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68-400: Fechin can refer to Féchín of Fore (7th century), an Irish saint Nicolai Fechin (1881–1955), a Russian-American painter [REDACTED] Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles about people with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to

136-399: A bacillus that he suspected was the cause of typhoid. Eberth is given credit for discovering the bacterium definitively by successfully isolating the same bacterium from 18 of 40 typhoid victims and failing to discover the bacterium present in any "control" victims of other diseases. In 1884, pathologist Georg Theodor August Gaffky (1850–1918) confirmed Eberth's findings. Gaffky isolated

204-495: A child, he almost died from meningitis . His father was a woodcarver and gilder, and the boy learned carving from him. By age eleven, the boy was drawing designs for his father to use in the construction of altars. At the age of 13, he enrolled in the newly established Kazan Art School , a branch of the Imperial Academy of Arts in the capital of St. Petersburg. Based on his work, Fechin was admitted for further study to

272-496: A chlorination tablet to drop into the water. The Lyster bag was essential for the survival of American soldiers in the Vietnam War . There were several occurrences of milk delivery men spreading typhoid fever throughout the communities they served. Although typhoid is not spread through milk itself, there were several examples of milk distributors in many locations watering their milk down with contaminated water, or cleaning

340-483: A common type of food poisoning. Diagnosis is performed by culturing and identifying S. enterica typhi from patient samples or detecting an immune response to the pathogen from blood samples . Recently, new advances in large-scale data collection and analysis have allowed researchers to develop better diagnostics, such as detecting changing abundances of small molecules in the blood that may specifically indicate typhoid fever. Diagnostic tools in regions where typhoid

408-435: A large outbreak and a carrier at the genome level provides new insight into the pathogenesis of the pathogen. In industrialized nations, water sanitation and food handling improvements have reduced the number of typhoid cases. Third world nations have the highest rates. These areas lack access to clean water, proper sanitation systems, and proper health-care facilities. In these areas, such access to basic public-health needs

476-585: A patron in New York. When Fechin returned from traveling, he resumed teaching at Kazan, where he taught for ten years. He was a popular instructor. He had a less demanding style of lessons than the gruelling exercises he had been forced to complete at the Imperial Academy. Among his students was Konstantin Chebotaryov . In 1910 Fechin was among the founders of the Commune of Artists . He exhibited with

544-421: A positive test. A single control band indicates a negative test. A single first fixed line or no band at all indicates an invalid test. Typhidot's biggest limitation is that it is not quantitative, just positive or negative. The Tubex test contains two types of particles: brown magnetic particles coated with antigen and blue indicator particles coated with O9 antibody. During the test, if antibodies are present in

612-561: A range of genres can be seen at his former home, as part of the collection of the Taos Art Museum . Some of the personal spaces have also been preserved. In 1979 the building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places . Fechin stopped working on the house when he and his wife Alexandra divorced in 1933. She lived at the house until her death in 1983. Fechin returned to New York with their daughter Eya for

680-462: A reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones , the class which CIP belongs ( MIC 0.125–1.0 mg/L), would not be detected by this method. In 2000, typhoid fever caused an estimated 21.7 million illnesses and 217,000 deaths. It occurs most often in children and young adults between 5 and 19 years old. In 2013, it resulted in about 161,000 deaths – down from 181,000 in 1990. Infants, children, and adolescents in south-central and Southeast Asia have

748-571: A short bacillus in the organs and feces of typhoid victims in 1874. Browicz was able to isolate and grow the bacilli but did not go as far as to insinuate or prove that they caused the disease. In April 1880, three months prior to Eberth's publication, Edwin Klebs described short and filamentous bacilli in the Peyer's patches in typhoid victims. The bacterium's role in disease was speculated but not confirmed. In 1880, Karl Joseph Eberth described

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816-568: A specific 50 Kd OMP antigen. This test is carried out on a cellulose nitrate membrane where a specific S. typhi outer membrane protein is attached as fixed test lines. It separately identifies IgM and IgG antibodies. IgM shows recent infection; IgG signifies remote infection. The sample pad of this kit contains colloidal gold-anti-human IgG or gold-anti-human IgM. If the sample contains IgG and IgM antibodies against those antigens, they will react and turn red. The typhidot test becomes positive within 2–3 days of infection. Two colored bands indicate

884-506: A specific disease, unique from typhus . Both doctors performed autopsies on individuals who died in Paris due to fever – and indicated that many had lesions on the Peyer's patches which correlated with distinct symptoms before death. British medics were skeptical of the differentiation between typhoid and typhus because both were endemic to Britain at that time. However, in France only typhoid

952-683: A total of 1,098 cases, 90.9% of which were travel-related, mainly acquired during travel to South Asia . The plague of Athens , during the Peloponnesian War , was most likely an outbreak of typhoid fever. During the war, Athenians retreated into a walled-in city to escape attack from the Spartans . This massive influx of humans into a concentrated space overwhelmed the water supply and waste infrastructure, likely leading to unsanitary conditions as fresh water became harder to obtain and waste became more difficult to collect and remove beyond

1020-455: A two-story adobe house, and spent several years enlarging and modifying it according to designs by Fechin. Changes included adding and enlarging windows, enlarging the porch and making the rooms more open. He also carved 51 intricate doors according to Russian style, created triptych windows, and carved furniture for use in the house, which reflects a combination of modernist, Russian and Native American sensibility. A variety of Fechin's works in

1088-466: A vaccination program starting in 1999. Vaccination has proven effective at controlling outbreaks in high-incidence areas and is also very cost-effective: prices are normally less than US$ 1 per dose. Because the price is low, poverty-stricken communities are more willing to take advantage of the vaccinations. Although vaccination programs for typhoid have proven effective, they alone cannot eliminate typhoid fever. Combining vaccines with public-health efforts

1156-471: Is Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhi. Based on MLST subtyping scheme, the two main sequence types of the S. Typhi are ST1 and ST2, which are widespread globally. Global phylogeographical analysis showed dominance of a haplotype 58 (H58), which probably originated in India during the late 1980s and is now spreading through the world with multi-drug resistance . A more detailed genotyping scheme

1224-453: Is a fluoroquinolone such as ciprofloxacin . Otherwise, a third-generation cephalosporin such as ceftriaxone or cefotaxime is the first choice. Cefixime is a suitable oral alternative. Properly treated, typhoid fever is not fatal in most cases. Antibiotics such as ampicillin , chloramphenicol, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole , amoxicillin , and ciprofloxacin have been commonly used to treat it. Treatment with antibiotics reduces

1292-468: Is a gradual onset of a high fever over several days. This is commonly accompanied by weakness, abdominal pain , constipation , headaches , and mild vomiting. Some people develop a skin rash with rose colored spots . In severe cases, people may experience confusion. Without treatment, symptoms may last weeks or months. Diarrhea may be severe, but is uncommon. Other people may carry it without being affected, but are still contagious. Typhoid fever

1360-453: Is a type of enteric fever, along with paratyphoid fever . Salmonella enterica Typhi is believed to infect and replicate only within humans. Typhoid is caused by the bacterium Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhi growing in the intestines , Peyer's patches , mesenteric lymph nodes , spleen , liver , gallbladder , bone marrow and blood . Typhoid is spread by eating or drinking food or water contaminated with

1428-708: Is better at treating resistant typhoid than both fluoroquinolone drugs and ceftriaxone. Azithromycin can be taken by mouth and is less expensive than ceftriaxone, which is given by injection. A separate problem exists with laboratory testing for reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin; current recommendations are that isolates should be tested simultaneously against ciprofloxacin (CIP) and against nalidixic acid (NAL), that isolates sensitive to both CIP and NAL should be reported as "sensitive to ciprofloxacin", and that isolates sensitive to CIP but not to NAL should be reported as "reduced sensitivity to ciprofloxacin". But an analysis of 271 isolates found that around 18% of isolates with

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1496-483: Is between 1% and 4%. Typhus is a different disease, caused by unrelated species of bacteria. Owing to their similar symptoms, they were not recognized as distinct diseases until the 1800s. "Typhoid" means "resembling typhus". Classically, the progression of untreated typhoid fever has three distinct stages, each lasting about a week. Over the course of these stages, the patient becomes exhausted and emaciated. The Gram-negative bacterium that causes typhoid fever

1564-538: Is common, vaccination is recommended. Other efforts to prevent it include providing clean drinking water , good sanitation , and handwashing . Until an infection is confirmed as cleared, the infected person should not prepare food for others. Typhoid is treated with antibiotics such as azithromycin , fluoroquinolones , or third-generation cephalosporins . Resistance to these antibiotics has been developing, which has made treatment more difficult. In 2015, 12.5 million new typhoid cases were reported. The disease

1632-533: Is generally undertaken while awaiting the results of the Widal test and blood and stool cultures. The Widal test is used to identify specific antibodies in the serum of people with typhoid by using antigen-antibody interactions. In this test, the serum is mixed with a dead bacterial suspension of Salmonella with specific antigens. If the patient's serum contains antibodies against those antigens, they get attached to them, forming clumps. If clumping does not occur,

1700-455: Is indicated for patients with multiple perforations. If antibiotic treatment fails to eradicate the hepatobiliary carriage, the gallbladder should be resected. Cholecystectomy is sometimes successful, especially in patients with gallstones , but is not always successful in eradicating the carrier state because of persisting hepatic infection. As resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and streptomycin

1768-429: Is less than 1%, but 3–5% of people who are infected develop a chronic infection in the gall bladder. Since S. enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhi is human-restricted, these chronic carriers become the crucial reservoir, which can persist for decades for further spread of the disease, further complicating its identification and treatment. Lately, the study of S. enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhi associated with

1836-448: Is most common in India. Children are most commonly affected. Typhoid decreased in the developed world in the 1940s as a result of improved sanitation and the use of antibiotics. Every year about 400 cases are reported in the U.S. and an estimated 6,000 people have typhoid. In 2015, it resulted in about 149,000 deaths worldwide – down from 181,000 in 1990. Without treatment, the risk of death may be as high as 20%. With treatment, it

1904-453: Is most prevalent are quite limited in their accuracy and specificity, and the time required for a proper diagnosis, the increasing spread of antibiotic resistance , and the cost of testing are also hardships for under-resourced healthcare systems. A typhoid vaccine can prevent about 40–90% of cases during the first two years. The vaccine may have some effect for up to seven years. For those at high risk or people traveling to areas where it

1972-541: Is not expected in the near future. In 2004–2005 an outbreak in the Democratic Republic of Congo resulted in more than 42,000 cases and 214 deaths. Since November 2016, Pakistan has had an outbreak of extensively drug-resistant (XDR) typhoid fever. In Europe, a report based on data for 2017 retrieved from The European Surveillance System (TESSy) on the distribution of confirmed typhoid and paratyphoid fever cases found that 22 EU/EEA countries reported

2040-634: Is now common, these agents are no longer used as first–line treatment of typhoid fever. Typhoid resistant to these agents is known as multidrug-resistant typhoid. Ciprofloxacin resistance is an increasing problem, especially in the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia . Many centres are shifting from ciprofloxacin to ceftriaxone as the first line for treating suspected typhoid originating in South America, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Thailand, or Vietnam. Also, it has been suggested that azithromycin

2108-508: Is possible that the Roman emperor Augustus Caesar had either a liver abscess or typhoid fever, and survived by using ice baths and cold compresses as a means of treatment for his fever. There is a statue of the Greek physician, Antonius Musa , who treated his fever. The French doctors Pierre-Fidele Bretonneau and Pierre-Charles-Alexandre Louis are credited with describing typhoid fever as

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2176-496: Is someone who is still excreting typhoid bacteria in stool a year after the acute stage of the infection. Diagnosis is made by any blood , bone marrow , or stool cultures and with the Widal test (demonstration of antibodies against Salmonella antigens O-somatic and H-flagellar ). In epidemics and less wealthy countries, after excluding malaria , dysentery , or pneumonia , a therapeutic trial time with chloramphenicol

2244-706: Is the only proven way to control this disease. Since the 1990s, the WHO has recommended two typhoid fever vaccines. The ViPS vaccine is given by injection, and the Ty21a by capsules. Only people over age two are recommended to be vaccinated with the ViPS vaccine, and it requires a revaccination after 2–3 years, with a 55–72% efficacy. The Ty21a vaccine is recommended for people five and older, lasting 5–7 years with 51–67% efficacy. The two vaccines have proved safe and effective for epidemic disease control in multiple regions. A version of

2312-575: The Imperial Academy of Arts in Saint-Petersburg , where he studied with Ilya Repin and Filipp Malyavin . During the summer of 1904 he had an influential trip to Siberia , where he was fascinated by the landscape and native peoples. When he returned to Kazan, he often traveled outside the city to capture the rural people and places. In 1909 Fechin graduated with the highest grade possible, and his final competitive canvas won him

2380-651: The Itinerants from 1912 to 1922 and with the Association of Artists of Revolutionary Russia ( AKhRR ) from 1922 to 1926. In addition, he designed sets and other scenic elements for the theatre from 1920 to 1922. In 1913, with his position at the school secure, Fechin married Alexandra Belkovitch (c. 1893–1983), the daughter of the director of the Kazan School of Art. They had a daughter, Eya (1914–2002). In 1933 they divorced and Eya lived with her father most of

2448-1086: The Los Angeles County Museum of Art , the Eiteljorg Museum , the Gilcrease Museum , the Wichita Art Museum , the Harwood Museum of Art , the San Diego Museum of Art , the New Mexico Museum of Art , the American Museum of Western Art , as well as in the collections of Harvard University , the University of New Mexico , the University of Oklahoma , University of Nebraska and Baylor University . A number of artworks, along with his working table and easel, are on display at

2516-597: The National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum . Other pieces are displayed in different countries, with the largest collection at the Fechin Center in Kazan, Russia. The Russian Museum and State Tretyakov Gallery also contain several works. Many of his paintings also remain in private hands. In 1975 the artist/author Mary Balcomb wrote the book, Nicolai Fechin, now in its third printing. Other texts on

2584-717: The Prix de Rome . The traveling scholarship allowed him to visit and study in the artistic capitals of Europe in 1909. The following year he won a gold medal at the annual International Exhibition in Munich. Fechin was invited to show his work at an international exhibition at the Carnegie Institute in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in 1910. He began to sell his work in the United States that year through W.S. Stimmel ,

2652-450: The feces of an infected person. Risk factors include limited access to clean drinking water and poor sanitation . Those who have not yet been exposed to it and ingest contaminated drinking water or food are most at risk for developing symptoms. Only humans can be infected; there are no known animal reservoirs. Salmonella Typhi which causes typhoid fever is different than the other Salmonella bacteria that usually cause salmonellosis ,

2720-576: The Academy he had worked with other materials as well, but he was impatient about the processes of constructing armatures and going through seemingly endless casting cycles. He enjoyed the more direct creative process of working in wood. While in New York, Fechin developed tuberculosis . Lacking effective antibiotics then, doctors recommended a drier climate for him. Fechin traveled west and in 1927 eventually settled with his family in Taos, New Mexico , which

2788-605: The Fechin Institute in Taos in his honor in 1981. Typhoid fever Among untreated acute cases, 10% will shed bacteria for three months after initial onset of symptoms, and 2–5% will become chronic typhoid carriers. Typhoid fever , also known simply as typhoid , is a disease caused by Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi bacteria, also called Salmonella typhi . Symptoms vary from mild to severe, and usually begin six to 30 days after exposure. Often there

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2856-633: The Peyer's patches by examining sixty-six autopsies from fever patients and concluding that the symptoms of headaches, diarrhea, rash spots, and abdominal pain were present only in patients who were found to have intestinal lesions after death; these observations solidified the association of the disease with the intestinal tract and gave the first clue to the route of transmission. In 1847 William Budd learned of an epidemic of typhoid fever in Clifton, and identified that all 13 of 34 residents who had contracted

2924-887: The Rustic Canyon studio where Fechin had lived and painted there until his own death later in 1985. Significant collections of Fechin's paintings and drawings are housed at the Stark Museum of Art and Frye Art Museum . Several items are held in the Smithsonian American Art Museum , the National Gallery of Art , the Art Institute of Chicago , the National Portrait Gallery , the De Young Museum ,

2992-569: The US was made in 1908 to the Jersey City, New Jersey , water supply. Credit for the decision to build the chlorination system has been given to John L. Leal . The chlorination facility was designed by George W. Fuller . Outbreaks in traveling military groups led to the creation of the Lyster bag in 1915: a bag with a faucet which can be hung from a tree or pole, filled with water, and comes with

3060-425: The biliary tract after symptoms have resolved. Surgery is usually indicated if intestinal perforation occurs. One study found a 30-day mortality rate of 9% (8/88), and surgical site infections at 67% (59/88), with the disease burden borne predominantly by low-resource countries. For surgical treatment, most surgeons prefer simple closure of the perforation with drainage of the peritoneum . Small-bowel resection

3128-591: The case-fatality rate to about 1%. Without treatment, some patients develop sustained fever, bradycardia, hepatosplenomegaly, abdominal symptoms, and occasionally pneumonia. In white-skinned patients, pink spots, which fade on pressure, appear on the skin of the trunk in up to 20% of cases. In the third week, untreated cases may develop gastrointestinal and cerebral complications, which may prove fatal in 10–20% of cases. The highest case fatality rates are reported in children under 4. Around 2–5% of those who contract typhoid fever become chronic carriers, as bacteria persist in

3196-570: The city conducted an investigation of typhoid symptoms and cases along his route and found evidence of a significant outbreak. A month after the outbreak was first reported, the Boston Globe published a short statement declaring the outbreak over, stating "[a]t Jamaica Plain there is a slight increase, the total being 272 cases. Throughout the city there is a total of 348 cases." There was at least one death reported during this outbreak: Mrs. Sophia S. Engstrom, aged 46. Typhoid continued to ravage

3264-418: The city walls. In 2006, examining the remains for a mass burial site from Athens from around the time of the plague (~430 B.C.) revealed that fragments of DNA similar to modern day S. Typhi DNA were detected, whereas Yersinia pestis (plague), Rickettsia prowazekii (typhus), Mycobacterium tuberculosis , cowpox virus , and Bartonella henselae were not detected in any of the remains tested. It

3332-462: The disease drew their drinking water from the same well. Notably, this observation was two years prior to John Snow first publishing an early version of his theory that contaminated water was the central conduit for transmitting cholera . Budd later became health officer of Bristol and ensured a clean water supply, and documented further evidence of typhoid as a water-borne illness throughout his career. Polish scientist Tadeusz Browicz described

3400-478: The elimination of typhoid fever, as it eliminated the public-health hazards associated with having horse manure in public streets, which led to a large number of flies, which are vectors of many pathogens, including Salmonella spp. According to statistics from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , the chlorination of drinking water has led to dramatic decreases in the transmission of typhoid fever. Two typhoid vaccines are licensed for use for

3468-416: The eyes of the subject. Some of his more renowned subjects are Frieda Lawrence , Douglas MacArthur , Anna May Wong , Ella Young , Willa Cather , Mabel Dodge Luhan , Rebecca Salsbury James , Ariadna Mikeshina , David Burliuk , Nikolai Evreinov , and Lillian Gish . At an early age, Fechin had learned carving from his father. As an adult, he produced impressionistic sculpture, primarily from wood. At

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3536-564: The first half of the 20th century due to vaccinations and advances in public sanitation and hygiene. In 1893 attempts were made to chlorinate the water supply in Hamburg , Germany and in 1897 Maidstone , England, was the first town to have its entire water supply chlorinated. In 1905, following an outbreak of typhoid fever, the City of Lincoln, England , instituted permanent water chlorination. The first permanent disinfection of drinking water in

3604-406: The glass bottles the milk was placed in with contaminated water. Boston had two such cases around the turn of the 20th century. In 1899 there were 24 cases of typhoid traced to a single milkman, whose wife had died of typhoid fever a week before the outbreak. In 1908, J.J. Fallon, who was also a milkman, died of typhoid fever. Following his death and confirmation of the typhoid fever diagnosis,

3672-473: The highest rates of typhoid. Outbreaks are also often reported in sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia. In 2000, more than 90% of morbidity and mortality due to typhoid fever occurred in Asia. In the U.S., about 400 cases occur each year, 75% of which are acquired while traveling internationally. Before the antibiotic era, the case fatality rate of typhoid fever was 10–20%. Today, with prompt treatment, it

3740-482: The injectable form. An older, killed whole-cell vaccine is still used in countries where the newer preparations are not available, but this vaccine is no longer recommended for use because it has more side effects (mainly pain and inflammation at the site of the injection). To help decrease rates of typhoid fever in developing nations , the World Health Organization (WHO) endorsed the use of

3808-512: The intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fechin&oldid=978919391 " Category : Human name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Nicolai Fechin Nicolai Fechin was born in 1881 in Kazan , Russia . As

3876-652: The notable architect and a major collector of his work, helped Fechin and his family leave Russia. He soon was commissioned for new portraits and started teaching at the New York Academy of Art . He exhibited at the National Academy of Design , where in 1924 he won the first prize; in 1926 he won a medal at the 1926 International Exposition in Philadelphia . He became well known for his powerful portraits, which observers said seemed to radiate from

3944-404: The prevention of typhoid: the live, oral Ty21a vaccine (sold as Vivotif by Crucell Switzerland AG) and the injectable typhoid polysaccharide vaccine (sold as Typhim Vi by Sanofi Pasteur and Typherix by GlaxoSmithKline ). Both are efficacious and recommended for travelers to areas where typhoid is endemic. Boosters are recommended every five years for the oral vaccine and every two years for

4012-411: The same bacterium as Eberth from the spleen of a typhoid victim, and was able to grow the bacterium on solid media. The organism was given names such as Eberth's bacillus, Eberthella Typhi, and Gaffky-Eberth bacillus. Today, the bacillus that causes typhoid fever goes by the scientific name Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi. Most developed countries had declining rates of typhoid fever throughout

4080-673: The serum, they will attach to the brown magnetic particles and settle at the base, while the blue indicator particles remain in the solution, producing a blue color, which means the test is positive. If the serum does not have an antibody in it, the blue particles attach to the brown particles and settle at the bottom, producing a colorless solution, which means the test is negative. Sanitation and hygiene are important to prevent typhoid. It can spread only in environments where human feces can come into contact with food or drinking water. Careful food preparation and washing of hands are crucial to prevent typhoid. Industrialization contributed greatly to

4148-550: The subject include Nicolai Fechin: The Art and the Life by Galina P. Tuluzakova, Fechin: The Builder by Eya Fechin, and The Genius of Nicolai Fechin: Recollections by Forrest Fenn. Fechin was also profiled in Of Time and Change by Frank Waters . His former home in Taos has been adapted as the Taos Art Museum and a house museum, and in 1979 was listed on the National Register of Historic Places . His daughter Eya Fechin founded

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4216-476: The test is negative. The Widal test is time-consuming and prone to significant false positives. It may also be falsely negative in recently infected people. But unlike the Typhidot test, the Widal test quantifies the specimen with titres . Rapid diagnostic tests such as Tubex, Typhidot, and Test-It have shown moderate diagnostic accuracy. Typhidot is based on the presence of specific IgM and IgG antibodies to

4284-774: The time. The social disruption and widespread deprivation after the Russian Revolution made life difficult, and Fechin's parents died of typhoid fever . During the Russian famine of 1921 he was rescued by the American Relief Administration . In 1923 Fechin and his family emigrated to the United States, where they settled in New York. He was already well known in the States from canvases at American and European exhibitions, as well as sales. His patrons Stimmel and Jack Hunter , also John Burnham,

4352-457: The vaccine combined with a hepatitis A vaccine is also available. Results of a phase 3 trial of typhoid conjugate vaccine (TCV) in December 2019 reported 81% fewer cases among children. The rediscovery of oral rehydration therapy in the 1960s provided a simple way to prevent many of the deaths of diarrheal diseases in general. Where resistance is uncommon, the treatment of choice

4420-867: The winter, and she lived mostly with him until her own marriage. After New York, he traveled to Southern California , Mexico , Japan, and the Pacific Islands of Java and Bali . Soon he bought a spacious house in Hollywood , but in 1948 sold it and moved into a studio in Rustic Canyon in Santa Monica . There he taught small groups of students, painted, and entertained. In 1955 he died in Santa Monica. In 1976 his daughter Eya took his remains back to Russia for reinterment at Arskoe Cemetery in Kazan. The Russian artist Sergei Bongart bought

4488-595: Was developing as an arts center. The Taos mountains reminded him of the beauty he had seen in Siberia and he soon painted with fervor. He felt particularly close to the Native Americans, and many of his most acclaimed works done in the United States were of the Native Americans . Fechin had great affection for Taos and became a naturalized American citizen while living there. The Fechins purchased

4556-430: Was present circulating in the population. Pierre-Charlles-Alexandre Louis also performed case studies and statistical analysis to demonstrate that typhoid was contagious – and that persons who already had the disease seemed to be protected. Afterward, several American doctors confirmed these findings, and then Sir William Jenner convinced any remaining skeptics that typhoid is a specific disease recognizable by lesions in

4624-400: Was reported in 2016 and is now being used widely. This scheme reclassified the nomenclature of H58 to genotype 4.3.1. Unlike other strains of Salmonella , humans are the only known carriers of typhoid. S. enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhi is spread by the fecal-oral route from people who are infected and from asymptomatic carriers of the bacterium. An asymptomatic human carrier

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