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34-574: The American Deluxe line replaced the Plus Series models of 1987. The entire range came with options such as solid tonewood bodies made from alder or ash , chrome or gold-plated hardware, aged plastic parts, Noiseless pickups , abalone shell dot position fingerboard inlays , a dark aluminum "spaghetti" decal, 22-fret maple necks featuring rosewood , maple or ebony fretboards, quilted or flamed maple tops, rolled fingerboard edges, Fender S-1 switching, highly detailed nut and fret work,

68-608: A Fender High-Mass Vintage (HMV) bridge, Hipshot lightweight vintage tuners, a recessed string retainer bar on the A string, tinted necks with 21-fret compound radiused fretboards and 1970s-era styling. Some of the design elements found on the American Deluxe instruments (such as the rolled fretboard edges, the HSH pickup routing and the nut and fret work) were adopted on the American Series models of 2001 (which replaced

102-460: A bound top with contoured back on Telecasters , a two-point synchronized tremolo with pop-in arm, LSR roller nut on the HSS model Stratocaster, and staggered locking tuning machines on certain models. American Deluxe bass guitars (introduced in 1995) came in 4-string, fretless, 5-string and left-handed versions and feature 9V-powered 3-band active electronics (including a new design of humbucker on

136-418: A little less than 1/8". When wood is used as the neck of an instrument, it can be described using beam theory . Flexural rigidity of a beam (defined as E I {\displaystyle EI} ) varies along the length as a function of x shown in the following equation: where E {\displaystyle E} is the flexural modulus for the material, I {\displaystyle I}

170-452: A new design of stacked "single-pole" Jazz Bass pickups (designed by John Suhr ). Vintage Noiseless pickups, a dark aluminum Fender "spaghetti" logo and abalone inlaid fingerboards were added in 1998; 5-bolt neck fixing, 4+1 tuners, 18V power supply and Schaller Lite Bass tuning machines followed 4 years later (replaced by Hipshot UltraLite tuners as of 2006). As of March 23, 2010, all American Deluxe basses came with an active/passive switch,

204-716: A small proportion of total supply and can be expensive. Some tonewoods are particularly hard to find on the open market, and small-scale instrument makers often turn to reclamation, for instance from disused salmon traps in Alaska, various old construction in the U.S Pacific Northwest, from trees that have blown down, or from specially permitted removals in conservation areas where logging is not generally permitted. Mass market instrument manufacturers have started using Asian and African woods, such as Bubinga ( Guibourtia species) and Wenge ( Millettia laurentii ), as inexpensive alternatives to traditional tonewoods. The Fiemme Valley , in

238-509: A traditional control plate with classic black bakelite knobs, a downsized body shape and a redesigned pickguard with nine holes. Fender also produced models with rear routed controls featuring flamed or quilted maple tops (FMT/QMT), gold hardware and bound necks with white pearloid rectangular block-shaped position markers from 2003 to 2007. Models produced prior to 2002 used 4-bolt neck fixing, 5-in-line headstocks , black or white dot markers, Schaller die-cast tuners, 9V power supply and

272-552: Is flexural modulus in Pascals (i.e. the number in the table multiplied by 10 ), and ρ is the density in kg/m , as in the table. From this, it can be seen that the loudness of the top of a stringed instrument increases with stiffness, and decreases with density. The loudest wood tops, such as Sitka Spruce, are lightweight and stiff, while maintaining the necessary strength. Denser woods, for example Hard Maple, often used for necks, are stronger but not as loud (R = 6 vs. 12). When wood

306-515: Is a constant need for density and thickness monitoring and gamma-ray sensors have shown good performance in this case. Certain species of softwood are more resistant to insect attack from woodworm , as certain insects prefer damp hardwood. Softwood is the source of about 80% of the world's production of timber , with traditional centres of production being the Baltic region (including Scandinavia and Russia ), North America and China. Softwood

340-476: Is actually a thermally-modified Maple. "Roasted" Maple necks are increasingly popular as manufacturers claim increased stiffness and stability in changing conditions (heat and humidity). However, while engineering tests of the ThermoWood method indicated increased resistance to humidity, they also showed a significant reduction in strength (ultimate breaking point), while stiffness (flexural modulus) remained

374-435: Is enormous variation with the range of wood hardness of the two groups overlapping. For example, balsa wood, which is a hardwood, is softer than most softwoods, whereas the longleaf pine , Douglas fir , and yew softwoods are much harder than several hardwoods. Softwoods are generally most used by the construction industry and are also used to produce paper pulp , and card products. In many of these applications, there

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408-443: Is flexural modulus for the material, H {\displaystyle H} is the plate thickness, and ν {\displaystyle \nu } is Poisson's ratio for the material. Plate rigidity has units of Pascal·m (equivalent to N·m), since it refers to the moment per unit length per unit of curvature, and not the total moment. Of course, wood is not isotropic , it's orthotropic , so this equation describes

442-404: Is for deformation along the radial axis caused by stress along the longitudinal axis. The shrink volume percent shown here is the amount of shrinkage in all three dimensions as the wood goes from green to oven-dry. This can be used as a relative indicator of how much the dry wood will change as humidity changes, sometimes referred to as the instrument's "stability". However, the stability of tuning

476-409: Is kept at a humidity that is significantly lower than that at which it was built, it may crack. Therefore, valuable instruments must be contained in controlled environments to prevent cracking, especially cracking of the top. Some guitar manufacturers subject the wood to rarefaction , which mimics the natural aging process of tonewoods. Torrefaction is also used for this purpose, but it often changes

510-643: Is measured at 12% moisture content of the wood, i.e. air at 70 °F and 65% relative humidity. Most professional luthiers will build at 8% moisture content (45% relative humidity), and such wood would weigh less on average than that reported here, since it contains less water. Data comes from the Wood Database, except for 𝜈 LR , Poisson's ratio , which comes from the Forest Product Laboratory, United States Forest Service, United States Department of Agriculture. The ratio displayed here

544-513: Is opposed to hardwood , which is the wood from angiosperm trees. The main differences between hardwoods and softwoods is that the softwoods completely lack vessels (pores). The main softwood species (pines, spruces, larches, false tsugas) also have resin canals (or ducts) in their structure. Softwood is wood from gymnosperm trees such as pines and spruces . Softwoods are not necessarily softer than hardwoods. The hardest hardwoods are much harder than any softwood, but in both groups there

578-445: Is primarily due to the length-wise shrinkage of the neck, which is typically only about 0.1% to 0.2% green to dry. The volume shrinkage is mostly due to the radial and tangential shrinkage. In the case of a neck (quarter-sawn), the radial shrinkage affects the thickness of the neck, and the tangential shrinkage affects the width of the neck. Given the dimensions involved, this shrinkage should be practically unnoticeable. The shrinkage of

612-571: Is the second moment of area (in m ), y {\displaystyle y} is the transverse displacement of the beam at x , and M ( x ) {\displaystyle M(x)} is the bending moment at x . Beam flexural rigidity has units of Pascal·m (equivalent to N·m²). The amount of deflection at the end of a cantilevered beam is: w C = P L 3 3 E I {\displaystyle w_{C}={\tfrac {PL^{3}}{3EI}}} where P {\displaystyle P}

646-411: Is the point load at the end, and L {\displaystyle L} is the length. So deflection is inversely proportional to E I {\displaystyle EI} . Given two necks of the same shape and dimensions, I {\displaystyle I} becomes a constant, and deflection becomes inversely proportional to E {\displaystyle E} —in short,

680-425: Is used as the top of an acoustic instrument, it can be described using plate theory and plate vibrations . The flexural rigidity of an isotropic plate is: D = E H 3 12 ( 1 − ν 2 ) {\displaystyle D={\cfrac {EH^{3}}{12(1-\nu ^{2})}}} where E {\displaystyle E}

714-463: The Precision Bass models) as well as a strings-through/top-load bridge with stainless brass saddles , Hipshot UltraLite tuning machines, an asymmetrical 5-bolt neck plate with a contoured heel, designed for easier access to the higher registers and a Posiflex graphite-reinforced 22-fret maple neck with rosewood , maple or pao ferro fingerboard. Jazz Basses are made with chrome hardware,

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748-515: The Alps of Northern Italy, has long served as a source of high-quality spruce for musical instruments, dating from the violins of Antonio Stradivari to the piano soundboards of the contemporary maker Fazioli . Tonewood choices vary greatly among different instrument types. Guitar makers generally favor quartersawn wood because it provides added stiffness and dimensional stability. Soft woods, like spruce, may be split rather than sawn into boards so

782-554: The S-1 switching system has been reconfigured with a Passing Lane switch on the humbucker-equipped models. As of January 2016, the American Deluxe series was discontinued and they were replaced with the American Elite series. Tonewood Tonewood refers to specific wood varieties used for woodwind or acoustic stringed instruments. The word implies that certain species exhibit qualities that enhance acoustic properties of

816-463: The board surface follows the grain as much as possible, thus limiting run-out . For most applications, wood must be dried before use, either in air or kilns. Some luthiers prefer further seasoning for several years. Wood for instruments is typically used at 8% moisture content (which is in equilibrium with air at 45% relative humidity). This is drier than usually produced by kilns, which is 12% moisture content (65% relative humidity). If an instrument

850-495: The body or framing element of an instrument. Woods used for woodwind instruments include African blackwood, ( Dalbergia melanoxylon ), also known as grenadilla, used in modern clarinets and oboes. Bassoons are usually made of Maple, especially Norway maple ( Acer platanoides ) . Wooden flutes, recorders, and baroque and classical period instruments may be made of various hardwoods, such as pear ( Pyrus species), boxwood ( Buxus species), or ebony ( Diospyros species). Some of

884-421: The cosmetic properties of the wood. Guitar builders using torrefied soundboards claim improved tone, similar to that of an aged instrument. Softwoods such as Spruce, Cedar, and Redwood, which are commonly used for guitar soundboards, are easier to torrefy than hardwoods, such as Maple. On inexpensive guitars, it is increasingly common to use a product called "Roseacer" for the fretboard, which mimics Rosewood, but

918-414: The first-generation American Standard line produced between 1986 and 2000) and the more recent American Standard Series instruments, introduced in 2008. The American Deluxe was later updated with Samarium Cobalt Noiseless (SCN) pickups by Fender in 2004. As of March 23, 2010, all American Deluxe series guitars came with a tinted maple neck with compound/conical-radius fretboards, N3 noiseless pickups and

952-495: The higher this number for a given wood species, the less a neck will deflect under a given force (i.e. from the strings). Read more about mechanical properties in Wood for Guitars. In addition to perceived differences in acoustic properties, a luthier may use a tonewood because of: Many tonewoods come from sustainable sources through specialist dealers. Spruce, for example, is very common, but large pieces with even grain represent

986-441: The instruments, but other properties of the wood such as aesthetics and availability have always been considered in the selection of wood for musical instruments. According to Mottola's Cyclopedic Dictionary of Lutherie Terms , tonewood is: Wood that is used to make stringed musical instruments. The term is often used to indicate wood species that are suitable for stringed musical instruments and, by exclusion, those that are not. But

1020-398: The length of the neck, as a percent, is quite a bit less, but given the dimension, it is enough to affect the pitch of the strings. The sound radiation coefficient is defined as: R = E ρ 3 {\displaystyle R={\sqrt {\cfrac {E}{{\rho }^{3}}}}} where E {\displaystyle E}

1054-407: The list of species generally considered to be tonewoods changes constantly and has changed constantly throughout history. As a rough generalization it can be said that stiff-but-light softwoods (i.e. from coniferous trees) are favored for the soundboards or soundboard-like surface that transmits the vibrations of the strings to the ambient air. Hardwoods (i.e. from deciduous trees) are favored for

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1088-502: The mechanical properties of common tonewoods, sorted by density. See also Physical properties of wood . Density kg/m Hardness N Flexural modulus GPa Poisson's strain ratio Flexural strength MPa Compress strength MPa Shrink Volume % Sound radiation coefficient Rigidity 3mm plate N·m Basswood (Linden, Lime) Carbon-fiber/Epoxy, glass, aluminum, and steel added for comparison, since they are sometimes used in musical instruments. Density

1122-458: The rigidity in one orientation. For example, if we use 𝜈LR, then we get the rigidity when bending on the longitudinal axis (with the grain), as would be usual for an instrument's top. This is typically 10 to 20 times the cross-grain rigidity for most species. The value for D {\displaystyle D} shown in the table was calculated using this formula and a thickness H {\displaystyle H} of 3.0mm=0.118″, or

1156-457: The same or was slightly reduced. Although the reduction in strength can be controlled by reducing the temperature of the process, the manufacturer recommends not using its product for structural purposes. However, it is perhaps possible to compensate for this loss of strength in guitars by using carbon-fiber stiffeners in necks and increased bracing in tops. Softwood Softwood is wood from gymnosperm trees such as conifers . The term

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