below 10 °C (50 °F) (although once established, they can withstand light frosts), with an optimum temperature of 25 °C (80 °F). The roots are shallow, and trees can be blown down in storms; like most Proteaceae , they are also susceptible to Phytophthora root disease. As of 2019,

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