Bronze is the most popular metal for cast metal sculptures ; a cast bronze sculpture is often called simply "a bronze". It can be used for statues, singly or in groups, reliefs , and small statuettes and figurines , as well as bronze elements to be fitted to other objects such as furniture. It is often gilded to give gilt-bronze or ormolu .
109-715: Fearless Girl is a bronze sculpture by Kristen Visbal of a 4-foot high (1.2 m) girl standing in a self-confident pose. It is currently located in New York City on Broad Street across from the New York Stock Exchange Building in the Financial District of Manhattan. Fearless Girl was commissioned by State Street Global Advisors (SSGA), a large asset management company, to promote gender diversity initiatives and an index fund focused on gender-diverse companies with
218-530: A New York City Housing Authority decision to cut the number of Section 8 vouchers issued to low-income New Yorkers. The cut was announced after the NYCHA discovered it could not pay for approximately 2,600 vouchers that had already been issued. Two months later, he launched an online "NYC's Worst Landlords Watchlist" to track landlords who failed to repair dangerous living conditions. The list drew widespread media coverage and highlighted hundreds of landlords across
327-409: A Yale University graduate, worked as a contributing editor at Time magazine. In 1942, he enlisted in the U.S. Army during World War II. During the 82-day Battle of Okinawa , a grenade detonated below his left foot, and his leg was later amputated below the knee. After receiving a Purple Heart , he married Maria in 1945, and became a budget analyst for the federal government. During the 1950s, at
436-708: A nonprofit organization focused on improving health care in Central America. He continued to support the Sandinistas in his spare time and joined a group called the Nicaragua Solidarity Network of Greater New York, which held meetings and fundraisers for the Sandinista political party. De Blasio's introduction to city politics came in 1989, when he worked as a volunteer coordinator for David Dinkins ' mayoral campaign . Following
545-479: A patina , a process that allows some control over the colour and finish. Another form of sculptural art that uses bronze is ormolu , a finely cast soft bronze that is gilded (coated with gold) to produce a matte gold finish. Ormolu was popularized in the 18th century in France and is found in such forms as wall sconces (wall-mounted candle holders), inkstands, clocks and garnitures . Ormolu wares can be identified by
654-481: A "once-in-a-generation opportunity to get a historic issue right for future New Yorkers." He worked with a marijuana task force to produce a report on licensing and regulation, which was released along with a letter of endorsement. In 2015, de Blasio repealed a public health requirement that mohels inform parents of the risks of metzitzah b'peh , an oral circumcision ritual that was linked to 17 cases of infant herpes, brain damage, and two deaths since 2000. In 2012,
763-424: A bronze casting, either from the original moulds or from a new mould made from the refined plaster positive. Once a production mould is obtained, a wax (hollow for larger sculptures) is then cast from the mould. For a hollow sculpture, a core is then cast into the void, and is retained in its proper location (after wax melting) by pins of the same metal used for casting. One or more wax sprues are added to conduct
872-476: A clear ring when tapped, showing that they are made of bronze, not a cheaper alloy such as spelter or pewter . Bill de Blasio Bill de Blasio ( / d ɪ ˈ b l ɑː z i oʊ / ; born Warren Wilhelm Jr. , May 8, 1961; later Warren de Blasio-Wilhelm ) is an American politician who was the 109th mayor of New York City from 2014 to 2021. A member of the Democratic Party , he held
981-444: A councilmember. The paper declared de Blasio the best candidate for the job "because he has shown that he can work well with Mayor Bloomberg when it makes sense to do so while vehemently and eloquently opposing him when justified." His candidacy was endorsed by then Public Advocate Betsy Gotbaum , former Mayor Ed Koch , former Governor Mario Cuomo , and Reverend Al Sharpton . On September 15, 2009, de Blasio finished first in
1090-401: A federal judge overruled the religious worship restrictions and others that limited New York outdoor gatherings. When Brian Lehrer asked De Blasio in a July 2020 radio interview about his approach to helping businesses recover from the pandemic, de Blasio said that his "focus has not been on the business community and the elite", and, quoting Karl Marx's Communist Manifesto , that "the state
1199-469: A free universal pre-kindergarten program in the city. De Blasio called attention to what he calls stark economic inequality in New York City, which he described as a " tale of two cities " during his first campaign. He supported socially liberal and progressive policies in regard to the city's economy , urban planning, public education, police relations, and privatization . De Blasio ran in
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#17327718743671308-567: A lawsuit against Kristen Visbal, claiming that she had made and sold replicas of the statue in violation of her contract with the company. The suit claimed the artist made at least three unauthorized Fearless Girl reproductions that could damage the company's global campaign in support of female leadership and gender diversity . Court filings reported that replica Fearless Girl statues were selling for as much as $ 250,000. In 2024, SSGA settled its lawsuit against Visbal. On February 25, 2021, SSGA took Australian law firm Maurice Blackburn (MBL) to
1417-485: A location facing the New York Stock Exchange. The move would occur before the end of 2018. The statue was removed from its original location at Bowling Green on November 28, 2018. On the spot where the statue stood was placed a marker which read, " Fearless Girl is on the move to the New York Stock Exchange. Until she's there, stand for her." The plaque has footprints where people can stand. The statue
1526-452: A national campaign by elected officials to reverse the decision's effects. As public advocate, de Blasio repeatedly criticized Bloomberg's education policies. He called for Cathie Black , Bloomberg's nominee for New York City Schools Chancellor , to take part in public forums and criticized her for sending her own children to private schools. In March 2010, he spoke against an MTA proposal to eliminate free MetroCards for students, arguing
1635-488: A plan to discontinue the policy of offering rent-free space to the city's 183 charter schools and to place a moratorium on the co-location of charter schools in public school buildings. In August 2013, the de Blasio campaign released a television advertisement featuring de Blasio's then-15-year-old son, Dante, talking about his father's plans to "'really break from the Bloomberg years.'" Time called it "The Ad That Won
1744-574: A plan to raise taxes on residents earning more than $ 500,000 a year to pay for universal pre-kindergarten programs and to expand after-school programs at middle schools . He also pledged to invest $ 150 million annually into the City University of New York to lower tuition and improve degree programs. In September 2013, de Blasio voiced his opposition to charter schools , maintaining that their funding saps resources from classes like art, physical education and after-school programs. He outlined
1853-495: A private boarding school for girls in Stevenson, MD , displayed a reproduction permanently placed on its campus. Bronze sculpture Common bronze alloys have the unusual and desirable property of expanding slightly just before they set, thus filling the finest details of a mould. Then, as the bronze cools, it shrinks a little, making it easier to separate from the mould. Their strength and ductility (lack of brittleness)
1962-569: A program in urban studies , and a Master of International Affairs from Columbia University 's School of International and Public Affairs . He is a 1981 Harry S. Truman Scholar . In 1984, de Blasio worked for the Urban Fellows Program at the New York City Department of Juvenile Justice . In 1987, shortly after completing graduate school at Columbia, de Blasio was hired to work as a political organizer by
2071-533: A rally in New York City about combating antisemitism , De Blasio said: "Maybe some people don't realize it, but when they support the BDS movement, they are affronting the right of Israel to exist and that is unacceptable." De Blasio condemned Representative Ilhan Omar 's remarks about Israel and pro-Israel lobbyists as "absolutely unacceptable" and "illogical". In December 2018, De Blasio announced his support for marijuana legalization in New York City, calling it
2180-482: A relatively high percentage of women in senior leadership. The statue was first installed at the northern tip of Bowling Green on Broadway, facing the sculpture Charging Bull on March 7, 2017, in anticipation of International Women's Day on the following day. Following complaints from Charging Bull sculptor Arturo Di Modica , Fearless Girl was removed in November 2018 and relocated to its current location
2289-551: A statue of a small dog, titled Peeing Pug , next to the Fearless Girl and removed it after approximately three hours. Gothamist reported on March 20, 2017, that masked activists had covered the statue in " Make America Great Again " apparel and a US flag . They also placed pro- Donald Trump signs on it, including one reading "VETS B4 ILLEGALS" and another with a drawing of Pepe the Frog . On October 6, 2017, State Street,
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#17327718743672398-567: Is 90% copper and 10% tin. The great civilizations of the old world worked in bronze for art, from the time of the introduction of the alloy for tools and edged weapons. Dancing Girl from Mohenjo-daro , belonging to the Indus Valley Civilisation and dating back to c. 2500 BCE , is perhaps the first known bronze statue. Life-sized bronze statues in Ancient Greece have been found in good condition; one
2507-519: Is an advantage when figures in action poses are to be created, especially when compared to various ceramic or stone materials (such as marble sculpture ). These qualities allow the creation of extended figures, as in Jeté , or figures that have small cross sections in their support, such as the equestrian statue of Richard the Lionheart . But the value of the bronze for uses other than making statues
2616-424: Is disadvantageous to the preservation of sculptures; few large ancient bronzes have survived, as many were melted down to make weapons or ammunition in times of war or to create new sculptures commemorating the victors, while far more stone and ceramic works have come through the centuries, even if only in fragments. As recently as 2007 several life sized bronze sculptures by John Waddell were stolen, probably due to
2725-457: Is not a replica of Fearless Girl , but instead a piece inspired by Visbal's work called Fearless Thinker , created by local artist Marieke Prinsloo-Rowe. A reproduction was revealed by Kristen Visbal at Federation Square in Melbourne , Australia, before Women's Day at March 8, 2019. It is planned to stand there for four years. This replica became the subject of a federal lawsuit, when SSGA,
2834-694: Is one of only two campaigns that have ever won four Grand Prix at Cannes. It won in the Glass (which deals with marketing addressing gender inequality) and PR categories, and tying for first in the Outdoor category alongside a campaign by Twitter . In late 2017, State Street was made aware of the first sale of a Fearless Girl replica, to a German company, and raised concerns with Visbal that the sale or unveiling might violate one or more provisions of their Agreements. Those conversations culminated in Visbal holding off on
2943-490: Is ongoing and the statue's future is not permanently decided. Di Modica, who installed Charging Bull in 1989, asked that the statue of the girl be removed, arguing that the piece exploited his work for commercial purposes and altered the perception of the bull. He called Fearless Girl "an advertising trick" that he wanted relocated. On April 12, 2017, Di Modica and his attorney, former New York Civil Liberties Union director Norman Siegel , challenged city officials who let
3052-407: Is removed to reduce the likelihood of interior corrosion. Incomplete voids created by gas pockets or investment inclusions are then corrected by welding and carving. Small defects where sprues and vents were attached are filed or ground down and polished. For a large sculpture, the artist will usually prepare small study models until the pose and proportions are determined. An intermediate-sized model
3161-758: Is the executive committee of the bourgeoisie." He quoted Ché Guevara , another communist figure, at a rally in Miami a year earlier, upsetting that city's Latino community. In 2014, De Blasio's decision to deny public space to several New York City charter schools provoked controversy among advocates of school vouchers . The decision overturned a Bloomberg administration arrangement that allowed for "co-locations", where charter schools were housed in public school buildings. De Blasio also revoked $ 200 million of capital funding earmarked for charter schools. The New York Times emphasized that de Blasio approved 14 charter school co-locations and only denied three, suggesting that he
3270-493: Is the seawater-preserved bronze Victorious Youth that required painstaking efforts to bring it to its present state for museum display. Far more Roman bronze statues have survived. The ancient Chinese knew both lost-wax casting and section mould casting, and during the Shang dynasty created large numbers of Chinese ritual bronzes , ritual vessels covered with complex decoration, which were buried in sets of up to 200 pieces in
3379-559: Is the third son of Maria Angela ( née de Blasio ; 1917–2007) and Warren Wilhelm (1917–1979). He changed his name to Warren de Blasio-Wilhelm in 1983 and to Bill de Blasio in 2001 to honor his maternal family and to reflect his alienation from his father. De Blasio has two older brothers, Steven and Donald. His mother was of Italian heritage, and his father was of German, English, French, and Scots-Irish ancestry. His paternal grandparents were Donald Wilhelm, of Ohio, and Nina (née Warren), of Iowa . His maternal grandfather, Giovanni,
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3488-405: Is then constructed with all of the final details. For very large works, this may again be scaled to a larger intermediate. From the final scale model, measuring devices are used to determine the dimensions of an armature for the structural support of a full-size temporary piece, which is brought to rough form by wood, cardboard, plastic foam, and/or paper to approximately fill the volume while keeping
3597-442: Is too big and no ceiling is too high". A petition on Change.org asking for the statue to be made permanent gathered 2,500 signatures in its first 48 hours. Efforts to make the statue permanent continued after the statue was granted a one-year permit. In April 2018, after Fearless Girl had been in place for thirteen months, New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio announced that both Charging Bull and Fearless Girl would be moved to
3706-508: The 39th district in Brooklyn from 2002 to 2009. After one term as public advocate, he was elected mayor of New York City in 2013 and reelected in 2017 . De Blasio's policy initiatives included new de-escalation training for police officers, reduced prosecutions for cannabis possession , implementation of police body cameras , and ending the post- 9/11 surveillance program of Muslim residents. In his first term as mayor, he implemented
3815-468: The Chinese government . It was actually beginning to spread and was not recognized sufficiently and talked about openly." On February 13, in an interview with NBC News , he said, "this is something we can handle, but you got to follow some basic rules." On March 2, de Blasio encouraged New Yorkers in a tweet "to go on with your lives + get out on the town despite Coronavirus". On March 9, he said that
3924-515: The Democratic primaries for the 2020 presidential election . After registering low poll numbers and failing to qualify for the third round of primary debates, he suspended his campaign on September 20, 2019, and endorsed Bernie Sanders five months later. De Blasio was term-limited and ineligible to seek a third term in the 2021 New York City mayoral election . He was succeeded by Eric Adams on January 1, 2022. On May 20, 2022, he announced he
4033-500: The Fearless Girl statue be installed. Di Modica said that the statue corrupted Charging Bull 's artistic integrity by distorting the intent of his statue from "a symbol of prosperity and for strength" into a villain, and does so for SSGA's commercial gain. Siegel said a lawsuit had not been filed as of yet. De Blasio supported keeping the statue, tweeting that "Men who don't like women taking up space are exactly why we need
4142-589: The Green New Deal and for legislation to ban the construction of glass and steel skyscrapers in New York City, citing environmental concerns and feeling they contribute to global warming. He also criticized the development at Hudson Yards in Manhattan. On May 31, 2020, de Blasio issued a statement blaming protesters for being in the way of two police cruisers that pushed a barricade into them. On June 7, 2020, he announced: "We will be moving funding from
4251-695: The Justice Against Sponsors of Terrorism Act that would allow relatives of victims of the September 11 attacks to sue Saudi Arabia for its government's alleged role in the attacks . A key focus of de Blasio's mayoral tenure was to build more affordable housing, with a goal of 200,000 units. His plan passed the City Council, but was controversial. Groups such as the New York Communities for Change came out against
4360-474: The New York City Council 's 39th district, which includes the Brooklyn neighborhoods of Borough Park , Carroll Gardens , Cobble Hill , Gowanus , Kensington , Park Slope , and Windsor Terrace . He won the crowded primary election with 32% of the vote. In the general election, he defeated Republican Robert A. Bell, 71% to 17%. He was reelected with 72% of the vote in 2003 and with 83% of
4469-506: The New York City Department of Transportation applied for another 11-month extension. This was tabled, the PDC asking the DOT to return with a revised application involving a shorter extension timeframe in one month's time. As of April 2024, the permit had not been extended. As of January 2024, the sculpture's presence still relies on a temporary permit, the dispute over the rights to the figure
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4578-843: The Quixote Center in Maryland . In 1988, he traveled with the Quixote Center to Nicaragua for 10 days to help distribute food and medicine during the Nicaraguan Revolution . De Blasio was an ardent supporter of the ruling socialist government, the Sandinista National Liberation Front , which was opposed by the Reagan administration at the time. After returning from Nicaragua, de Blasio moved to New York City, where he worked for
4687-590: The Romanesque Baptismal font at St Bartholomew's Church, Liège is described as both bronze and brass. In the Bronze Age, two forms of bronze were commonly used: "classic bronze", about 10% tin, was used in casting; and "mild bronze", about 6% tin, was hammered from ingots to make sheets. Bladed weapons were mostly cast from classic bronze, while helmets and armour were hammered from mild bronze. According to one definition, modern "statuary bronze"
4796-636: The U.S. Department of Labor . Some women criticized the statue as " corporate feminism " that violated their own feminist principles. The New York Times columnist Ginia Bellafante called the sculpture commission "an exercise in corporate imaging" by State Street, which, she wrote, had entered into a deferred prosecution agreement with the United States Department of Justice , agreeing to pay more than $ 64 million to resolve fraud charges for secretly billing clients for unwarranted commissions. "Corporate feminism", she wrote, "operates with
4905-452: The fall election . The Democratic primary race included nine candidates, among them Council Speaker Christine Quinn , former U.S. Representative Anthony Weiner , and former New York City Comptroller and 2009 mayoral nominee Bill Thompson . After Weiner joined the race in April, early polls showed de Blasio in fourth or fifth place. Despite his poor starting position, de Blasio gained
5014-405: The "vast majority of New Yorkers, being folks under 50 and healthy, are not in particular danger, and if they were to get it, would experience something like a common cold or flu." On March 11, he was "telling people to not avoid restaurants, not avoid normal things that people do. ... If you're not sick, you should be going about your life." On March 16, The New York Times reported that during
5123-609: The DNA strain matched the infant's, but only after a child was infected. It was soon revealed that the city was not disclosing new infections as required by the new policy, and children continued to become infected after undergoing the ritual. De Blasio put his wife, Chirlane McCray, in charge of major policy initiatives such as the Mayor's Fund to Advance New York City and ThriveNYC (a $ 850 million mental health initiative). This caused criticism since McCray had never been elected to office and
5232-535: The Democratic primary, garnering 33% of the vote. He won the runoff primary election on September 29, defeating Green, 62% to 38%. In the November 3 general election, de Blasio defeated Republican Alex Zablocki , 78% to 18%. De Blasio was inaugurated as New York City's third Public Advocate on January 1, 2010. In his inauguration speech he criticized the Bloomberg administration, especially its homelessness and education policies. In June 2010, de Blasio opposed
5341-647: The Domestic Partnership Recognition Law to ensure that same-sex couples in a legal partnership could enjoy the same legal benefits as heterosexual couples in New York City. During his tenure, the General Welfare Committee also passed the Benefits Translation for Immigrants Law, which helped non-English speakers receive free language-assistance services when accessing government programs. He was on
5450-544: The East Coast again. Under instructions from De Blasio and School Chancellor Carmen Fariña , the city's public schools were kept open. This decision was criticized by teacher unions, parents and the media as 9.5 inches of snow fell that day. By the middle of February, the city had added $ 35 million to the Sanitation Department 's budget for snow removal. In July 2014, de Blasio signed a bill authorizing
5559-403: The Fearless Girl." State Street Global Advisors faced criticism that Fearless Girl was commissioned primarily to serve its own interests. The Guardian reported that the company had repeatedly voted against initiatives to advance gender equality and transparency in pay disparity, and paid $ 5 million to settle charges of pay discrimination involving about 300 female employees after an audit by
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#17327718743675668-456: The Fearless Girl." The statue was installed on March 7, 2017—the day before International Women's Day —by State Street Global Advisors , in a campaign developed by advertising agency McCann New York . SSGA was celebrating the first anniversary of its "Gender Diversity Index" fund that "invests in U.S. large-capitalization companies that rank among the highest in their sector in achieving gender diversity across senior leadership". The concept for
5777-678: The Federal Court in Australia alleging that one of Fearless Girl 's replicas constituted copyright and trademark infringement. Justice Jonathan Beach ruled in MBL's favor, finding there was no violation of SSGA's trademark, since the replica's name "fearless girl" was used in a descriptive way. In other words, MBL was able to rely upon the defense of acting in good faith under s.122(1)(b)(i) of Trade Marks Act 1995. The copyright infringement claim under s.36 Copyright Act 1968 also failed as MBL
5886-629: The NYPD to youth initiatives and social services." De Blasio blamed "anarchist" protesters for inciting and organizing violent riots. On June 21, 2020, the American Museum of Natural History announced that it was asking city officials to remove the Equestrian Statue of Theodore Roosevelt with a Native American man and an African man standing next to the horse. De Blasio endorsed the decision. On February 14, 2019, while addressing
5995-457: The NYPD's "stop and frisk" policy was a centerpiece of De Blasio's campaign. The practice had been challenged by civil rights groups in federal court, where it was ruled unconstitutional in 2013 . The federal appeal of this decision filed by the Bloomberg administration was dropped by de Blasio upon taking office. He vowed to settle cases with claimants who had ongoing litigation against the police for stop and frisk arrests. The NYPD union appealed
6104-529: The New Hope Christian Fellowship Church, and a friend and supporter of de Blasio—was pulled over for failing to signal before making a left turn. Findlayter was then detained by police on outstanding warrants and driving with a suspended license. De Blasio is alleged to have called the police on Findlayter's behalf. Findlayter was released shortly thereafter. In a press conference, de Blasio told reporters that while he had called
6213-542: The New York Mayor's Race", noting that after it ran, "de Blasio built a steady lead that he never relinquished." Quinn was attacked by a number of groups including NYCLASS with their "Anybody But Quinn" campaign, allowing de Blasio to move up in the polls. By mid-August he emerged as the new leader among the Democrats. He reached 43% in a Quinnipiac poll released a week before the primary. Preliminary results of
6322-887: The Oslo statue was moved in front of the Iranian embassy in Drammensveien in support of women in Iran during the Mahsa Amini protests . In January 2024, a protester dressed Fearless Girl in pro-Palestinian garb. As reported by Bloomberg News , analysts from marketing firm Apex Marketing estimated that the statue resulted in $ 7.4 million in free publicity for SSGA as of April 2017, broken down into $ 201,075 worth of free radio coverage, $ 393,047 worth of free social media coverage, $ 3,115,751 worth of free TV coverage, and $ 3,729,926 worth of free online/print news coverage. Fearless Girl
6431-472: The September 11 primary showed de Blasio with 40.1% of the votes, slightly more than the 40% needed to avoid a runoff. On September 16, second-place finisher Bill Thompson conceded, citing the unlikelihood of winning a runoff even if uncounted absentee and military ballots pushed de Blasio below the 40% threshold. Thompson's withdrawal made de Blasio the Democratic nominee against Republican Joe Lhota in
6540-418: The administration of President Bill Clinton . As the tri-state region's highest-ranking HUD official, de Blasio led a small executive staff and took part in outreach to residents of substandard housing. In 1999, he was elected to be a school board member for Brooklyn School District 15. In 2000, he was campaign manager for Hillary Clinton 's successful United States Senate bid . In 2001, de Blasio ran for
6649-410: The artist starts with a full-sized model of the sculpture, most often a non-drying oil-based clay such as Plasticine model for smaller sculptures or for sculptures to be developed over an extended period (water-based clays must be protected from drying), and water-based clay for larger sculptures or for sculptures for which it is desired to capture a gestural quality – one that transmits
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#17327718743676758-422: The campaign when he and a dozen others, including city councillor Stephen Levin , were arrested while protesting the closing of Long Island College Hospital . De Blasio and Levin were released a few hours later with disorderly conduct summonses. Fellow Democratic mayoral hopefuls Weiner and City Comptroller John Liu were also at the protest but were not arrested. During his mayoral campaign, de Blasio outlined
6867-510: The campaign, de Blasio was an aide in City Hall . In 1990, he described himself as an advocate for democratic socialism when asked about his goals for society. U.S. Representative Charles Rangel tapped de Blasio to be his campaign manager for his successful 1994 reelection bid. In 1997, he was appointed to be the regional director for the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) for New York and New Jersey under
6976-538: The city, following tweets directed at "the Jewish community", who described de Blasio's actions as scapegoating . In early June 2020, he was criticized for enforcing restrictions on religious gatherings to no more than 25% of capacity whereas all other groups were allowed to operate at 50% capacity. Catholic priests and Jewish synagogue worshipers then sued both De Blasio and Governor Cuomo for being more than twice as restrictive of worship than protest events. In late June,
7085-570: The city. "We want these landlords to feel like they're being watched", de Blasio told the New York Daily News . "We need to shine a light on these folks to shame them into action." De Blasio has criticized Citizens United , the January 2010 U.S. Supreme Court decision that overturned parts of the 2002 McCain–Feingold Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act . He argued that "corporations should not be allowed to buy elections" and launched
7194-470: The company that funded Fearless Girl , paid $ 5 million to settle a lawsuit from its female and minority employees who alleged the company violated equal pay rights. The statue was given a lace collar in respect to longtime Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg following her death in September 2020. During the COVID-19 pandemic , the statue was frequently seen wearing a face mask. In November 2022,
7303-753: The company that originally commissioned Visbal, sued for its removal in an attempt to stop the spread of replicas around the world. In 2021, Australia's Federal Court threw out the lawsuit. Other replica statues placed in March 2019 include in Paternoster Square , near the London Stock Exchange and near the at the West Hollywood Library in West Hollywood, California . Also in March 2019, St. Timothy's School ,
7412-464: The creation of municipal identification cards for all residents regardless of immigration status, to help secure access to city services. Homeless New Yorkers were also eligible to obtain the IDNYC cards if they registered a "care of" address. The IDNYC card program was launched on January 1, 2015. De Blasio had mixed approval ratings during his mayoralty. In 2016, de Blasio expressed support for
7521-457: The decision without de Blasio's support, and was rejected. De Blasio selected Bill Bratton for New York City Police Commissioner , a position he had held under Mayor Rudy Giuliani . Bratton, who introduced stop and frisk under Giuliani, promised it would be used "legally, respectfully" and less frequently. Some de Blasio supporters were disappointed by Bratton's appointment. In February 2014, Pastor Bishop Orlando Findlayter—the founder of
7630-531: The education, environmental protection , finance, and technology committees and chaired the general welfare committee. In November 2008, de Blasio announced his candidacy for New York City Public Advocate , entering a crowded field of candidates vying for the Democratic nomination that included former Public Advocate Mark Green . The New York Times endorsed de Blasio, praising his efforts to improve public schools and "[help] many less-fortunate New Yorkers with food stamps, housing, and children's health" as
7739-581: The endorsements of major Democratic clubs, such as the Barack Obama Democratic Club of Upper Manhattan , and New York City's largest trade union , SEIU Local 1199 . Celebrities such as Alec Baldwin and Sarah Jessica Parker endorsed him, as did prominent politicians such as former Vermont Governor Howard Dean and U.S. Congresswoman Yvette Clarke . By August, singer Harry Belafonte and actress Susan Sarandon had also endorsed de Blasio. De Blasio gained media attention during
7848-488: The expectation of a landslide in the heavily Democratic city. The finance activities of the 2013 de Blasio campaign became the subject of a federal corruption investigation led by U.S. Attorney Preet Bharara , including whether campaign donors received preferential treatment from City Hall. The investigation ended in March 2017 with no charges. In 2017, de Blasio won reelection to a second term, defeating Republican Assemblywoman Nicole Malliotakis , 65.2%-27.2%. De Blasio
7957-411: The following month. A plaque with footprints was placed on the original site of Fearless Girl . Fearless Girl measures approximately 50 inches (130 cm) tall and weighs about 250 pounds (110 kg). When it was first installed, the sculpture faced Charging Bull , a much larger and heavier bronze statue that is 11 feet (3.4 m) tall and weighs 7,100 pounds (3,200 kg). Fearless Girl
8066-528: The general election. Exit polls showed that the issue that most aided de Blasio's primary victory was his unequivocal opposition to "stop and frisk." After the primary, de Blasio was announced as the nominee of the Working Families Party . In the general election, he defeated Lhota in a landslide with 72.2% of the vote. Voter turnout for the election set a new record low of only 24% of registered voters, which The New York Times attributed to
8175-749: The height of the Red Scare , both Maria and Warren were accused of having a "sympathetic interest in Communism ". The family moved to Connecticut; Warren was chief international economist for Texaco and Maria worked in public relations at the Italian consulate. In 1966, the family moved to Cambridge, Massachusetts , when Warren was offered a job at Arthur D. Little, and de Blasio began kindergarten. Bill and his brother Donald were then raised by Maria and her extended family. Of his early childhood, de Blasio said, "my mother and father broke up very early on in
8284-554: The imprimatur of being proved workable in New York." In the first weeks of de Blasio's mayoralty, New York City was struck by a series of snowstorms. De Blasio was criticized by Upper East Side residents who said efforts to clear the snow seemed to be lagging in their neighborhood. De Blasio apologized the next day, saying that "more could have been done to serve the Upper East Side." On February 13, heavy snowstorms hit
8393-554: The measure would take a significant toll on school attendance. Three months later, he voiced opposition to the mayor's proposed budget containing more than $ 34 million in cuts to childcare services. In June 2011, de Blasio outlined a plan to improve the process of school co-location, by which multiple schools are housed in one building. His study found community input was often ignored by the city's Department of Education, resulting in top-down decisions made without sufficient regard for negative impacts. He outlined eight solutions to improve
8502-451: The model is made in wax, possibly formed over a core, or with a core cast in place, if the piece is to be hollow. If no mould is made and the casting process fails, the artwork will also be lost. After the metal has cooled, the external ceramic or clay is chipped away, revealing an image of the wax form, including core pins, sprues, vents, and risers. All of these are removed with a saw and tool marks are polished away, and interior core material
8611-402: The molten metal into the sculptures - typically directing the liquid metal from a pouring cup to the bottom of the sculpture, which is then filled from the bottom up in order to avoid splashing and turbulence. Additional sprues may be directed upward at intermediate positions, and various vents may also be added where gases could be trapped. (Vents are not needed for ceramic shell casting, allowing
8720-413: The motion of the sculptor in addition to that of the subject. A mould is made from the clay pattern, either as a piece mould from plaster, or using flexible gel or similar rubber-like materials stabilized by a plaster jacket of several pieces. Often a plaster master will be made from this mould for further refinement. Such a plaster is a means of preserving the artwork until a patron may be found to finance
8829-524: The office of New York City Public Advocate from 2010 to 2013. De Blasio was born in Manhattan and raised primarily in Cambridge, Massachusetts . He graduated from New York University and Columbia University before brief stints working as a campaign manager for Charles Rangel and Hillary Clinton . De Blasio started his career as an elected official on the New York City Council , representing
8938-493: The operations of the New York City Housing Authority. The agreement created "specific requirements and milestones to address the serious health and safety hazards at NYCHA properties, including lead-based paint, mold, heat, vermin, among others". Alicia Glen was de Blasio's deputy mayor for economic development and housing. On January 28, 2020, de Blasio said, "this virus was underestimated by
9047-491: The plan, arguing that it promoted gentrification . In April 2017, the state government renewed the 421-a tax abatement program after unions and developers made a deal on wages in qualifying construction projects. Atlantic Avenue , in the East New York neighborhood of Brooklyn , which has been scarred by decades of poverty and crime, was the first test and focus of de Blasio's strategy on affordable housing, one of
9156-402: The policy initiatives central to his platform of reducing inequality. Since 2012, city planners had been working to bring residents to forums to consult on the process. The plan was to "invite developers to build up local streets in exchange for more units of affordable housing." In January 2019, de Blasio and Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Ben Carson reached an agreement to change
9265-435: The previous week, de Blasio's "top aides were furiously trying to change the mayor's approach to the coronavirus outbreak. There had been arguments and shouting matches between the mayor and some of his advisers; some top health officials had even threatened to resign if he refused to accept the need to close schools and businesses." De Blasio followed their advice. De Blasio was criticized for singling out Jewish residents of
9374-495: The process and incorporate community opinion into the decision-making process. The same month, he also criticized a Bloomberg administration proposal to lay off more than 4,600 teachers to balance the city's budget; de Blasio organized parents and communities against the proposed cuts and staged a last-minute call-a-thon. Bloomberg restored the funding, agreeing to find savings elsewhere in the budget. On January 27, 2013, de Blasio announced his candidacy for mayor of New York City in
9483-455: The rule was passed by the city's Board of Health, which required parents to sign a consent form. Some ultra- Orthodox Jewish leaders called the requirement an infringement on religious freedom, sued the city in federal court, and pressed their followers not to comply. After de Blasio installed allies and donors on New York City's Board of Health, a new policy was instated that mohels could be banned for life if they tested positive for herpes and
9592-480: The singular goal of aiding and abetting a universe of mothers who tuck their daughters in at night whispering, 'Someday, honey, you can lead the emerging markets and sovereign debt team at Citigroup , and then become a director at Yahoo . ' " Christine Emba , an opinion writer for The Washington Post , wrote that the statue "portrays the empowered woman as a child, reinforcing the idea of femaleness as cute and inoffensive—a child with potential, maybe, but not all
9701-481: The sprue to be simple and direct). The complete wax structure (and core, if previously added) is then invested in another kind of mould or shell, which is heated in a kiln until the wax runs out and all free moisture is removed. The investment is then soon filled with molten bronze. The removal of all wax and moisture prevents the liquid metal from being explosively ejected from the mould by steam and vapour. Students of bronze casting will usually work in direct wax, where
9810-435: The statue should depict a girl with hands on her hips and chin up, with a height of 36 inches, which Kristen Visbal and her collaborators then increased to 50 inches, to better match the size of Charging Bull . Still, Visbal commented that "I made sure to keep her features soft; she's not defiant, she's brave, proud, and strong, not belligerent". She modeled the sculpture on two children from Delaware "so everyone could relate to
9919-405: The statue to stay longer was U.S. Representative Carolyn Maloney of New York's 12th congressional district , who stated, "This statue has touched hearts across the world with its symbolism of the resiliency of women." New York City Public Advocate Letitia James wrote a letter that supported keeping the statue, "Fearless Girl stands as a powerful beacon, showing women—young and old—that no dream
10028-481: The statue was developed by Senior Art Director Lizzie Wilson and Senior Copywriter Tali Gumbiner. Wilson and Gumbiner established both the idea for the statue as well as the overall look of the girl using countless moodboards and imagery, which Visbal referenced. Fearless Girl was originally given a one-week City Hall permit that was later extended to 30 days. Later, it was announced that the statue would remain in place through February 2018. Among those advocating for
10137-740: The thirteenth century the Chola dynasty in South India represented the pinnacle of bronze casting in India. Making bronzes is highly skilled work, and a number of distinct casting processes may be employed, including lost-wax casting (and its modern-day spin-off investment casting ), sand casting and centrifugal casting . The term "bronze" is also applied to metal sculptures made by electrotyping (or galvanoplasty), although these sculptures are typically pure copper and their fabrication does not involve metal casting. In lost-wax or investment casting,
10246-506: The time I came along, and I was brought up by my mother's family—that's the bottom line—the de Blasio family." When de Blasio was 18, his father committed suicide while suffering from incurable lung cancer . In 1979, de Blasio graduated from Cambridge Rindge and Latin School , where he was in student government and was known to peers as "Senator Provolone". He received a Bachelor of Arts from New York University in metropolitan studies,
10355-471: The tombs of royalty and the nobility. Over the long creative period of Egyptian dynastic art, small lost-wax bronze figurines were made in large numbers; several thousand of them have been conserved in museum collections. The 7th-8th century Sri Lankan Sinhalese bronze statue of Buddhist Tara , now in the British Museum, is an excellent example of Sri Lankan bronze statues. From the ninth through
10464-600: The unveiling of the replica. Ultimately, the replica was never placed and there was no unveiling. A reproduction of the sculpture was unveiled outside the Grand Hotel in the Norwegian city of Oslo on March 8, 2018, as a permanent addition. It faces the Norwegian parliament Stortinget . Reports indicate another reproduction being installed in Johannesburg, South Africa in 2018, later moved to Cape Town. This
10573-425: The value of the metal after the work has been melted. There are many different bronze alloys. Typically modern bronze is 88% copper and 12% tin . Alpha bronze consists of the alpha solid solution of tin in copper. Alpha bronze alloys of 4–5% tin are used to make coins and a number of mechanical applications. Historical bronzes are highly variable in composition, as most metalworkers probably used whatever scrap
10682-651: The vote in 2005. On the City Council, de Blasio passed legislation to prevent landlord discrimination against tenants who hold federal housing subsidy vouchers, and helped pass the HIV/AIDS Housing Services Law, improving housing services for low-income New Yorkers living with HIV/AIDS. As head of the city council's General Welfare Committee, de Blasio helped pass the Gender-Based Discrimination Protection Law to protect transgender New Yorkers, and passed
10791-422: The way there." Daniela Peluso, an anthropologist, suggested that restating outdated and conventional gender stereotypes (the brave little girl vs the big bad male bull) is belittling and that it is vital to be aware that "gender discrimination and the corporate side-lining of women assume more nuanced and insidious forms, which such simplistic images obscure." On February 14, 2019, State Street Global Advisors filed
10900-497: The weight low. Finally, plaster, clay or other material is used to form the full-size model, from which a mould may be constructed. Alternatively, a large refractory core may be constructed, and the direct-wax method then applied for subsequent investment. Before modern welding techniques, large sculptures were generally cast in one piece with a single pour. Welding allows a large sculpture to be cast in pieces, then joined. After final polishing, corrosive materials may be applied to form
11009-430: Was able to rely upon the defense of innocent infringement. Overall, this meant that MBL is able to display its Australian replica legally. There was a dispute over what rights are held by the artist and State Street Global Advisors. Specifically, while SSGA claimed to have commissioned the work, these claims were challenged in court filings in the lawsuit between SSGA and Visbal. On May 29, 2017, artist Alex Gardega added
11118-508: Was being unfairly cast as being opposed to charter schools. Two months after the initial decision, the mayor's office announced that it had found space for the three schools. The city would lease, renovate, and maintain three buildings, which were previously used for Catholic schools, from the Archdiocese of New York . The three charter schools are run by Success Academy Charter Schools . In April 2019, De Blasio announced his support for
11227-486: Was chosen for these positions only because of her relationship with De Blasio. De Blasio accused critics of the arrangement of "sexism" and bemoaned the city's anti- nepotism laws that prevented McCray from receiving a substantial salary. During his mayoral tenure, de Blasio's relationship with the New York City Police Department was called "strained", "combative", and "frosty". Ending
11336-659: Was from Sant'Agata de' Goti , Benevento , and his grandmother, Anna (née Briganti), was from Grassano , Matera . His paternal uncle, Donald George Wilhelm Jr., worked for the Central Intelligence Agency in Iran and ghostwrote the memoir of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi , the last shah of Iran. His mother, Maria de Blasio, attended Smith College , served in the U.S. Office of War Information during World War II and authored The Other Italy: The Italian Resistance in World War II (1988). His father,
11445-475: Was intended to"send a message" about workplace gender diversity and encourage companies to recruit women to their boards . The plaque below the statue stated: "Know the power of women in leadership. SHE makes a difference," with SHE referring to both the gender of the subject and the NYSE ticker symbol of a SSGA supported and gender diverse index fund. The commission by State Street Global Advisors specified that
11554-491: Was on hand; the metal of the 12th-century English Gloucester Candlestick is bronze containing a mixture of copper, zinc, tin, lead, nickel, iron, antimony, arsenic with an unusually large amount of silver – between 22.5% in the base and 5.76% in the pan below the candle. The proportions of this mixture may suggest that the candlestick was made from a hoard of old coins. The Benin Bronzes are really brass , and
11663-458: Was running in the 2022 U.S. House election in the newly redrawn 10th congressional district . He withdrew from the race on July 19, saying he was done with "electoral politics". Bill de Blasio was born Warren Wilhelm Jr. on May 8, 1961. While he did not grow up in New York City, his parents drove from their home in Norwalk, Connecticut , to Manhattan 's Doctors Hospital for his birth. He
11772-455: Was sworn into office on January 1, 2014, by former President Bill Clinton . In his inaugural address, he reiterated his campaign pledge to address "economic and social inequalities" within the city. The New York Times noted that "The elevation of an assertive, tax-the-rich liberal to the nation's most prominent municipal office has fanned hopes that hot-button causes like universal prekindergarten and low-wage worker benefits... could be aided by
11881-489: Was unveiled on December 10 at its new site facing the New York Stock Exchange Building . The Landmarks Preservation Commission met on December 14, 2021, and decided to renew its permit, but then handed over the decision to the Public Design Commission . In turn, the PDC granted an 11-month permit extension, but also charged SSGA and Visbal to reach an agreement on a permanent location. On June 20, 2023,
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