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46-684: The Treaty of Federation refers to three documents of the same content, signed by representatives of the and the Russian Federation. It was approved by the 6th Congress of People's Deputies of Russia on 10 April 1992. The provisions of the Treaty were included in the Constitution of 1978 , introducing the basic principles of federalism in Russia. The objective of the treaty was to prevent ethnic separatist movements from disintegrating

92-554: A resemblance to an enclosed gallery. The second tier is divided by pilasters and richly decorated with carved white-stone platbands in Russian-Byzantine style with double arches in the centre, typical for Russian architecture of the 17th century . Before 1917, the facade of the palace was decorated with five white-stone bas-reliefs in the form of two-headed eagles , above which were the emblems of Moscow , St Petersburg , Kazan , Astrakhan , Poland and Tavrida . After

138-823: A total of 14 fractions remained and 200-210 deputies still haven't declared membership in any fractions. The Democratic Russia Bloc collapsed, and resulted in formation of two new blocs – “Reform Coalition” and “Democratic Centre”. A new bloc called “Russian Unity” formed by the conservative communists and their sympathizers and centre-left “Creative Forces” bloc was formed by the moderate left. Together they constituted majority and voiced opposition to Yeltsin and many of his policies. However, as of March 1993, they still lacked supermajority required for impeachment. Grand Kremlin Palace The Grand Kremlin Palace ( Russian : Большой Кремлёвский дворец , romanized :  Bolshoy Kremlyovskiy dvorets )

184-659: A year. The Congress gathered in the Grand Kremlin Palace (except the Xth congress that gathered in the White House ) and held a total of ten sessions. Its last session was held after the presidential dissolution decree, and was interrupted by armed attack on the White House by forces loyal to the president of Russia , Boris Yeltsin . The Supreme Soviet of RSFSR (later Supreme Soviet of Russian Federation )

230-975: Is a building in the Moscow Kremlin . For much of the 19th century, it served as the official residence of the Russian emperor in Moscow, which was not then the capital of the Russian Empire . Designed by a team of architects under the management of Konstantin Thon , architect of the Kremlin Armoury and the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour , the palace was intended to emphasise the greatness of Russian autocracy . The Grand Kremlin Palace serves as

276-692: The Chairman of the parliament with no right to veto until July 10, 1991. Afterwards the president gained the right to a delaying veto, which could be bypassed by the Supreme Soviet through a simple majority vote. During its sessions the Supreme Soviet passed a total of 333 federal laws. The Chairman of the Supreme Soviet was elected by the Congress. He was the Head of State in Russian SFSR until

322-535: The October Revolution , they were replaced with the letters СССР and the coat of arms of the Soviet Union . The palace has a geometric plan characteristic of late classicism . However, the main entrance is not in the centre of the main facade, but in the eastern part of the palace, which was unusual for the architecture of that period. The entranceway is modestly decorated and is highlighted on

368-569: The Russian Constitution of 1993, which stipulated that all federal subjects had equal rights in their relationships with the federal government. Congress of People%27s Deputies of Russia The Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian SFSR ( Russian : Съезд народных депутатов РСФСР ) and since 1992 Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian Federation ( Russian : Съезд народных депутатов Российской Федерации )

414-517: The Russian Empire . It corresponded to the Order of St. Andrew, which Peter the Great established in 1698. The hall was used for ceremonial events and the coronations of Alexander II , Alexander III and Nicholas II were held within its walls. Initially, the centrepiece of the room was the throne of the incumbent monarch, decorated with carvings and precious stones. At the end of the 19th century,

460-712: The Supreme Soviet of the USSR . In 1993, Russian President Boris Yeltsin ordered the restoration of the historic appearance of the chambers. After the reconstruction, the room was used for solemn meetings and events. Now the hall is used for sessions of the State Council and meetings of foreign ambassadors. The inauguration of the Russian president takes place in the Hall of the Order of St. Andrew. The Hall of

506-544: The Supreme Soviet of the USSR ; but they were lavishly restored in accordance with Thon's designs in the 1990s. The Grand Kremlin Palace is 125 metres long and 47 metres high. The total area of the complex exceeds 25,000 square metres. In plan, the Grand Kremlin Palace is presented in the form of a square with a small Cour d'honneur , in the centre of which was the Church of the Saviour on Boru, demolished in

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552-648: The Vice President and the President of the Council of Ministers . Chairmen of the Supreme Soviet of Russian SFSR: Boris Yeltsin ran for the post of Chairman as a CPSU member twice unsuccessfully, gaining 497 and 503 votes respectively, out of 531 required to be elected. The CPSU then nominated a more moderate candidate, the President of the Council of Ministers , Alexander Vlasov . President of USSR Mikhail Gorbachev publicly spoke out against Yeltsin at

598-436: The general election on 4 March 1990 , but the actual size varied due to several reelections and structural changes. 900 deputies were elected from the territorial regions, proportional to population; 168 more from the national-territorial regions: 64 from the 16 Autonomous Republics (four from each), 10 from the five autonomous regions (two from each), 10 from the 10 autonomous area (one from each), 84 from krais , oblasts , and

644-573: The 16th century Church of St. John the Baptist, constructed to a design by Aloisio the New in place of the first church ever built in Moscow. The palace by Thon is 124 metres long, 47 metres high, and has a total area of about 25,000 square metres. It includes the earlier Terem Palace , nine churches from the 14th, 16th, and 17th centuries, the Holy Vestibule, and over 700 rooms. The buildings of

690-468: The 1930s. The main façade of the complex faces the Kremlin embankment, with the palace's Annunciation Entrance overlooking Sobornaya Square . Architect Konstantin Thon repeated the composition of the previous palace complex, consisting of various buildings of different times. Art historians suppose that following the peculiarities of Old Russian architecture the complex was asymmetrical. Presumably,

736-748: The Communist Bloc, and the Democratic Russia Bloc. The “Democratic Russia” and its allies were initially in the majority, which allowed Yeltsin to be elected as the Chairman of the Presidium. During the fifth session, dual membership in fractions was outlawed, “one deputy – one fraction” law was passed. However, dual membership still remained an issue and in April 1992 there were 30 deputies with membership in several fractions. By 1993,

782-429: The Congress session. After that, Yeltsin ran again on 29 May 1990 and gained 535 votes (50.52%), consequently becoming the leader of Russian SFSR. On 17 March 1991 a national referendum was held in Russia in which 54% voted for the introduction of the post of President of RSFSR. On 12 June 1991, Boris Yeltsin won the election with 57% and became the first president. After he took office on 10 July, six election rounds in

828-451: The Congress were unable to elect a new Chairman. On October 29, Ruslan Khasbulatov was elected with 559 votes (52.79%). During the first session of the Congress, 86% were card-carrying members of the CPSU . This number declined steadily as more people resigned from the party, however new major parties were not quick enough to form, leaving a large percentage of the Congress non-partisan. CPSU

874-594: The Great in 1782. Light enters the hall only through a lantern in the centre of the hipped dome from which hangs a tiered chandelier made in a factory in St Petersburg. The three-toned structure was originally placed in The Anteroom, for which it proved too large, and it was later re-hung in The Hall of the Order of St. Vladimir. The room also had four-floor lamps of dark bronze. The spatial composition of

920-459: The Order of St. Catherine served as the throne room for Russian empresses and was named after the Order of St. Catherine , established in 1714. Flanking the entrance are pilasters on massive pillars decorated with malachite mosaic patterns. The walls are decorated with orderly reliefs, made in filigree and decorated with rhinestones. The parquet was designed by Fedor Solntsev . In the 20th century,

966-401: The Palace form a rectangle with an inner courtyard. The building appears to be three storeys, but is actually two; the upper floor has high ceilings and two sets of windows. The west building of the Palace held state reception halls and the imperial family's private chambers. Five reception halls (Georgievsky, Vladimirsky, Aleksandrovsky, Andreyevsky, and Ekaterininsky) are named for orders of

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1012-464: The Russian Empire. The walls of the room are decorated with gold embossed stars and insignia with the motto "For Service and Bravery" (" Za Sluzhbu i Khrabrost "). The room is covered by a semi-cylindrical coffered ceiling supported by eighteen pylons. At the top, they are decorated with statues symbolising the country's military victories. By order of the emperor, marble plaques with a list of

1058-997: The Russian Empire: the Orders of St. George , St. Vladimir , St. Alexander , St. Andrew , and St. Catherine . The Georgievsky Hall is used today for state and diplomatic receptions and official ceremonies. International treaties are signed in the Vladimirsky Hall, which also leads to the Palace of Facets , the Tsarina's Golden Chamber , the Terem Palace, the Winter Palace, and the Palace of Congresses . Aleksandrovsky Hall and Andreyevsky Hall were combined in Soviet times to be used for meetings and conferences of

1104-591: The Russian Federation") and some of the most-important powers (passage of and amendment of the Constitution , approval of the Prime Minister of Russia and the holders of the highest public offices, selection of the members of the committee of constitutional supervision (judges of Constitutional Court since 1991), declaration of referendums, impeachment of the president, etc.) were exclusive powers of Congress, exercised solely by it. The Congress officially consisted of 1068 deputies, most of whom were elected in

1150-470: The arcade of the ground floor was an allegory for the composition of the palace of Ivan III , and the winter garden corresponded to the ancient Kremlin parks. The façades of the complex corresponding to the decoration of the Terem Palace , in particular, the architect repeated the framing of the windows in greatly enlarged dimensions. They are in the form of arches with narrow piers, giving the building

1196-465: The cities of Moscow and Leningrad . A total of 1,059 deputies were elected by the beginning of the first session of the Congress on 16 May 1990. 1037 deputies were present on 21 September 1993; 938 on 4 October 1993. Two thirds of the deputies had to be present for the Congress to meet the quorum . Constitutionally the Congress was required to meet every year, but actually due to the turbulent events during these years it met from two to three times

1242-581: The columns are made of natural Serdobol marble. A staircase leads to the first floor to the vestibule, from where the enfilade of grand double-height halls and ceremonial chambers begins. Next to the main entrance on the ground floor is a marble vestibule with polished granite columns, as well as the Own Half of the Imperial Family. The Grand Kremlin Palace is the current residence of the Russian president, where official events are held. For example,

1288-404: The complex and is connected with The Hall of the Order of St. George by massive silver-plated doors with gold ornaments, depicting the Order's ribbons and stars. The rectangular room is 31 metres long, 20 metres wide and 20 metres high. The hall is decorated with the coats of arms of the provinces and districts of the Russian Empire , wall mirrors, four marble fireplaces and candelabrums made in

1334-519: The creation of the post of President of Russia on 10 July 1991. He signed treaties (without the right to veto), nominated candidates for the Head of Government, conducted diplomacy and signed international agreements. From 10 July, the Chairman was demoted to the head of the legislative branch of government, a parliamentary speaker . He was also the fourth in line of succession to the Presidency, after

1380-476: The factories of the Duke of Leuchtenberg . From above, it is covered by an elliptical dome on four pylons with images of the Order's coats of arms, stars and the monogram of St. Alexander . The parquet is of thirty species of wood. Initially in The Hall of the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky six paintings of the artist Feodor Moller, representing the moments from Alexander Nevskiy's life , were placed: his entrance to

1426-599: The halls of the Grand Kremlin Palace were used for meetings of the Soviet of the Union and the Soviet of Nationalities , as well as various committees during sessions of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR . During World War II , solemn meetings with foreign delegations were organised in the Grand Kremlin Palace. Seventeen events were held within the walls of The Hall of the Order of St. Catherine during this period. Chinese diplomat Soong Ziwen and General Dwight Eisenhower , among others, were present at these receptions. As of 2018,

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1472-791: The inauguration of the President of Russia takes place in The Hall of the Order of St. Andrew . Excursions take place during free time from official events according to requests from organisations addressed to the Head of the Commandant's Office of the Moscow Kremlin. Visitors may see the Faceted Chamber , the premises of the Teremnoy Palace, the Private Half of Their Imperial Majesties, and the ceremonial halls of

1518-713: The liberated Pskov , The Battle of the Neva , his marriage with the Polotsk princess, his stay in Golden Horde . In the 1930s the room was reconstructed and became part of the Assembly Hall. The interiors were restored in 1994-1999 and the room was subsequently used for meetings of the State Council . The Hall of the Order of St. Vladimir was named after the Order of St. Vladimir, instituted by Catherine

1564-519: The most important events in the history of Russia during this period, such as the declaration of state sovereignty of Russia within the USSR (June 1990), the rise of Boris Yeltsin , and economic reforms. The Congress had the power to pass laws by majority, which must then be signed by the President (with no right to veto until July 1991). The Congress held the ultimate power in the country (that is, power to decide on "any questions within jurisdiction of

1610-469: The newly independent Russian Federation, as had happened to the Soviet Union . The autonomous regions agreed to remain part of Russia in return for a greater autonomy and a larger share of natural resources. Chechnya and Tatarstan refused to sign the treaty. The treaty established republics as having greater power compared to other federal subjects of Russia. This legal imbalance was addressed by

1656-484: The official working residence of the president of Russia and also houses a museum. The Grand Kremlin Palace was built between 1837 and 1849 to serve as the tsar 's Moscow residence, on the site of the estate of the Grand Princes , which had been established in the 14th century on Borovitsky Hill ; its construction involved the demolition of the previous Baroque palace on the site, designed by Rastrelli , and

1702-659: The orders, except for the Catherine Palace. The tour itinerary also does not include the Emperor's study and the Golden Chamber of Tsaritsyno. The Hall of the Order of St. George (Georgievsky Hall) is the first and largest of the staterooms of the palace. It was named after the Order of St. George the Victorious, which was approved by Catherine II in 1769 and which was the highest military decoration of

1748-408: The outside by a pair of lights hanging on chains. The shape of the doors corresponds to the window openings. The location of the entrance was necessitated by the need to accommodate a straight grand staircase of 66 steps, the length of which would not have allowed the structure to be installed in the centre of the complex. It is made of Revel stone. The walls of the room are made of artificial marble and

1794-539: The pedestal was replaced by three seats for Emperor Nicholas II , Empresses Alexandra Feodorovna and Maria Feodorovna . After the Russian Revolution , the Comintern congresses, conventions and summit meetings were held in the Hall of the Order of St. Andrew. In 1933-1934, the Hall of the Order of St. Andrew and the Hall of the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky were merged and rebuilt to hold meetings of

1840-555: The regiments, crews and batteries which had received the St George Colors were installed in the room. In addition, the names of all the holders of the order were engraved on the walls. Initially, civil servants and representatives of the Moscow nobility gathered in St George's Hall during the celebrations. During a reception on the occasion of the 1945 Victory Parade, invited servicemen gathered in St George's Hall. The room

1886-470: The room reminds of a baptistery and is designed as a rotunda with a by-pass gallery and a balustrade on the first-floor level. The room was originally a square in plan with sides of sixteen metres each, but the niches in the corners give it a resemblance to an octagon. The decoration of the room corresponded to the symbols of the Order and was done in a range of white, pink and pale green colours. The walls and pilasters are lined with pink and white marble, and

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1932-409: The star-shaped parquet is made of more than twenty kinds of wood. The dome of the hall is decorated with mouldings depicting the Order of St. Vladimir. After 1918, the Hall of the Order of St. Vladimir was used for signing treaties between the USSR and foreign countries. The Hall of the Order of St. Andrew was the main room in the enfilade of official rooms dedicated to the military honours of

1978-747: Was a legislative body elected by the Congress to govern between the Congressional sessions. It consisted of 252 deputies, divided into the Council of the Republic (126 deputies) elected proportionately to the population size, and another 126 deputies from the Council of Nationalities , representing the federal subjects of Russia . The Supreme Soviet was entrusted with the power to pass laws, ratify treaties, assign cabinet members (until 1991) and judges, declare amnesty, and approve presidential decrees. The laws passed by Supreme Soviet were to be signed by

2024-515: Was banned by president Yeltsin in November 1991 due to the attempted August Coup . The party collapsed completely during the collapse of Soviet Union, and in Russia it was replaced by CPRF . During the first session of the Congress, 24 deputy fractions were registered, numbering 50 to 355 deputies. Dual membership was allowed, so the fraction membership numbered 200% of the entire Congress. Two major blocs quickly formed in opposition to each other –

2070-406: Was subsequently used for the presentation of military awards, decorations and prizes to figures of science and culture, as well as meetings of party representatives with civilians. The Hall of the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky was named after the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky, established by Catherine I in 1725. The room is situated in the central part of the first floor on the south façade of

2116-583: Was the supreme government institution in the Russian SFSR and in the Russian Federation from 16 May 1990 to 21 September 1993. Elected on 4 March 1990 for a period of five years, it was dissolved (without constitutional authority) by presidential decree during the Russian constitutional crisis of 1993 and ended de facto when the Russian White House was attacked on 4 October 1993. The Congress played an important role in some of

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