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40-498: The ball was composed of 11 layers and was 3-mm thick, including a special foam layer with gas filled balloon imbedded in a syntactic foram. The outer cover was made from a combination of polyurethane and rubber. The Fevernova's colouring parted from the Tango's style of three-pointed shapes connecting each hexagon, instead introducing a different, triangle-like shape on four hexagons. This colourful and revolutionary look and colour usage

80-617: A tomo . Fragmentary sources suggest that the First Shō dynasty , who founded the Ryukyu Kingdom , used the symbol if not as their family crest. American historian George H. Kerr claims that King Shō Toku adopted the mitsudomoe as the crest of the royal house after his successful invasion of Kikai Island in 1465.( Kerr 2011 , p. 101) The Second Shō dynasty , who ruled the Ryukyu Kingdom from 1470 to 1879, adopted

120-519: A Ryukyuan national flag with a mitsudomoe, only to find that Okinawans were apathetic towards, or did not recognize, the former royal family's symbol. Today the symbol is still regarded as a symbol for Ryukyu and, to a lesser extent, Okinawa. The mitsudomoe is closely associated with Shinto shrines , in particular those dedicated to Hachiman , the god of war and archery. Hachiman in Shinto cosmology and ritual, as for example at Hakozaki Shrine ,

160-614: A phenomenon of nature with which Japan was already well acquainted during the Nara period . The Shōsō-in is also the only building to survive the Siege of Nara in the Heian period . The exact construction date is unclear, but construction works probably started soon after the empress's bequest in AD 756 and definitely were finished before AD 759, when the bequest items storage lists were complete. Since

200-540: A project of provincial temples. The Tōdai-ji was appointed as the head temple of these provincial temples. Emperor Shōmu was a strong supporter of Buddhism and he thought it would strengthen his central authority as well. The origin of Tōdai-ji 's Shōsō-in repository itself dates back to 756, when Empress Kōmyō dedicated over 600 items to the Great Buddha at Tōdai-ji to express her love for her lost husband, Emperor Shōmu, who died 49 days earlier. Her donation

240-631: A reference to the Japanese lightning god Raijin , further solidifying the symbol's association with lightning and electricity. The tomoe has also been adopted as a corporate logo in Japan. The mitsudomoe is also the logo of the OBS Studio application since it released in 2012. The two-fold tomoe is almost identical in its design elements to the Chinese symbol known as a taijitu , while

280-676: A resemblance between the tomoe and the Emperor Ōjin found in the Nihongi may also account for its rising popularity among samurai, since Ōjin was apotheosized as a god in Hachiman shrines. In the Nihongi account, when Ōjin was born, inspection of his body revealed a fleshy growth on his arm similar to a warrior's wrist or elbow pad, and for this reason he was called homuta (誉田: lit.(Lord) Armguard) ( OJ : pomuda ), an old word for

320-434: A verb, bearing the sense of "to hope", "expect" or "be anxious over". The Chinese character used to depict, according to Bernhard Karlgren 's interpretation of the small seal script graph, a python . The most common view is that the word refers to a picture e ( 絵 ) of a tomo ( 鞆 ) , or drawings on the latter, the tomo in question, in archaic Japanese tömö , being a round leather arm protector, like

360-517: A year in autumn. The objects and treasures that have been stored in the Shōsō-in can be divided into the following categories. Generally considered separate from the treasures, the Shōsōin also preserved more than 10,000 documents, mostly from an eighth-century scriptorium . These documents contain diverse materials including censuses, tax records, and poetry. The vast majority of documents, however, record

400-586: Is also the symbol of the Electro element in the video game Genshin Impact , due to the fact that the element's associated domain, Inazuma, is based on ancient or medieval Japan. Eneru, the antagonist of the Skypiea arc of One Piece – whose body is made of lightning – has a shoulder accessory consisting of four drums with mitsudomoe designs, which he can tap with his staff to amplify his power. This is, itself,

440-576: Is frequently seen on prehistoric Celtic remains, and one mirror from Balmaclellan is almost identical to the mitsudomoe . In China, the double comma form came to be assimilated to the Yin-Yang philosophy of opposing male/female principles, formalized in the Tàijítú design of the late Song dynasty period . This in turn recurs in the seventh century in Unified Silla (now Korea), where it

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480-718: Is repeatedly connected with the number three. In Shintoist thinking, this number is taken to represent the three aspects of the four mitama or 'souls' (the other, the kushimitama being considered far rarer). It is also commonly displayed on banners and lanterns used in festivals and rituals related to Amaterasu-ōmikami , who in the Kojiki confronts her brother Susanoo when he usurps her terrain on earth by dressing as an archer, adorned with magatama beads and 'an awesome high arm-guard' ( itu nö takatömö ). A third element of its symbolic panorama concerns water, an association engendered by its swirling pattern. For this reason, it

520-521: Is said to be located on roofs and gables as a charm against fire. Since Hachiman was worshipped as the guardian of warriors, it was adopted as a common design element in Japanese family emblems ( 家紋 , kamon ) by various samurai clans such as the Nagao , Kobayakawa and Utsunomiya . Among aristocrats, the Saionji family used it as its family emblem. The Koyasan Shingon sect of Buddhism uses

560-511: The Tempyō (天平) era of Japanese history . The construction of the Tōdai-ji Buddhist temple complex was ordained by Emperor Shōmu as part of a national project of Buddhist temple construction. During the Tempyō period, the years during which Emperor Shōmu reigned, multiple disasters struck Japan as well as political uproar and epidemics. Because of these reasons Emperor Shōmu launched

600-439: The bracer or gauntlet tab of European archery. Roy Andrew Miller describes it as "a small hollow sack or bulb of sewn leather with leather tie straps, sometimes embossed with a comma like decorative device ( tomoe ) of continental origin". It was worn on the left elbow or wrist of an archer either to prevent chafing from the bowstring ( tsuru : 弦) twanging back to position on the release of an arrow, or to strike fear into

640-407: The Chinese character 巴, a hieroglyphic character that represents a person lying on their stomach was applied, because of the similarity in shape. But it is likely not directly related to the Japanese word "Tomoe" itself. The character 巴 (Chinese pronunciation bā ) has several meanings, ranging from a Sichuan toponym to a crust formed by dryness, parts of the body such as hands or cheeks, and, as

680-421: The Shōsō-in was to be a repository for (valuable) objects, it was constructed to create a natural climate regulation system. This natural climate regulation system was created by elevating the floor to a height of 2.7 m. This made circulation of air underneath the building possible and protected the structure against humidity at the same time. In addition to this, during the first few decades after its construction,

720-749: The administration of the Imperial Household Agency . It is on the UNESCO register of World Heritage Sites as one of the Historic Monuments of Ancient Nara . It is also a National Treasure of Japan . The building is in the Azekura Zukuri log-cabin style, with a floor raised to about 2.5 m takayuka-shiki ( 高床式 ) . This is an architectural style that was mainly used for the construction of granaries and storehouses. Some distinctive features of this building style are

760-467: The ball was manufactured for the 2003 FIFA Women's World Cup . It was also used in the 2004 Summer Paralympics and the 2004 African Cup of Nations . Tomoe Tomoe ( 巴 , also written 鞆絵 ) , commonly translated as " comma ", is a comma-like swirl symbol used in Japanese mon (roughly equivalent to a heraldic badge or charge in European heraldry). It closely resembles

800-449: The day-to-day record keeping of a sutra copying office active, albeit under a number of different names, between 727–776. The collection is perhaps unparalleled globally as a tightly focused eighth-century archival collection of manuscripts. The documents were first rediscovered in the 1830s by an antiquarian scholar named Hoida Tadatomo. Hoida and his successors peeled individual sheets apart and reassembled them into new scrolls, disrupting

840-570: The enemy from the sharp sound caused by the bowstring hitting the wrist guard. The 'tomo picture' ( tomoe ) can therefore be interpreted either as a visual pun on the tomo represented, or, otherwise, as taking its name from that object. Several such examples are conserved in Nara at the Shōsōin . Another view is The Japanese word itself may be of Mongolic origin , since it bears comparison with Middle Mongol tomuγa "twisted horse headdress", from

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880-576: The fine arts and crafts in the Shōsōin were produced in Japan around the 8th century, with the remainder imported from the Tang Dynasty, Central Asia, India, Iran, etc. during the same period. The designs of these Japanese and East Asian treasures show Iranian, Greek, Roman, and Egyptian influences due to cultural exchange via the Silk Road. Although these collections are not open to the public, selections are shown at Nara National Museum once

920-632: The mitsudomoe as a visual representation of the cycle of life. Tomoe also is a personal name, dating at least back to Tomoe Gozen (巴御前), a famous female warrior celebrated in The Tale of the Heike account of the Genpei War . In Kyoto's Jidai Matsuri festival, she appears in the Heian period section of the procession in samurai costume, and parades as a symbol of feminine gallantry. The mitsudomoe

960-632: The mitsudomoe as its family crest. Since it was the royal family crest, its usage was once severely restricted. Okinawans who visited Japan shortly after the kingdom's annexation in 1879 were surprised that mitsudomoe banners were flown everywhere. During the American military occupation of Okinawa Prefecture , the United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands (USCAR) made a failed attempt to recreate

1000-506: The mythical Japanese crow, the Yatagarasu (八咫烏). As a leather wrist protector tomo appear to have been employed at least as early as the Kofun period , where they are frequently attested on haniwa terracotta figurines depicting archers, and may even have had, aside from their military function, a ritual or fetish value, perhaps related to their phallic shape. The pattern

1040-490: The original organization of the documents. Print versions of most of the documents were published in the first twenty-five volumes of Dai Nihon komonjo beginning in 1901. Subsequent scholarship has allowed scholars to better understand how the scrolls were originally configured. They have also been digitized and are now publicly available for viewing. Since 1994, the Imperial Household Agency's Office of

1080-801: The some forms of the Celtic spiral triskele as well as with the Basque lauburu and the Sicilian Trinacria . Sh%C5%8Ds%C5%8Din The Shōsō-in ( 正倉院 ) is the treasure house of Tōdai-ji Temple in Nara , Japan . The building is in the azekura ( log-cabin ) style with a raised floor. It lies to the northwest of the Great Buddha Hall. The Shōsō-in houses artifacts connected to Emperor Shōmu (聖武天皇)(701–756) and Empress Kōmyō (光明皇后)(701–760), as well as arts and crafts of

1120-483: The third comma denoted the sakimitama , or lucky spirit. However, there is no clear evidence tomoe, taijitu and yin-yang is directly related. Neil Gordon Munro argued that the basis for the mitsudomoe pattern, a motif found also among the Ainu , was the eastern European and western Asian figure of the triskelion , which he believed lay behind the Chinese three-legged crow design, and, in his view, its reflex in

1160-482: The three-fold tomoe is similar to the Korean tricolored taegeuk which is originated in taijitsu. However, there is no clear evidence tomoe and taijitu is directly related. Also note that the negative space in between the swirls of a fourfold tomoe forms a swastika -like shape, which is fairly prominent in many Indian religions such as Hinduism and Jainism and Buddhism . A similar design can also be found in

1200-408: The tournament. The ball was also blamed for a number of upsets that happened in the knockout stages. The ball was used in home matches during the 2002–03 Bundesliga for Bayer 04 Leverkusen , Bayern Munich , Hansa Rostock , 1. FC Nürnberg and Schalke 04 and was further used during the 2003–04 Bundesliga by Leverkusen, SC Freiburg , Bayern Munich, Hansa Rostock and Schalke. A new version of

1240-542: The treasures in perfect state. The Shōsō-in today holds around 9,000 items, excluding items that are yet to be classified. The treasures that were donated by Empress Kōmyō were stored in the Hoku Sō, the Northern part of the Shōsōin. From the very beginning, this part of the Shōsō-in has been sealed by the imperial family. One was permitted to enter only with explicit permission of the imperial family. Ninety-five percent of

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1280-445: The triangular beams of the Japanese cypress might have functioned as a natural regulator of humidity and temperature. The artefacts themselves were stored away in chests made from cedar wood, which is known for its durability. These chests were 90–110 cm long, 60–70 cm wide and 40–50 cm high. Not only the building itself but also these chests were elevated from the ground. All these adjustments made it possible to preserve

1320-416: The triangular, wooden beams that come together in the corners, as well as the fact that it was assembled without using any bolts nor nails. This could be slightly surprising for its height of 14 m, width of 33 m and depth of about 9.3 m. However, it was a logical and smart step. As a result of assembling the storehouse without bolts or nails, the structure became very flexible and able to withstand earthquakes,

1360-422: The usual form of a magatama . The tomoe appears in many designs with various uses. The simplest, most common patterns of the device contain from one to four tomoe , and are reminiscent of similar designs that have been found in wide distribution around the world. When circumscribed in a circle, it often appears in a set of three, with this design known as the mitsudomoe ( 三ツ巴 ) . Originally,

1400-462: The verb tomu (plait, twist), and Ordos Mongolian t'omok ('a little bag hung on a horse's head'). In this latter connection Tang ceramic figures of horses show small sacks tethered to the lower neck, perhaps to stop the horse from throwing its head back. The origin of the tomoe design is uncertain. The most common view is that tomoe patterns originated in magatama jewelry from late Jōmon period approximately 1,000 BCE of Japan which

1440-514: Was also interpreted as water swirling, and because it is a water-related pattern, the Tomoe pattern was applied to roof tiles on buildings at the end of the Heian period as a fire protection. The tomoe emblem established itself as a common emblem during the Fujiwara ascendency of the late Heian period , around the 10th–11th centuries, and proliferated through to Kamakura times. It is thought that

1480-460: Was entirely based on Asian culture (the dark gold trigon resembles a tomoe and the red streaks on its angles resemble calligraphy brush strokes). It also featured a refined syntactic foam layer, to give the ball superior performance characteristics, and a three-layer knitted chassis, allowing for a more precise and predictable flight path. This ball was notoriously criticised for being too light, yet some spectacular goals were scored with it during

1520-433: Was known as taegeuk . and also in the Japanese futatsudomoe and mitsudomoe patterns, the former in association with divinatory rites, the latter frequently linked to temple drums with apotropaic functions. According to Jean Herbert in these contexts, the mitsudomoe embodied three spirits, the yin-yang dyad being represented by an aramitama (rough kami ) and a nigimitama (gentle kami), while

1560-597: Was made over five times across several years, then stored at the Shōsō-in. During the Heian period , a large number of treasures, consisting of items and instruments used in important Buddhist services were transferred from a different warehouse called the Kensakuin to the Tōdai-ji . After the Meiji Restoration , it came under the administration of the national government , and since World War II has been under

1600-544: Was used for the shinto rituals. A pattern resembling the two-comma tomoe ( futatsudomoe ) has been found in ancient cultures on all inhabited continents. A stylized design on a Yangshao bowl dates back to 2,000 BCE. The motif of two encircling dolphins biting each other's tails has been found on Cretan ceramics dating from the Minoan period (1700–1400 BCE), and the two fish biting each other in circular fashion recurs in both Chinese and Central Mexican ware. It

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