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55-453: English generally uses various other terms for well-known sub-types of faience. Italian tin-glazed earthenware, at least the early forms, is called maiolica in English, Dutch wares are called Delftware , and their English equivalents English delftware , leaving "faience" as the normal term in English for French, German, Spanish, Portuguese wares and those of other countries not mentioned (it

110-458: A Diwan school in 2003–2004. While many French festivals are held in the summer season, Quimper has a winter festival: Les Hivernautes . In the summer, concerts are held on street corners, with pipers and accordion players. The Festival de Cornouaille , a cultural festival, is typically held in the last week of July. Points of interest in Quimper include: Public transport in Quimper

165-650: A further complexity to the list of meanings of the word. The Moors brought the technique of tin-glazed earthenware to Al-Andalus , where the art of lustreware with metallic glazes was perfected. From at least the 14th century, Málaga in Andalusia and later Valencia exported these " Hispano-Moresque wares ", either directly or via the Balearic Islands to Italy and the rest of Europe. Later these industries continued under Christian lords. " Majolica " and " maiolica " are garbled versions of "Maiorica",

220-575: A luxury market in Italy and beyond. In France, maiolica developed as faience , in the Netherlands and England as delftware , and in Spain as talavera . In English, the spelling was anglicised to majolica , but the pronunciation usually preserved the vowel with an i as in kite ( / m aɪ ˈ ɒ l ɪ k ə / ). The name is thought to come from the medieval Italian word for Majorca , an island on

275-412: A rustic atmosphere, with footbridges spanning the rivers that flow through it. The Church of Locmaria, a Romanesque structure, dates from the eleventh century. The Cathedral of Saint-Corentin , with its Gothic-style façade, was constructed between the thirteenth and sixteenth centuries. It is the oldest Gothic structure in lower Brittany. Its two towers are 76 m (250 feet ); its spires were added in

330-603: A vitreous frit , either self-glazing or glazed. The Metropolitan Museum of Art displays a piece known as " William the Faience Hippopotamus " from Meir, Egypt , dated to the Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt , c.  1981 –1885 BC. Different to those of ancient Egypt in theme and composition, artefacts of the Nubian Kingdom of Kerma are characterized by extensive amounts of blue faience, which

385-474: A wide range of wares. Large painted dishes were produced for weddings and other special occasions, with crude decoration that later appealed to collectors of English folk art . Many of the early potters in London were Flemish. By about 1600, blue-and-white wares were being produced, labelling the contents within decorative borders. The production was slowly superseded in the first half of the eighteenth century with

440-402: Is Quimper faience , tin-glazed pottery. It has been made here since 1690, using bold provincial designs of Jean-Baptiste Bousquet . Quimper has a museum devoted to faience. The town has also been known for copper and bronze work, food items, galvanised ironware, hosiery, leather, paper and woollen goods. Adolphe Harré was a French sailor from Quimper who died during World War I along with

495-527: Is 11.9 °C (53.4 °F). The average annual rainfall is 1,250.2 mm (49.22 in) with December as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 17.8 °C (64.0 °F), and lowest in February, at around 6.7 °C (44.1 °F). The highest temperature ever recorded in Quimper was 35.9 °C (96.6 °F) on 30 June 1976; the coldest temperature ever recorded

550-700: Is a commune and prefecture of the Finistère department of Brittany in northwestern France. Quimper is the prefecture (capital) of the Finistère department . The city was built on the confluence of the Steir , Odet and Jet rivers. Route National 165, D785, D765 and D783 were constructed to intersect here, 62 km (39 miles) northwest of Lorient , 181 km (112 mi) west of Rennes , and 486 km (302 mi) west-southwest of Paris. Quimper has an oceanic climate ( Köppen climate classification Cfb ). The average annual temperature in Quimper

605-556: Is a term for English faience, mostly of the 17th and early 18th centuries. Not all of it imitated Dutch delftware, though much did. It was replaced by the much better creamware and other types of refined earthenware Staffordshire pottery developed in the 18th century, many of which did not need tin-glazes to achieve a white colour. These were hugely successful and exported to Europe and the Americas. They are not called "faience" in English, but may be in other languages, e.g. creamware

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660-588: Is also the usual French term, and fayence in German). The name faience is simply the French name for Faenza , in the Romagna near Ravenna , Italy, where a painted majolica ware on a clean, opaque pure-white ground, was produced for export as early as the fifteenth century. Technically, lead-glazed earthenware , such as the French sixteenth-century Saint-Porchaire ware , does not properly qualify as faience, but

715-482: Is frequently prone to flaking and somewhat delicate. Analysis of samples of Italian maiolica pottery from the Middle Ages has indicated that tin was not always a component of the glaze, whose chemical composition varied. The fifteenth-century wares that initiated maiolica as an art form were the product of an evolution in which medieval lead-glazed earthenwares were improved by the addition of tin oxides under

770-803: Is in 19 groups and 51 categories. The diversity of styles can best be seen in a comparative study of apothecary jars produced between the 15th and 18th centuries. Italian cities encouraged the pottery industry by offering tax relief, citizenship, monopoly rights, and protection from outside imports. An important mid-sixteenth century document for the techniques of maiolica painting is the treatise of Cipriano Piccolpasso . The work of individual sixteenth-century masters like Nicola da Urbino , Francesco Xanto Avelli , Guido Durantino and Orazio Fontana of Urbino, Mastro Giorgio of Gubbio and Maestro Domenigo of Venice has been noted. Gubbio lustre used greenish yellow, strawberry pink, and ruby red colours. The tradition of fine maiolica came under increasing competition in

825-439: Is provided by QUB. The network consists of seven urban bus routes and 16 suburban bus routes. During the summer months of July and August, an additional "beach" bus route is open to service. The Gare de Quimper is the terminus of a TGV high-speed train line from Paris, which passes through Le Mans , Rennes and Vannes . Journey duration is approximately 3 hours 40 minutes. In addition, the following destinations are served by

880-487: Is sold worldwide. Modern maiolica looks different from old maiolica because its glaze is usually opacified with the cheaper zircon rather than tin. However, some potteries specialise in making authentic-looking Renaissance-style pieces with genuine tin glaze. Quimper, Finist%C3%A8re Quimper ( US : / k æ̃ ˈ p ɛər / , French: [kɛ̃pɛʁ] ; Breton : Kemper [ˈkẽmpəʁ] ; Latin : Civitas Aquilonia or Corisopitum )

935-793: The British Museum , London. Some maiolica was produced as far north as Padua , Venice and Turin and as far south as Palermo and Caltagirone in Sicily and Laterza in Apulia. In the seventeenth century, Savona began to be a prominent place of manufacture. The variety of styles that arose in the sixteenth century defies classification. Goldthwaite notes that Paride Berardi's morphology of Pesaro maioliche comprises four styles in 20 sub-groups; Tiziano Mannoni categorized Ligurian wares in four types, eight sub-categories, and 36 further divisions; Galeazzo Cora's morphology of Montelupo's production

990-535: The First Minister of Scotland , members of the French Navy , and dignitaries from both Scotland and France. A wreath was laid on behalf of the mayoress of Quimper and the city, symbolizing the historic ties between the French and Scottish communities and commemorating the sacrifice of the sailors. The population data in the table and graph below refer to the commune of Quimper proper, in its geography at

1045-517: The body , the character and palette of the glaze , and the style of decoration, faïence blanche being left in its undecorated fired white slip. Faïence parlante bears mottoes often on decorative labels or banners. Wares for apothecaries , including albarello , can bear the names of their intended contents, generally in Latin and often so abbreviated to be unrecognizable to the untutored eye. Mottoes of fellowships and associations became popular in

1100-544: The island of Majorca , which was a transshipping point for refined tin-glazed earthenwares shipped to Italy from the kingdom of Aragon at the close of the Middle Ages . This type of pottery owed much to its Moorish inheritance. In Italy, locally produced tin-glazed earthenwares, now called maiolica , initiated in the fourteenth century, reached a peak in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries. After about 1600, these lost their appeal to elite customers, and

1155-593: The 17th Century onwards, either in original styles (as in the case of the French) or, more frequently, in the Dutch-Chinese (Delft) tradition." The term "maiolica" is sometimes applied to modern tin-glazed ware made by studio potters. Tin glazing creates a white, opaque surface for painting. The colours are applied as metallic oxides or as fritted underglazes to the unfired glaze, which absorbs pigment like fresco , making errors impossible to fix but preserving

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1210-648: The 18th century, leading to the Faïence patriotique that was a specialty of the years of the French Revolution . In the course of the later 18th century, cheaper porcelain , and the refined earthenwares first developed in Staffordshire pottery such as creamware took over the market for refined faience. The French industry was given a nearly fatal blow by a commercial treaty with Great Britain in 1786, much lobbied for by Josiah Wedgwood , which set

1265-525: The 18th century, mainly from porcelain and white earthenware. But the 18th century is not a period of relentless decline. To face the competition from porcelain and its vibrant colours, the process of third firing (piccolo fuoco) was introduced, initially in North-West Europe around the mid of century. After the traditional two firings at 950 °C, the vitrified glaze was painted with colours that would have degraded at such high temperatures and

1320-628: The 31 crew members of the SS Longwy, a French merchant vessel that was torpedoed off the coast of Scotland in 1917. Harré’s body washed ashore in Scotland and was buried in Doune Cemetery in Girvan , Ayrshire. On 12 October 2024, a memorial stele was inaugurated at Doune Cemetery to honour Adolphe Harré and the crew of the SS Longwy. The ceremony was attended by local authorities, including

1375-588: The Spanish name for lustre. In the 15th century, the term maiolica referred solely to lustreware , including both Italian-made and Spanish imports, and tin-glaze wares were known as bianchi (whiteware). By 1875, the term was in use describing ceramics made in Italy, lustred or not, of tin-glazed earthenware. With the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire , tin-glazed maiolica wares came to be produced in

1430-516: The Valley of Mexico as early as 1540, at first in imitation of tin-glazed pottery imported from Seville . Mexican maiolica is known famously as ' Talavera '. "By a convenient extension and limitation the name may be applied to all tin-glazed ware, of whatever nationality, made in the Italian tradition ... the name faïence (or the synonymous English 'delftware') being reserved for the later wares of

1485-461: The brilliant colors. Sometimes the surface is covered with a second glaze (called coperta by the Italians) that lends greater shine and brilliance to the wares. In the case of lustred wares, a further oxygen-starved firing at a lower temperature is required. Kilns required wood as well as suitable clay. Glaze was made from sand, wine lees , lead compounds, and tin compounds. Tin-glazed earthenware

1540-441: The distinction is not usually maintained. Semi- vitreous stoneware may be glazed like faience. Egyptian faience is not really faience, or pottery, at all, but made of a vitreous frit , and so closer to glass. In English 19th-century usage "faience" was often used to describe "any earthenware with relief modelling decorated with coloured glazes", including much glazed architectural terracotta and Victorian majolica , adding

1595-612: The end of the nineteenth century, William de Morgan re-discovered the technique of lustered faience "to an extraordinarily high standard". The term faience broadly encompassed finely glazed ceramic beads, figures and other small objects found in Egypt as early as 4000 BC, as well as in the Ancient Near East , the Indus Valley civilisation and Europe. However, this material is not pottery at all, containing no clay, but

1650-500: The fifteenth century. In the sixteenth century, maiolica production was established at Castel Durante , Urbino , Gubbio and Pesaro . The early sixteenth century saw the development of istoriato wares on which historical and mythical scenes were painted in great detail. The State Museum of Medieval and Modern Art in Arezzo claims to have Italy's largest collection of istoriato wares. Istoriato wares are also well represented in

1705-601: The given years. The commune of Quimper absorbed the former communes of Ergué-Armel, Kerfunteun and Penhars in 1959. Its inhabitants are called Quimpérois . The municipality launched a linguistic plan through Ya d'ar brezhoneg on 6 February 2008, to revive the teaching and use of Breton, the historic Celtic language of the region. In 2008, 4.61% of primary-school children attended bilingual schools. Quimper has several schools. These include two Diwan pre-schools, two Diwan primary schools and one Diwan collège (all specialise in use of Breton). In total, 287 students here attended

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1760-413: The import duty on English earthenware at a nominal level. In the early 19th century, fine stoneware —fired so hot that the unglazed body vitrifies —closed the last of the traditional makers' ateliers even for beer steins . At the low end of the market, local manufactories continued to supply regional markets with coarse and simple wares, and many local varieties have continued to be made in versions of

1815-447: The influence of Islamic wares imported through Sicily. Such archaic wares are sometimes called "proto-maiolica". During the later fourteenth century, the limited palette of colours for earthenware decorated with coloured lead glazes (no added tin oxide) was expanded from the traditional manganese purple and copper green to include cobalt blue, antimony yellow and iron-oxide orange. Sgraffito wares were also produced, in which

1870-590: The introduction of cheap creamware . Dutch potters in northern (and Protestant) Germany established German centres of faience: the first manufactories in Germany were opened at Hanau (1661) and Heusenstamm (1662), soon moved to nearby Frankfurt . In Switzerland, Zunfthaus zur Meisen near Fraumünster church houses the porcelain and faience collection of the Swiss National Museum in Zürich . By

1925-423: The introduction of the third firing technique and increasing interest in botany and scientific observation, a refined production of maiolica decorated with naturalistic flowers was developed. Italian maiolica remains commonly produced in many centres in folk art forms and reproductions of the historical style. Some of the principal centers of production (e.g. Deruta and Montelupo ) still produce maiolica, which

1980-541: The leading French centres of faience manufacturing in the 17th century, both able to supply wares to the standards required by the court and nobility. Nevers continued the Italian istoriato maiolica style, painted with figurative subjects, until around 1650. Many others centres developed from the early 18th century, led in 1690 by Quimper in Brittany [1] , followed by Moustiers , Marseille , Strasbourg and Lunéville and many smaller centres. The cluster of factories in

2035-464: The mid-18th centuries many French factories produced (as well as simpler wares) pieces that followed the Rococo styles of the French porcelain factories and often hired and trained painters with the skill to produce work of a quality that sometimes approached them. The products of French faience manufactories, rarely marked, are identified by the usual methods of ceramic connoisseurship: the character of

2090-471: The mid-fifteenth century, at Faenza . Potters from Montelupo set up the potteries at Cafaggiolo. In 1490, twenty-three master potters of Montelupo agreed to sell the year's production to Francesco Antinori of Florence; Montelupo provided the experienced potters who were set up in 1495 at the Villa Medicea di Cafaggiolo by its Medici owners. In the fifteenth century, Florentine wares spurred

2145-524: The names of their intended contents, generally in Latin and often so abbreviated to be unrecognizable to the untutored eye. Mottoes of fellowships and associations became popular in the 18th century, leading to the faïence patriotique that was a specialty of the years of the French Revolution . " English delftware " produced in Lambeth , London, and at other centres, from the late sixteenth century, provided apothecaries with jars for wet and dry drugs, among

2200-566: The nineteenth century. The fifteenth-century stained glass windows are exceptional. The cathedral is dedicated to Quimper's first bishop, Corentin . To the cathedral's west are the pedestrianised streets of Vieux Quimper (Old Quimper), which have a wide array of crêperies, half-timbered houses, and shops. Near the Episcopal palace, which now holds the Musée départemental Breton (devoted to regional history, archaeology, ethnology and economy) are

2255-753: The old styles as a form of folk art , and today for tourists. In the 19th century two glazing techniques revived by Minton were: 1. Tin-glazed pottery in the style of Renaissance Italian maiolica and, 2. The pottery of coloured glazes decoration over unglazed earthenware molded in low relief. At the Great Exhibition of 1851 and at the International Exhibition of 1862 both were exhibited. Both are known today as Victorian majolica . The coloured glazes majolica wares were later also made by Wedgwood and numerous smaller Staffordshire potteries round Burslem and Stoke-on-Trent . At

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2310-456: The production of maiolica at Arezzo and Siena . Italian maiolica reached an astonishing degree of perfection in this period. In Romagna, Faenza , which gave its name to faience , produced fine maiolica from the early fifteenth century; it was the only significant city in which the ceramic production industry became a major part of the economy. Bologna produced lead-glazed wares for export. Orvieto and Deruta both produced maioliche in

2365-531: The quality of painting declined, with geometric designs and simple shapes replacing the complicated and sophisticated scenes of the best period. Production continues to the present day in many centres, and the wares are again called "faience" in English (though usually still maiolica in Italian). At some point "faience" as a term for pottery from Faenza in northern Italy was a general term used in French, and then reached English. The first northerners to imitate

2420-643: The region's Celtic heritage. Quimper was originally settled during Roman times. By AD 495, the town had become a Bishopric. It subsequently became the capital of the counts of Cornouailles. In the eleventh century, it was united with the Duchy of Brittany . During the War of the Breton Succession (1341–1364), the town suffered considerable ruin. In 1364, the duchy passed to the House of Montfort . The town has

2475-403: The route for ships bringing Hispano-Moresque wares from Valencia to Italy. Moorish potters from Majorca are reputed to have worked in Sicily, and it has been suggested that their wares reached the Italian mainland from Caltagirone . An alternative explanation of the name is that it comes from the Spanish term obra de Málaga , denoting "[imported] wares from Málaga", or obra de mélequa ,

2530-550: The ruins of the town's fifteenth-century walls. Nearby is the Musée des beaux-arts de Quimper . The museum has a nineteenth-century façade and an entirely rebuilt interior. It houses a collection of fourteenth to twenty-first century paintings that includes works by François Boucher , Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot , Jean-Baptiste Oudry and Peter Paul Rubens , along with canvases by such Pont-Aven School painters as Émile Bernard , Maurice Denis , Georges Lacombe , Maxime Maufra and Paul Sérusier . The town's best known product

2585-613: The south were generally the most innovative, while Strasbourg and other centres near the Rhine were much influenced by German porcelain. The products of faience manufactories are identified by the usual methods of ceramic connoisseurship: the character of the clay body, the character and palette of the glaze , and the style of decoration, faïence blanche being left in its undecorated fired white slip. Faïence parlante (especially from Nevers) bears mottoes often on decorative labels or banners. Apothecary wares, including albarelli , can bear

2640-524: The tin-glazed earthenwares being imported from Italy were the Dutch. Delftware is a kind of faience, made at potteries round Delft in the Netherlands , characteristically decorated in blue on white. It began in the early sixteenth century on a relatively small scale, imitating Italian maiolica, but from around 1580 it began to imitate the highly sought-after blue and white Chinese export porcelain that

2695-479: The white tin-oxide glaze was scratched through to produce a design from the revealed body of the ware. Scrap sgraffito ware excavated from kilns in Bacchereto , Montelupo , and Florence show that such wares were produced more widely than at Perugia and Città di Castello , the places to which they have been traditionally attributed. Refined production of tin-glazed earthenwares made for more than local needs

2750-467: Was beginning to reach Europe, soon followed by Japanese export porcelain . From the later half of the century the Dutch were manufacturing and exporting very large quantities, some in its own recognisably Dutch style, as well as copying East Asian porcelain. In France, the first well-known painter of faïence was Masseot Abaquesne , established in Rouen in the 1530s. Nevers faience and Rouen faience were

2805-411: Was concentrated in central Italy from the later thirteenth century, especially in the contada of Florence . The Della Robbia family of Florentine sculptors also adopted the medium. The city itself declined in importance as a centre of maiolica production in the second half of the fifteenth century, perhaps because of local deforestation , and manufacture was scattered among small communes, and, after

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2860-533: Was developed by the natives of Kerma independently of Egyptian techniques. Examples of ancient faience are also found in Minoan Crete , which was likely influenced by Egyptian culture. Faience material, for instance, has been recovered from the Knossos archaeological site. Many centres of traditional manufacture are recognized, as well as some individual ateliers . A partial list follows. English delftware

2915-453: Was fired a third time at a lower temperature, about 600-650 °C. New vibrant colours were thus introduced, particularly red and various shades of pink obtained from gold chloride . It is believed that one of the first to introduce this technique in Italy was Ferretti in Lodi , in northern Italy. Lodi maiolica had already reached high quality in the second quarter of the 18th century. With

2970-617: Was known as faience fine in France. Austria Maiolica Maiolica / m aɪ ˈ ɒ l ɪ k ə / is tin-glazed pottery decorated in colours on a white background. The most renowned Italian maiolica is from the Renaissance period. These works were known as istoriato wares ("painted with stories") when depicting historical and mythical scenes. By the late 15th century, multiple locations, mainly in northern and central Italy , were producing sophisticated pieces for

3025-556: Was −10.1 °C (13.8 °F) on 13 January 1987. The name Quimper comes from the Breton kemper , meaning "confluent". Quimper is the ancient capital of Cornouaille , Brittany's most traditional region, and has a distinctive Breton Celtic character. Its name is the Breton word kemper (cognate to Welsh cymer ), meaning "confluence". The town developed at the confluence of the rivers Le Steir and L'Odet. Shops and flags celebrate

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