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34-599: It was 11 digits long. The first four digits were the Federal Supply Classification Group (FSCG) code. This relates the item to the Federal Supply Group ( FSG ; digits 1 & 2) and Federal Supply Classification ( FSC ; digits 3 & 4) of similar items that it belongs to. The next seven digits were the unique item's serial number , or Federal Item Identification Number (FIIN) . It was designed to simplify and standardize

68-597: A deterrent against theft and counterfeit products, as they can be recorded, and stolen or otherwise irregular goods can be identified. Banknotes and other transferable documents of value bear serial numbers to assist in preventing counterfeiting and tracing stolen ones. They are valuable in quality control , as once a defect is found in the production of a particular batch of product, the serial number will identify which units are affected. Some items with serial numbers are automobiles , firearms , electronics, and appliances. In smartphones , serial numbers are extended to

102-444: A fixed number of bits, and will wrap around after sufficiently many numbers have been allocated. Thus, recently allocated serial numbers may duplicate very old serial numbers, but not other recently allocated serial numbers. To avoid ambiguity with these non-unique numbers, RFC   1982 "Serial Number Arithmetic", defines special rules for calculations involving these kinds of serial numbers. Lollipop sequence number spaces are

136-409: A more recent and sophisticated sit for dealing with finite-sized sequence numbers in protocols. Counterfeit A counterfeit is a fake or unauthorized replica of a genuine product, such as money, documents, designer items, or other valuable goods. Counterfeiting generally involves creating an imitation of a genuine item that closely resembles the original to deceive others into believing it

170-529: A product is authentic. The EUIPO Observatory on Infringements of Intellectual Property Rights has developed an anti-counterfeiting technology guide, to address the lack of information on technology solutions available on the market and help companies improve their protection against counterfeiting. In this guide, the main anti-counterfeiting technologies currently on the market are described, and classified into five main categories: The International Standard Organization has also published standards related to

204-757: A single instance of something. For example, the International Standard Serial Number or ISSN used on magazines, journals and other periodicals , an equivalent to the International Standard Book Number (ISBN) applied to books, is assigned to each periodical . It takes its name from the library science use of the word serial to mean a periodical. Certificates and certificate authorities (CA) are necessary for widespread use of cryptography . These depend on applying mathematically rigorous serial numbers and serial number arithmetic, again not identifying

238-405: A single instance of the content being protected. The term serial number is also used in military formations as an alternative to the expression service number . In air forces , the serial number is used to uniquely identify individual aircraft and is usually painted on both sides of the aircraft fuselage, most often in the tail area, although in some cases the serial is painted on the side of

272-806: Is a printing industry specialty, focused on creating legal documents which are difficult to forge. Counterfeit goods are products that illegally use a registered trademark on items identical or similar to the original, designed to mislead buyers into thinking they are purchasing authentic products. Similarly, pirated goods infringe copyright , typically involving unauthorized reproductions or distributions of copyrighted works, such as movies, music, or software. The exact definitions of both counterfeit and pirated goods can vary by country, depending on local intellectual property laws. The colloquial terms "dupe " (short for "duplicate") or "knockoff " are often used interchangeably with "counterfeit," though they have different meanings. Dupes and knockoffs generally mimic

306-432: Is a unique identifier used to uniquely identify an item, and is usually assigned incrementally or sequentially. Despite being called serial "numbers", they do not need to be strictly numerical and may contain letters and other typographical symbols , or may consist entirely of a character string . Serial numbers identify otherwise identical individual units, thereby serving various practical uses. Serial numbers are

340-498: Is a form of fraud , and is often a key technique in the execution of identity theft . Uttering is a term in United States law for the forgery of non-official documents, such as a trucking company's time and weight logs. Questioned document examination is a scientific process for investigating many aspects of various documents, and is often used to examine the provenance and verity of a suspected forgery. Security printing

374-505: Is authentic. Counterfeit products are often made to take advantage of the higher value of the original product, typically using lower-quality materials or production methods. Counterfeit food, drinks, medicines, and personal care products can contain harmful or inactive ingredients, causing anything from mild issues to serious, life-threatening. Counterfeit footwear, clothing, and accessories have been found to contain high levels of lead , arsenic , and phthalates . Counterfeit money

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408-475: Is currency that is produced without the legal sanction of the state or government; this is a crime in all jurisdictions of the world. The United States Secret Service , mostly known for its guarding-of-officials task, was initially organized primarily to combat the counterfeiting of U.S. dollars in the wake of the American Civil War . Both sides had printed counterfeit notes in attempts to destabilize

442-434: Is found to be using the software, the legitimate user can be identified from the code. It is usually not impossible, however, for an unauthorised user to create a valid but unallocated code either by trying many possible codes, or reverse engineering the software; use of unallocated codes can be monitored if the software makes an Internet connection. The term serial number is sometimes used for codes which do not identify

476-465: Is out of reach for many people, not just because of international sanctions and low wages, but because exclusivity is built into its business model. Social and cultural forces are driving the unique fashion scene. In particular, social media has a huge influence on over these markets giving people images of things they can't own and further fueling the desire to obtains certain " hyped " items by any means accessible. Designers have even begun to acknowledge

510-728: The Defense Munitions Board . In 1947 they created the Cataloging Agency , a subordinate entity in charge of managing the Joint Army-Navy Catalog System . The Cataloging Agency began using the Federal Stock Number system for the first time in 1949 (though not referred to as such), but the other systems were still in use. The use of a centralized system for defense procurement and issue was approved on July 1, 1952 with

544-516: The Department of Defense 's supply chain. Counterfeit culture is the thriving markets surrounding fake streetwear . Most commonly, these markets originate out of areas where the inability to buy popular streetwear brands has fueled more sophisticated markets for counterfeit goods. These markets have spawned the emergence of a tribe of widely available copycat brands. In countries like North Korea and Russia where trade sanctions were imposed in

578-800: The Ordnance Supply Catalog , which was managed by the US Army Ordnance Corps . The Quartermaster Stock Number (QSN), which codified items by government contract number, was created by the Treasury Department in 1943; it was used by the US Army Quartermaster Corps officially from 1946 to 1956. The Medical Departments of the Army , Navy and Air Force each had their own systems as well. The first attempt at an inter-service system

612-595: The Shuttleworth Collection , or K5054 —the prototype Supermarine Spitfire . The serial number follows the aircraft throughout its period of service. In 2009, the U.S. FDA published draft guidance for the pharmaceutical industry to use serial numbers on prescription drug packages. This measure is intended to enhance the traceability of drugs and to help prevent counterfeiting . Serial numbers are often used in network protocols . However, most sequence numbers in computer protocols are limited to

646-686: The United States Senate Committee on Armed Services in March 2011 revealed over 1,800 cases of suspected counterfeit electronic parts within more than 1 million defense-related products. A follow-up report in 2012 found that counterfeit parts came "overwhelmingly from China." By 2022, concerns over counterfeit components in the supply chain persisted, notably affecting the F-35 fighter jets . In 2023, Forbes reported that Chinese materials, components, and software were still present in

680-485: The cataloging of common items in use by the Department of Defense . It replaced the earlier hodgepodge of cataloging systems in use. The Standard Nomenclature List (SNL) was created by the US Army Ordnance Corps in 1930 and was used until 1958. The Ammunition Identification Code (AIC) was a subset of the SNL concerning munitions and explosives that was used from January, 1942 to 1958. The SNL and AIC were listed in

714-411: The trend of counterfeit culture by referencing fake or knock-off goods in their designs. This brought counterfeit culture into the realm of popular culture and has essentially shifted global acceptance towards becoming more lenient of these products as an appropriate alternative. Anti-counterfeiting technologies are added to products or their packaging to allow consumers or inspectors to check whether

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748-730: The EU, imports of counterfeit and pirated products reached as high as €119 billion (approximately $ 134 billion), accounting for up to 5.8% of total imports that year. The increase in counterfeit goods sales, driven by the rise of globalized supply chains and e-commerce, is enabled through the use of small packages, sometimes referred to as de minimis shipments . Counterfeit goods purchased from e-commerce websites or social media apps are shipped in small packages to bypass customs inspections and exploit de minimis benefits, such as duty-free imports and expedited customs processing, allowing them to reach buyers directly. In 2023, 92% of counterfeit seizures in

782-475: The U.S. involved small packages. China (including Hong Kong) is a major source of counterfeit goods, responsible for an estimated 80% of the world’s counterfeits, contributing over 1.5% to its GDP, and accounting for 84% of all counterfeit items seized by U.S. Customs and Border Protection in 2023. Other significant sources include India, Thailand, the Philippines, Turkey, Vietnam, Colombia, Mexico, and

816-477: The United Arab Emirates. The most frequently seized counterfeit items are footwear, clothing, leather goods, and electrical machinery and electronic equipment. In 2023, apparel and accessories made up 26.2% of the counterfeit goods seized by U.S. Customs and Border Protection . Counterfeit components are also present in the military supply chain. A report from an investigation initiated by

850-613: The aircraft's fin/rudder(s). Because of this, the serial number is sometimes called a tail number . In the UK Royal Air Force (RAF) the individual serial takes the form of two letters followed by three digits, e.g., BT308 —the prototype Avro Lancaster , or XS903 —an English Electric Lightning F.6 at one time based at RAF Binbrook . During the Second World War RAF aircraft that were secret or carrying secret equipment had "/G" (for "Guard") appended to

884-474: The integrated components in addition to the electronic device as a whole, also known as serialization. This gives unique individual parts such as the screen, battery, chip and camera a separate serial number. This is queried by the software for proper release for use. This practice by manufacturers limits the serial number electronic devices. Serial numbers may be used to identify individual physical or intangible objects; for example, computer software or

918-422: The other's economy, an example of economic warfare . Counterfeit government bonds are public debt instruments that are produced without legal sanction, with the intention of "cashing them in" for authentic currency or using them as collateral to secure loans or lines of credit through legitimate channels. Forgery is the process of making facsimiles or adapting documents with the intention to deceive. It

952-752: The passing of the Defense Cataloging And Standardization Act (Public Law 82-436) The first comprehensive Federal Catalog, which listed items by their FSN, was created in 1957. In 1958, the Armed Forces Supply Support Center (AFSSC) was created to manage the Federal Catalog. The Federal Stock Number was officially replaced by the National Stock Number (NSN) beginning on September 30, 1974. The National Stock Number

986-409: The past to prevent the importation of popular brands, demand was stimulated for available counterfeit alternatives. The economic standing of a country or region also contributed to the demand for these products as the average consumer can't afford luxury prices but will gain the same social impact purchasing a knock-off whose quality is almost indistinguishable from the original's. Luxury streetwear

1020-762: The physical look of other products without copying the brand name or logo of a trademarked item, unlike counterfeits. Despite this distinction, counterfeits are frequently misleadingly marketed as dupes. According to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ), the presence of counterfeit goods in global trade has grown substantially. In 2005, counterfeit and illegally copied products accounted for up to $ 200 billion in international trade. This figure rose to $ 250 billion by 2007, representing 1.95% of world trade, up from 1.85% in 2000. By 2019, counterfeit and pirated goods made up approximately 2.5% of global trade, valued at an estimated $ 464 billion. In

1054-430: The right to play an online multiplayer game. The purpose and application is different. A software serial number, otherwise called a product key , is usually not embedded in the software but is assigned to a specific user with a right to use the software. The software will function only if a potential user enters a valid product code. The vast majority of possible codes are rejected by the software. If an unauthorised user

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1088-499: The serial, denoting that the aircraft was to have an armed guard at all times while on the ground, e.g., LZ548/G —the prototype de Havilland Vampire jet fighter , or ML926/G —a de Havilland Mosquito XVI experimentally fitted with H2S radar . Prior to this scheme the RAF, and predecessor Royal Flying Corps (RFC), utilised a serial consisting of a letter followed by four figures, e.g., D8096 —a Bristol F.2 Fighter currently owned by

1122-477: Was the Army-Navy Munitions Board , which would procure common items for the Army , Navy , and Marine Corps . Items received the prefix "AN/" (for Army & Navy ) to indicate their common use (and procured items like radios and some hand-grenades still do to this day). This existed from 1940 to 1942 before falling into a deep bureaucratic hibernation until 1945. In 1946, it was renamed

1156-614: Was the same number as the FSN, plus the two-digit National Codification Bureau (NCB) "Country Code" added between the FSCG code and the item code. The US government added the code numbers "00" in the place of the NCB digits to all FSN numbers to create compliant American NSN numbers. The National Item Identification Number (NIIN) is the two-digit Country Code plus the seven-digit Item Identification Code. Serial number A serial number

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