Misplaced Pages

#876123

21-468: The village was first mentioned in the 10th or 11th century as "de Fretmarashem", and means "settlement of Fretmar". Farmsum was built on several house terps (artificial living hills) in the early middle ages. Farmsum used to be a proosdij ( deanery ) which ruled over 36 parishes. In 1515, Farmsum was burnt down by Magnus I, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg . Farmsum was an independent municipality from 1808 until 1811 when it became part of Delfzijl . In 1814, it

42-1075: A to æ except in certain conditions: Much later, after breaking, /æ/ became /e/ . Before /xx/ , /xs/ , /xt/ , short /e/ , /i/ became /iu/ in a process known as "breaking". An unrelated sound change where /i/ became /iu/ if /u/ or /w/ followed in the next syllable occurred later, after I-mutation. Vowels were fronted or raised in before /i/ , /j/ a process called I-mutation : The old Germanic diphthongs * ai and * au become ē / ā and ā , respectively, in Old Frisian, as in ēn / ān ("one") from Proto-Germanic * ainaz , and brād from * braudą ("bread"). In comparison, these diphthongs become ā and ēa ( ān and brēad ) in Old English, and ē and ō ( ēn and brōd ) in Old Saxon. The diphthong * eu generally becomes ia , and Germanic * iu

63-567: A few farmhouses, to larger villages and old towns. A few of them are listed below. Old Frisian Old Frisian was a West Germanic language spoken between the 8th and 16th centuries along the North Sea coast, roughly between the mouths of the Rhine and Weser rivers. The Frisian settlers on the coast of South Jutland (today's Northern Friesland ) also spoke Old Frisian, but there are no known medieval texts from this area. The language of

84-620: A few village names in Friesland ending with -terp (e.g. Ureterp ), referring not to a dwelling mound but merely to the Old Frisian word for village. The first element of the toponyms is quite often a person's name or is simply describing the environmental features of the settlement (e.g. Rasquert (prov. Groningen) Riazuurđ: wierde with reed, where reed grows). Some 1,200 terpen are recorded in Groningen and Friesland alone. They range from abandoned settlements to mounds with only one or

105-404: A part of a network of terpen that rerouted large-scale flooding. Historical Frisian settlements were built on artificial terpen up to 15 metres (49 ft) high to be safe from the floods in periods of rising sea levels . The first terp -building period dates to 500 BC, the second from 200 BC to 50 BC. In the mid-3rd century, the rise of sea level was so dramatic that the clay district

126-457: A single or few words. Old Frisian had three genders (masculine, feminine, and neuter), two numbers (singular and plural), and four cases (Nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, although traces of an instrumental and locative case exist) Dual forms are unattested in Old Frisian but their presence is confirmed by their continued existence in later Frisian dialects until the mid-20th century. A significant portion of Old Frisian nouns fall into

147-571: Is due to a shared history, language and culture of the people from Northern Germany and Denmark who came to settle in England from around 400 A.D. onwards. Generally, Old Frisian phonologically resembles Old English. In particular, it shares the palatalisation of velar consonants also found in Old English. For example, whereas the closely related Old Saxon and Old Dutch retain the velar in dag , Old Frisian has dei and Old English has dæġ [dæj] . When initial and followed by front vowels

168-424: Is retained. These diphthongs initially began with a syllabic (stressed) i , but the stress later shifts to the second component, giving to iā and iū . For example, thiād ("people") and liūde from Proto-Germanic * þeudō and * liudīz . Old Frisian ( c.  1150  – c.  1550 ) retained grammatical cases . Some of the texts that are preserved from this period are from

189-519: The Rhine and Meuse river plains in the central part of the Netherlands. Furthermore, terps can be found more to the south in the province North Holland , like Avendorp near the town of Schagen , and in the towns of Bredene en Leffinge near Oostende in Belgium . Other terps can be found at the mouth of the river IJssel like the one at the hamlet Kampereiland, the province Overijssel and on

210-517: The 12th or 13th century, but most are from the 14th and 15th centuries. Generally, all these texts are restricted to legal writings. Although the earliest written examples of Frisian—stray words in a Latin context—are from approximately the 9th century, there are a few examples of runic inscriptions from the region which are older and in a very early form of the Frisian language. These runic writings however usually consist of no more than inscriptions of

231-546: The Dutch province of Groningen an artificial dwelling mound is called a wierde (plural wierden ). As in Friesland, the first wierde was built around 500 BC or maybe earlier. Place names in the Frisian coastal region ending in -werd , -ward , -uert etc. refer to the fact that the village was built on an artificial dwelling mound ( wierde ). The greater part of the terp villages, though, have names ending in -um , from -heem or -hiem , meaning (farm)yard, grounds. There are

SECTION 10

#1732787893877

252-649: The Germanic /k/ , changed to the sounds /ts/ and /j/ . Proto-Germanic /ɣ/ became /j/ after /e/ , and word-initially before front vowels. Proto-Germanic /g/ , where it existed, became /dz/ . The Old Frisian for church was tzirke or tzerke , in Old English it was ċiriċe [ˈtʃiritʃe] , while Old Saxon and Old Dutch have the unpalatalised kirika . Palatalization postdated fronting, and predated monophthongization and i-umlaut. Between vowels, h generally disappears ( sian from * sehwaną ), as in Old English and Old Dutch. Word-initial h- on

273-473: The a-stem declension pattern. Most a-stem nouns are masculine or neuter. Certain words like dei "day" have "g" in the plural endings. All nouns in the ō-stem declension were feminine. The nominative Singular -e comes from the accusative case. There are some early Frisian names preserved in Latin texts, and some runic ( Futhorc ) inscriptions, but the oldest surviving texts in Old Frisian date from

294-624: The coastal parts of the Netherlands (in the provinces of Zeeland , Friesland and Groningen ), in southern parts of Denmark and in the north-western parts of Germany where, before dykes were made, floodwater interfered with daily life. These can be found especially in the region Ostfriesland and Kreis Nordfriesland in Germany. In Kreis Nordfriesland on the Halligen , people still live on terps unprotected by dykes. Terps also occur in

315-575: The earlier inhabitants of the region between the Zuiderzee and Ems River (the Frisii mentioned by Tacitus ) is attested in only a few personal names and place-names. Old Frisian evolved into Middle Frisian , spoken from the 16th to the 19th century. In the early Middle Ages, Frisia stretched from the area around Bruges , in what is now Belgium , to the Weser River in northern Germany . At

336-621: The former Island of Schokland in the former Zuiderzee , today the reclaimed land Noordoostpolder . Even underneath the town of Den Helder in the north of the province North Holland lies an old terp, named Het Torp. In the Dutch province of Friesland, an artificial dwelling hill is called terp (plural terpen ). Terp means "village" in Old Frisian and is cognate with English thorp , Danish torp , German Dorf , modern West Frisian doarp and Dutch dorp . Terpen were built to "curb natural influences" such as floods by being

357-481: The other hand is retained. Old Frisian retains th in all positions for longer than Old Dutch and Old Saxon do, showing the gradual spread of the shift from th to d from south to north, beginning in southern Germany in the 9th century, but not reaching Frisian until the 13th or 14th century. Another feature shared between Old Frisian and Old English is the Anglo-Frisian brightening, which fronted

378-579: The time, the Frisian language was spoken along the entire southern North Sea coast. This region is referred to as Greater Frisia or Magna Frisia , and many of the areas within it still treasure their Frisian heritage. However, by 1300, their territory had been pushed back to the Zuiderzee (now the IJsselmeer ), and the Frisian language survives along the coast only as a substrate. A close relationship exists between Old Frisian and Old English ; this

399-457: Was deserted, and settlers returned only around AD 400. A third terp -building period dates from AD 700 ( Old Frisian times). This ended with the coming of the dike somewhere around 1200. During the 18th and 19th centuries, many terps were destroyed to use the fertile soil they contained to fertilize farm fields. Terpen were usually well fertilized by the decay of the rubbish and personal waste deposited by their inhabitants over centuries. In

420-556: Was destroyed by the French under Napoleon who had taken Delfzijl and wanted a clearer view on the countryside for defence. Huis te Farmsum was an estate built in the early 13th century. In 1499, it was destroyed by the city of Groningen . It was finally demolished in 1812. The tower of the Dutch Reformed church was rebuilt between 1856 and 1857. In 1869, the church was rebuilt. The tower was struck by lightning in 1928. Farmsum

441-579: Was home to 1,184 people in 1840. Terp A terp , also known as a wierde , woerd , warf , warft , werf , werve , wurt or værft , is an artificial dwelling mound found on the North European Plain that has been created to provide safe ground during storm surges , high tides and sea or river flooding . The various terms used reflect the regional dialects of the North European region. These mounds occur in

SECTION 20

#1732787893877
#876123