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108-399: The magazine, whose name was a play on Herald Tribune (see below), and which billed itself as a "weekly magazine for Croatian anarchists , protesters and heretics ", commonly included a provocative satirical photomontage on the cover page, a short news section (titled " Informbiro "), editorials, interviews, a satirical section (titled "Feral Tromblon"), and sections on music, books and

216-517: A Communist. Then, as if that's not enough, then they declare that my wife is Jewish or Serbian. Luckily for me, she never was either, although many wives are. And so on and so forth spreading lies ... The part of the statement about his wife was later widely criticized, including by officials of the Simon Wiesenthal Center . Croatian historian Ante Nazor cited claims by Tuđman's son, Miroslav and Stijepo Mijović Kočan about

324-437: A Croatian interpretation of history turned many professors from University of Zagreb like Mirjana Gross and Ljubo Boban against him. In April 1964, Boban denounced Tuđman as a nationalist . During Tuđman's leadership the institute became a source of alternative interpretations of Yugoslav history which caused his conflict with official Yugoslav historiography. He did not have an appropriate academic degree to qualify him as

432-613: A Monday, the International Herald Tribune appeared on newsstands for the last time and ceased publication under that name. In 2016, the NYT Paris offices, acquired from the IHT, closed amid massive layoffs. The National Book Review called it "end of a romantic era in international journalism". The archives of the International Herald Tribune , all the articles from 1887 until 2013, were sold or licensed to

540-766: A Paris edition of his newspaper the New York Herald with offices at 49, avenue de l'Opéra. He called it the Paris Herald . When Bennett Jr. died, the Herald and its Paris edition came under the control of Frank Munsey . In 1924, Munsey sold the paper to the family of Ogden Reid , owners of the New-York Tribune , creating the New York Herald Tribune , while the Paris edition became

648-403: A baby), Ivica (born in 1924) and Stjepan "Štefek" (born in 1926). When Franjo Tuđman was seven, his mother Justina ( née  Gmaz ) died while bearing her fifth child. Tuđman's mother was a devout Catholic , unlike his father and stepmother. His father, like Stjepan Radić , had anticlerical attitudes and young Franjo adopted his views. As a child, Franjo Tuđman served as an altar boy in

756-458: A book publishing department which published a series of works by renowned contemporary authors and intellectuals from ex-Yugoslav countries, such as Arsen Dedić , Slavenka Drakulić , Milan Kangrga , Mirko Kovač , Izet Sarajlić and Nenad Veličković , foreign writers such as Isaiah Berlin , Norberto Bobbio , Leonard Cohen and George Soros , as well as works by their in-house columnists such as Boris Dežulović and Viktor Ivančić . Although

864-490: A businessman with close ties to the governing Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ) bought Slobodna Dalmacija , the weekly split off to form its own independent publication. On 1 June 1993, the publication launched its first independent issue with the headline " Ante Pavelić Found Alive", ironically suggesting that his political spirit was alive in Croatian life. Feral received little attention until Yugoslavia broke apart in

972-513: A contributor to the development of democracy in Croatia, but no help was actually offered. On 28 June 2007, the paper began publication again. It was reported that, due to financial difficulties, it was to be bought by Europa Press Holding (EPH), the largest publisher in Croatia ( Globus , Jutarnji list ), sparking speculation regarding the future of Feral's independence. However, in June 2008, after

1080-516: A high favorability rating among the Croatian public. Franjo Tuđman was born on 14 May 1922 in Veliko Trgovišće , a village in the northern Croatian region of Hrvatsko Zagorje , at the time part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes . The family moved to the house marked as his birthplace soon after he was born. His father Stjepan ran a local tavern and was a politically active member of

1188-804: A historian. He began to realize that he would need to obtain a doctorate in order to keep his position. His dissertation was entitled The Causes of the Crisis of the Yugoslav Monarchy from Unification in 1918 until Its Breakdown in 1941 , and was a compilation of some of his previously published works. The University of Zagreb's Faculty of Philosophy rejected his dissertation, on the grounds that some parts of it had already been published. The Faculty of Arts in Zadar (then part of University of Zagreb, today University of Zadar ) accepted it and he graduated on 28 December 1965. In his thesis, he stated that

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1296-603: A major offensive known as Operation Storm which effectively ended the war in Croatia. In the same year, he was one of the signatories of the Dayton Agreement that put an end to the Bosnian War. He was re-elected president in 1992 and 1997 and remained in power until his death in 1999. While supporters point out his role in achieving Croatian independence, critics have described his presidency as authoritarian . Surveys after Tuđman's death have generally shown

1404-723: A meeting in December 1991 with the HDZ BiH leadership Tuđman discussed the possibility of joining Herzeg-Bosnia to Croatia as he thought that Bosnian representatives were working to remain in Yugoslavia. There he criticized HDZ BiH president Stjepan Kljujić for siding with Izetbegović. However, in February 1992 he encouraged Croats in Bosnia and Herzegovina to support the upcoming Bosnian independence referendum . Izetbegović declared

1512-619: A member of the Croatian PEN centre. On 6 June 1987, he travelled to Canada with his wife to meet Croatian Canadians . They were trying not to discuss sensitive issues with emigrants abroad fearing that some might be agents of the Yugoslav secret police (UDBA), which was a common practice at the time. During his trips to Canada he met many Croatian emigrants who were natives of Herzegovina or were of Herzegovinian ancestry. Some of these later became Croatian government officials after

1620-613: A priest. When he was 15, his father brought him to Zagreb , where he met Vladko Maček , the president of the Croatian Peasant Party (HSS). At first young, Franjo liked the HSS, but later he turned towards communism . On 5 November 1940, he was arrested during student demonstrations celebrating the anniversary of the Soviet October Revolution . On 10 April 1941, when Slavko Kvaternik proclaimed

1728-705: A speech in which he called upon the whole population to mobilize and defend against "Greater Serbian imperialism" pursued by the Serb-led JNA, Serbian paramilitary formations, and rebel Serb forces. Two days later the Yugoslav Air Force bombed Banski Dvori , the seat of the Croatian Government in Zagreb, at the time when Tuđman had a meeting with Yugoslav president Stjepan Mesić and prime minister Ante Marković , none of whom were injured in

1836-422: A strong critical approach to the government. It criticised Prime Minister Ivica Račan for his unwillingness to distance himself from Tuđman's legacy and exposed corruption scandals related to his government. In 2003, after HDZ's return to power, Feral Tribune began to see a resurgence in popularity. In December 2005, Drago Hedl , the paper's editor, received an anonymous death threat by mail, for his reporting on

1944-501: A stronger ideological profile and promoting radical left views which alienated some of its old readers and allowed other Croatian newsweeklies, most notably Globus and Nacional , to rise in their relative popularity. Feral was also affected by personnel changes with the departure of one of its founders. While the magazine's circulation and influence were limited by these factors, the Feral Tribune continued to maintain

2052-556: A televised proclamation of neutrality, stating that " this is not our war ". The Bosniak leadership initially showed willingness to remain in a rump Yugoslavia, but later changed their policy and opted for independence. The Croat leadership started organizing themselves in Croat-majority areas and on 18 November 1991 established the Croatian Community of Herzeg-Bosnia as an autonomous Croat territorial unit. At

2160-531: A wild or undomesticated animal in English, it is unlikely that the Croatian-speaking editors chose the title Feral for its meaning in English. On the other hand, it is quite possible that the editorial office enjoyed the double entendre that it elicited among foreign observers, giving the newspaper title an aura of its editorial independence and unwillingness to be tamed by political pressure. Feral

2268-716: The Battle of Vukovar ended that left the city devastated. The JNA and Serbian irregulars seized control of about a quarter of Croatia's territory by the end of 1991. In December 1991, the SAO Krajina proclaimed itself the Republic of Serbian Krajina (RSK). Until the end of 1991 sixteen ceasefires were signed, none of which lasted longer than a day. On 19 December 1991, Iceland and Germany recognized Croatia's sovereignty. Many observers believe Tuđman's good relationship with Hans-Dietrich Genscher , Germany's foreign minister at

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2376-504: The Croatian Constitutional Court overturned the decision. Due to the change in the political system , there was nationwide confusion on many issues at the time. " Financial engineering ", corruption , and the renewed independence resulted in changes in the government , a burst of patriotism , nationalism , and xenophobia . As a political satire paper, the Feral Tribune provided significant material from

2484-709: The Croatian Home Guard . There, he was helping to activate a partisan division in Zagorje. On 11 May 1942, while carrying Belinić's letter, he was arrested by the Ustashas, but managed to escape from the police station. Franjo Tuđman and Ankica Žumbar were married on 25 May 1945 at the Belgrade City Council. In this way, they wanted to confirm their faith in the Communist movement and

2592-732: The Croatian Peasant Party (HSS). He had been president of the HSS committee in Veliko Trgovišće for 16 years (1925–1941 and had been elected as mayor of Veliko Trgovišće in 1936 and 1938). Mato, Andraš and Juraj, brothers of Stjepan Tuđman, emigrated to the United States . Another brother, Valentin, also tried to emigrate, but a travelling accident prevented him and kept him in Veliko Trgovišće, where he worked as an (uneducated) veterinarian . Besides Franjo, Stjepan Tuđman had an elder daughter Danica Ana (who died as

2700-590: The Faculty of Political Science, University of Zagreb where he taught a course called "Socialist Revolution and Contemporary National History". He left active army service in 1961 at his own request and began working at the Institut za historiju radničkoga pokreta Hrvatske (English: Institute for the History of Workers' Movement of Croatia ), and remained its director until 1967. Tuđman's increasing insistence on

2808-677: The Federal Secretary of People's Defence . On that position in 1959, he became a major general . At the age of 38, he had become the youngest general in the Yugoslav Army . His promotion was not extreme, but it was atypical for a Croat because senior officers were increasingly likely to be Serbs and Montenegrins . In 1962, Serbs and Montenegrins composed 70% of army generals. On 23 May 1954, he became secretary of JSD Partizan Belgrade and, in May 1958, its president, becoming

2916-603: The Gale company, where they began appearing in 2017. This material is not available from any New York Times archive. The New York Times website does, however, host a very limited selection of "retrospective" stories from the 1887–2013 years, a collection that became available in 2017, the same year that the full archives became available on Gale. Franjo Tudjman President of Croatia Elections Family Franjo Tuđman ( Croatian pronunciation: [frǎːɲo tûdʑman] ; 14 May 1922 – 10 December 1999)

3024-560: The ICTY stated that Tuđman shared in their joint criminal enterprise goal of establishing an entity to reunite the Croatian people which was to be implemented through the ethnic cleansing of Bosnian Muslims. However, it did not find him guilty of any specific crimes. In March 1994, he signed the Washington Agreement with Bosnian President Alija Izetbegović that re-allied Croats and Bosniaks. In August 1995, he authorized

3132-800: The Independent State of Croatia (NDH), the puppet state of Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy , Tuđman left school and started publishing secret newspapers with his friend Vlado Stopar. He was recruited into the Yugoslav Partisans at the beginning of 1942 by Marko Belinić. His father also joined the Partisans and became a founder of the State Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Croatia (ZAVNOH). According to Tuđman, his father

3240-495: The International Herald Tribune a day after they appeared in either of the parent papers. Marking a departure from its origins as a paper mostly read by American expatriates and travelers in Europe, by this point the majority of its readers were non-American. The International Herald Tribune 's main editorial team was based in Paris, and while content for the paper largely consisted of stories, columns, and editorials from

3348-712: The Log Revolution . The revolt in Knin concentrated the Croatian government on the problem of the lack of weapons. The effects of the JNA's confiscation of the Territorial Defence supplies was partly undone by the new Defence Minister, Martin Špegelj , who bought weapons from Hungary . As it had no regular army, the government had focused on building up the police force. By January 1991 there were 18,500 policemen and by April 1991 around 39,000. On 22 December 1990,

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3456-517: The Paris Herald Tribune . By 1967, the paper was owned jointly by Whitney Communications, The Washington Post and The New York Times , and became known as the International Herald Tribune , or IHT . The first issue of the International Herald Tribune was published on May 22, 1967. It continued the practices that had endeared it to American expatriates and travelers, such as carrying baseball scores and stock prices . At

3564-537: The Post 's interest, for an amount of around $ 70 million. The Times thereby became the sole owner of the International Herald Tribune . The change became effective with the edition published on January 2, 2003. The headquarters for the paper remained at its site in Neuilly-sur-Seine. The Times subsequently folded the International Herald Tribune website into its own website during 2009. In 2005

3672-588: The Yugoslav wars ensued. Feral was among the first Croatian newspapers to openly report on various topics that the state-controlled newspapers would not report on including war crimes perpetrated by Croatian soldiers, the Croatian army's involvement in the war in Bosnia , Tuđman's revanchist opinions of the Ustaše in the context of generic Croatian nationalism, the Herzegovina profiteer lobby , connections between

3780-623: The military academy in Belgrade, like many officers who did not have formal military education. He graduated from the tactical school on 18 July 1957 as an excellent student. One of his teachers was Dušan Bilandžić , who would be a future advisor. Before he turned 40 years old, he had risen to become the youngest general in the Yugoslav Army. He was prominent in attending to communist indoctrination while based in Belgrade, where his three children were born. In 1963, he became professor at

3888-524: The Croat majority part of Herzegovina. Tuđman doubted that Bosnia and Herzegovina could survive the dissolution of Yugoslavia, but supported its integrity if it remained outside a Yugoslav federation and Serbian influence. The first Croat casualties in the country fell in October 1991 when the village of Ravno was attacked and destroyed by the JNA. Several days later Bosnian president Alija Izetbegović gave

3996-631: The Croatian Parliament between 1965 and 1969. Apart from his book on guerrilla warfare, Tuđman wrote a series of articles criticizing the Yugoslav Socialist establishment. His most important book from that period was Velike ideje i mali narodi ("Great ideas and small nations"), a monograph on political history that brought him into conflict with the central dogmas of the Yugoslav Communist elite with regard to

4104-570: The Croatian accession to the European Community. The leaders of the Yugoslav republics held many meetings in early 1991 to resolve the growing crisis. On 25 March 1991, Tuđman and Slobodan Milošević met at Karađorđevo , a meeting which became controversial due to claims that the two presidents discussed the partition of Bosnia and Herzegovina between Serbia and Croatia. However, the claims came from persons that were not present at

4212-496: The EPH started avoiding the paper's officials in takeover negotiations, Feral Tribune editors announced the end of the magazine. After 15 years, and numerous lawsuits from politicians, editors cited financial troubles due to lack of funding and the failure of negotiations with EPH as the causes. Feral had won several important awards over the years: International Herald Tribune The International Herald Tribune ( IHT )

4320-484: The Internet. Another popular section, titled "Greatest Shits", included a collection of ludicrous statements made in the Croatian media by politicians and other public figures in the previous week. The magazine typically had between 50 and 100 pages in total. It was originally printed in black and white, later changed to full color glossy paper , but then reverted to black and white. In 1994 Feral Tribune also launched

4428-554: The Parliament of Croatia ratified the new constitution. The Serbs in Knin proclaimed the Serbian Autonomous Oblast of Krajina in municipalities of the regions of Northern Dalmatia and Lika. In December 1990 Tuđman and Slovenian President Milan Kučan presented their proposal on the restructuring of Yugoslavia on confederal grounds. Tuđman believed that a confederation of sovereign republics could accelerate

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4536-576: The President of the Presidency of SR Croatia . As president, Tuđman introduced a new constitution and pressed for the creation of an independent Croatia . On 19 May 1991, an independence referendum was held, which was approved by 93 percent of voters. Croatia declared independence from Yugoslavia on 25 June 1991. Areas with a Serb majority revolted , backed by the Yugoslav Army, and Tuđman led Croatia during its War of Independence . A ceasefire

4644-580: The Serbian leadership rejected their proposals and armed provocations became more frequent, Tuđman decided to realize the idea of a complete Croatian independence. On 25 April 1991, the Croatian Parliament decided to hold an independence referendum on 19 May. Croatian Serbs largely boycotted the referendum. The turnout was 83.56%, of which 93.24% or 2,845,521 voted in favour of the independence of Croatia . Both Slovenia and Croatia declared independence from Yugoslavia on 25 June 1991. The Yugoslav side accused

4752-677: The Socialist Yugoslavia , from Boban's work. Boban offered conclusive proofs to his claim from articles published previously in the magazine Forum and the rest from Boban's own thesis. Tuđman was then expelled from the institute and forced to retire in 1967. Between 1962 and 1967, he was the president of the Main Committee for International Relations of the Croatian League of Communists Main Board and deputy in

4860-624: The Yugoslav army. He addressed the economic crisis, called for the renewal of a market economy and a parliamentary democracy, and expressed his support for the accession to the European Community . He maintained that Yugoslavia could survive only as a confederation. Although Tuđman had ties with the right-wing anti-Communist diaspora, he also had important colleagues from the Partisan Communist establishment, including Josip Boljkovac and Josip Manolić . His main opponent in

4968-607: The Yugoslav secret police ( OZNA ). Franjo and Ankica did not qualify as secondary school graduates until after the war, in Belgrade. He graduated from the Partisan High School in 1945 and she finished five semesters of English language in the Yugoslav Foreign Ministry . In 1953, Tuđman was promoted to the position of colonel and moved to position head of office of the Chief of staff of

5076-409: The abduction and murder of ethnic Serb civilians in Osijek in 1991-92. In 2006, the International Center for Journalists is awarding Hedl a Knight International Award for excellence in journalism. In June 2007, the paper missed two weekly issues due to financial problems. The editorial staff announced that their bank accounts had been blocked due to a VAT debt, and that several court rulings against

5184-403: The attack. On 8 October the Croatian Parliament cut all remaining ties with Yugoslavia and declared independence. Tuđman asked the Kosovo leadership to open a second front there against the JNA and offered help in weapons. The leadership decided against armed conflict, but gave support to the independence of Croatia and called on ethnic Albanians to desert the Yugoslav army. In November 1991

5292-437: The book. He publicly supported the goals of the Declaration on the Name and Status of the Croatian Literary Language . The Croatian Parliament and League of Communists of Croatia from Zagreb, however, attacked it and the board of the institute requested Tuđman's resignation. In December 1966, Ljubo Boban accused Tuđman of plagiarism , stating that Tuđman had compiled four-fifths of his doctoral thesis, The Creation of

5400-432: The club adopted the black-white striped kit which is used to this day. According to Tuđman, he wanted to create a club that would have a pan-Yugoslav image and oppose SD Crvena Zvezda that had an exclusive Serbian image. Tuđman was inspired by Juventus FC uniforms. However, Stjepan Bobek (former player of FK Partizan) claimed that uniform colors idea was, in fact, his, which he passed on to Tuđman. Tuđman attended

5508-406: The country's independence on 6 April that was immediately recognised by Croatia. At the beginning of the Bosnian war a Croat-Bosniak alliance was formed, though it was often not harmonious. The Croatian government helped arm both Croat and Bosniak forces. On 21 July 1992, the Agreement on Friendship and Cooperation was signed by Tuđman and Izetbegović, establishing a military cooperation between

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5616-423: The country's independence, the most prominent of whom was Gojko Šušak , whose father and elder brother had been members of the Ustaše. These meetings abroad in the late 1980s later gave rise to many conspiracy theories . According to these rumours the Croats of Herzegovina had somehow used the meetings to earn a huge amount of influence inside the HDZ , as well as the post-independence Croatian establishment. In

5724-524: The court to be lenient in his case, sparing him a longer prison sentence. The authorities of SR Croatia additionally intended to prosecute Tuđman on charges of espionage, which carried a sentence of 15–20 years in prison with hard labour, but the charge was commuted by Tito. Other sources mention that Miroslav Krleža , a writer, lobbied on Tuđman's behalf. According to Tuđman, he and Tito were close friends. However, Tuđman later described Tito's crackdown as an "autocratic coup d'état ". The Croatian Spring

5832-539: The demands sought by the Croatian Spring. On other topics like Communism and one-party political monopoly Tuđman remained mostly within the framework of the communist ideology of the day. His sentence was eventually commuted by Tito's government and Tuđman was released after spending nine months in prison. In 1977, he traveled to Sweden using a forged Swedish passport to meet members of the Croatian diaspora . His trip apparently went unnoticed by Yugoslav police. However, on that trip he gave an interview to Swedish TV about

5940-458: The early 1990s. The magazine's favorite subject soon became Franjo Tudjman . A winter 1993 issue depicted a photograph of Milošević and Tudjman in bed naked together with a headline that read: "Is this what we fought for?". Once the issue hit the streets, it quickly sold out all 50,000 copies. Meanwhile, Ivančić, the magazine's editor, was conscripted to the Croatian army. "His mobilization was obviously related to that issue," said Boris Dežulović who

6048-437: The election was Ivica Račan from the League of Communists of Croatia (SKH), who became the SKH Chairman in December 1989. Tuđman's talk of Croatia's past glories and independence was not received well among Croatian Serbs. The HDZ was heavily criticized by Serbian media, portraying their possible victory as a revival of NDH . Veljko Kadijević , general of the JNA, said at meeting of the army and SR Croatia leaderships that

6156-429: The elections would bring the Ustaše to power in Croatia. A few weeks before the elections, the army removed the weapons of the Territorial Defence from stores all over Croatia. During a HDZ campaign rally in Benkovac , an ethnically mixed town, a 62-year-old Serbian man, Boško Čubrilović, pulled out a gas pistol near the podium. Croatian media described the incident as an assassination attempt on Tuđman, but Čubrilović

6264-489: The first colonel to occupy that position (all previous holders were generals). He was placed in that position in order to solve administration problems inside of the club, especially the football section . When he arrived, JSD Partizan Belgrade was a kind of intelligence battlefield where leaders of UDBA and KOS struggled for influence. That caused clubs (despite having notable and good players) to have bad results, especially its football section. During his club presidency,

6372-445: The government and the Catholic Church and other topics. It denounced Croatian racism, Antisemitism, corruption from the governing party as well as Croatian war crimes. HDZ officials criticised Feral , accusing it of anti-Croatian reporting at a time when the country was at war. In 1994, a 50% sales tax typically imposed on pornographic magazines was imposed on the Feral by the HDZ government. This tax received criticism and in 1995

6480-425: The government for an article criticizing Tudjman's plan to move the remains of Ustaše soldiers and bury them alongside World War Two concentration camp victims at Jasenovac. In 1997, Feral published an interview with Miroslav Bajramovic, a former member of the reservist police battalion under the command of Tomislav Merčep , who detailed war crimes committed against Serb civilians in Pakračka Poljana . After it ran

6588-406: The humorist Art Buchwald , the fashion editor Suzy Menkes , jazz critic Mike Zwerin and food writers Waverly Root and Patricia Wells . Former executive editors include John Vinocur , David Ignatius and Michael Getler . In 2013, the New York Times Company announced that the International Herald Tribune was being renamed The International New York Times . On October 14, 2013,

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6696-515: The importance of civil rituals over religious ones. (In May 1945, the government created the law which allowed civil weddings, taking weddings, among other things, out of Church jurisdiction.) They returned to work that same day. On 26 April 1946, his father Stjepan and stepmother were found dead. Tuđman never clarified the circumstances of their death. According to the police , his father Stjepan killed his wife and then himself. Other theories accuse Ustasha guerrillas ( Crusaders ) and members of

6804-403: The interconnectedness of the national and social elements in the Yugoslav revolutionary war (during World War II ). In 1970, he became a member of the Croatian Writers' Society . In 1972 he was sentenced to two years in prison for subversive activities during the Croatian Spring . According to Tuđman's own testimony , the Yugoslav President Josip Broz Tito personally intervened to recommend

6912-422: The international edition of The Wall Street Journal was heavily regionalized. (Several editions were published of each day's paper, however, and sometimes particular regions saw revisions that other regions might not. ) Nearly 200,000 copies were sold per day, including 50,000 in Asia and 45,000 copies to airlines flying international routes. Despite the technology, however, in practice stories often appeared in

7020-503: The latter part of the 1980s, when Yugoslavia was nearing its demise, torn by conflicting national aspirations, Tuđman formulated a Croatian national programme that can be summarized in the following way: On 17 June 1989, Tuđman founded the Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ). Essentially, this was a nationalist Croatian movement that affirmed Croatian values based on Catholicism blended with historical and cultural traditions which had been generally suppressed in communist Yugoslavia. The aim

7128-413: The like. As the 21st century dawned, there were divided opinions regarding the International Herald Tribune 's place in the media world, with for instance James Ledbetter of Slate pronouncing it a relic of a by-gone era but Peter Osnos of The Atlantic believing it still had a role to play. In October 2002, it was announced that The New York Times Company ("The Times ") would buy out

7236-501: The local parish. Tuđman attended elementary school in his native village from 15 September 1929 to 30 June 1933 and was an excellent student. He attended secondary school for eight years, starting in the autumn 1935. The reasons for the interruption are not clear, but it is assumed that the primary cause was an economic crisis in that period. According to some sources, the local parish helped young Franjo to continue his education and his teacher even proposed him to be educated to become

7344-449: The magazine was hugely popular in the 1990s and had received a number of international awards during the period, its circulation gradually declined in the 2000s. Following a series of financial difficulties and failed takeover negotiations with Europapress Holding , the magazine was forced to cease publication in 2008 and published its final issue on 19 June 2008. In March 2010 a digital archive of all articles ever published in Feral Tribune

7452-403: The meeting and there is no record of this meeting that proves an existence of such an agreement, while Milošević did not behave subsequently as if he had an agreement with Tuđman. On 12 July 1991, Tuđman met with Alija Izetbegović and Milošević in Split. On 1 March the Pakrac clash occurred when local Serb police seized the town's police station and declared Pakrac a part of SAO Krajina. It

7560-400: The military and the police to put a stop to what he saw as separatism and a threat to the party's influence. Bakarić quickly distanced himself from the Croatian communist leadership that he himself had helped to gain power earlier and sided with the Yugoslav president. However, Tito took the protesters' demands into consideration and in 1974 the new Yugoslav constitution granted the majority of

7668-402: The multi-party elections which brought to power new political establishments in Croatia, Slovenia and Bosnia and Herzegovina , while at the same time the same communist officials kept their posts in Serbia and Montenegro . In the weeks following the election, the new government introduced the traditional Croatian flag and coat of arms , without Communist symbols. The term "Socialist" in

7776-639: The paper had imposed additional strain on their accounts. The staff accused the Croatian government of favoring governmental and nationalist media by writing off their VAT debts, thus creating an unfair competition to Feral. The finance ministry's decision to freeze the weekly's bank accounts was widely condemned in Croatia. Croatian officials, including the President Stjepan Mesić and the Prime Minister Ivo Sanader both pledged help to Feral Tribune , both acclaiming it as

7884-716: The paper opened its Asia newsroom in Hong Kong. In April 2001, the Japanese newspaper The Asahi Shimbun (朝日新聞) tied up with the International Herald Tribune and published an English-language newspaper, the International Herald Tribune/Asahi Shimbun . After the Washington Post sold its stake in the International Herald Tribune , it continued being published under the name International Herald Tribune/Asahi Shimbun , but it

7992-523: The paper pioneered the innovation of doing electronic transmission of facsimile pages across borders, when it opened a remote printing facility in London. This was followed by a printing site in Zurich in 1977. The International Herald Tribune began transmitting electronic images of newspaper pages from Paris to Hong Kong via satellite in 1980, making the paper simultaneously available on opposite sides of

8100-597: The parent publications. Over the years, the International Herald Tribune faced increasing newsstand competition from the international editions of the Wall Street Journal , USA Today , and the Financial Times . Furthermore, the advent of the internationally available cable news network CNN , and later the Internet , gave Americans more readily available ways to keep up on sports scores and

8208-507: The planet. This was the first such intercontinental transmission of an English-language daily newspaper and followed the pioneering efforts of the Chinese-language newspaper Sing Tao Daily (星島日報) . Additional printing locations followed, including Rome and Tokyo 1987; and Frankfurt 1989. By 1985, the International Herald Tribune had a circulation of 160,000, and was profitable with annual revenues of around $ 40 million. At

8316-402: The position of Croats in Yugoslavia that was later broadcast. Upon returning to Yugoslavia, Tuđman was put on trial again in 1981 because of this interview, and was accused for having spread "enemy propaganda". On 20 February 1981 he was found guilty and sentenced to three years of prison and 5 years in house arrest. However, he served only eleven months of the sentence. In June 1987, he became

8424-504: The primary cause of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia 's breakdown was the repressive and corrupted regime which was at odds with the contemporary mainstream Yugoslav historiography which considered Croatian nationalism to be its primary cause. Bogdanov and Milutinović (both ethnic Serbs) did not object to this. However, the Zagreb-based publisher Naprijed cancelled the contract following his refusal to change some controversial statements in

8532-558: The regime. Tuđman participated in the Croatian Spring movement that called for reforms in the country and was imprisoned for his activities in 1972. He lived relatively anonymously in the following years until the end of communism , whereupon he began his political career by founding the Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ) in 1989. HDZ won the first Croatian parliamentary elections in 1990 and Tuđman became

8640-618: The start, the paper maintained the offices it inherited from the Herald Tribune European Edition – that dated to 1931 – at 21 Rue de Berri, just off the Champs-Élysées . Columnist Art Buchwald recalled them as being "grubby" and antiquated but "the perfect location for an American newspaper abroad." Then in 1978, the paper moved its facilities to the Parisian suburb of Neuilly-sur-Seine . In 1974,

8748-501: The statement being directed against the former Yugoslav communist system rather than against Jews or Serbs; instead about mixed marriages being used by Croats as a means to promotion in the system. On 19 April, at a rally in Zadar, Tuđman said: Let them not deceive that we want a restoration of the fascist NDH, which was created and disappeared within the Second World War. We know that the Croatian people also fought during

8856-400: The story, Feral staff members had to be given police protection because of the death threats it received. Despite these issues, Feral Tribune continued to survive in part because of donations from abroad. Tudjman died in 1999 and his party was voted out of power on 2000 parliamentary elections . Attempts to replace Tudjman with George W. Bush as a target led to the magazine embracing

8964-599: The time of the paper's centennial in 1987, the IHT was opening a new print site on average each year. By the early 1990s, the paper was printed concurrently around the globe, with seven sites in Europe, three in Asia, and one in America, allowing day-of-publication availability in all major cities worldwide. Notably, every region received the same editorial content, and even most of the advertising ran across all areas; by comparison,

9072-576: The time, had much to do with this decision. Hostilities in Croatia ended for a time in January 1992 when the Vance plan was signed. Tuđman hoped that the deployment of UN peacekeepers would consolidate Croatia's international borders, but the military situation in Croatia itself remained unsettled. As the war in Croatia reached a stalemate, the situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina worsened. The JNA used its territory for offensives against Croatia, but avoided

9180-671: The title of the republic was removed. Constitutional changes were proposed with a multitude of political, economic, and social changes. Tuđman offered the vice-presidency to Jovan Rašković , president of the SDS, but Rašković declined the offer and called the elected deputies from his party to boycott the parliament. Local Serb police in Knin began operating as an independent force, often not responding to orders from Zagreb. Many government employees, mostly in police where commanding positions were mainly held by Serbs and Communists, lost their jobs. This

9288-657: The town against a much larger army inspired talk of a "Croatian Stalingrad ". Increasing losses and complaints from the Croatian public for failing to hit back compelled Tuđman to act. He ordered the Croatian National Guard to surround JNA army bases, thus starting the Battle of the Barracks . Tuđman named Gojko Šušak the new Minister of Defence in September 1991. In early October 1991, the JNA intensified its campaign in Croatia. On 5 October, Tuđman made

9396-600: The two of secession. The federal government ordered the JNA to take control of border crossings in Slovenia, which led to the Ten-Day War in which the JNA was routed. The Ten-Day War ended with the signing of the Brioni Agreement , when a three-month moratorium was placed on the implementation of the decision. The armed incidents of early 1991 escalated into an all-out war over the summer. Tuđman's first plan

9504-450: The two parent papers, the paper reported from many news sources, including its own corps of correspondents and columnists. In any case, all of the final editing was done by the Paris staff. By 2002, the International Herald Tribune had some 335 employees. Some columnists from the parent papers, such as Flora Lewis and Art Buchwald , kept publishing columns in the International Herald Tribune even after their work no longer appeared in

9612-613: The war escalated, Tuđman formed the National Unity Government which brought in members of most of the minor parties in the parliament, including Račan's Social Democratic Party (SDP). Fierce fighting took place in Vukovar , where around 1,800 Croat fighters were blocking JNA's advance into Slavonia . Vukovar assumed enormous symbolic importance to both sides. Without it, Serbian territorial gains in eastern Slavonia were threatened. The unexpectedly fierce defence of

9720-419: The war on the other side under partisan, Tito's flags because he promised to create a free Federal State of Croatia that would be equal to all other nations. Clearly, instead of a realization of these ideals we received communist hell. The elections were scheduled for all 356 seats in the parliament. Tuđman's party triumphed and got an absolute majority of around 60% or 205 seats in the Croatian Parliament. Tuđman

9828-582: The war, he took a post in the Ministry of Defence , later attaining the rank of major general of the Yugoslav People's Army in 1960. After his military career, he dedicated himself to the study of geopolitics . In 1963, he became a professor at the Zagreb Faculty of Political Sciences . He received a doctorate in history in 1965 and worked as a historian until coming into conflict with

9936-560: The warmongering and profiteering associated with the era. Feral arguably represented almost the only influential opposition to the HDZ administration on the media scene. In 1996, HDZ passed a law under which public criticism of the highest officials was punishable. The editors of Feral editors were among the first to be sued for defamation. Feral was the subject of dozens of libel suits and criminal charges laid by government officials, including by Tudjman's daughter. In 1998, they were sued by

10044-415: Was a Croatian politician and historian who became the first president of Croatia , from 1990 until his death. He served following the country's independence from Yugoslavia . Tuđman also was the ninth and last president of the Presidency of SR Croatia from May to July 1990. Tuđman was born in Veliko Trgovišće . In his youth, he fought during World War II as a member of the Yugoslav Partisans . After

10152-552: Was a daily English-language newspaper published in Paris, France, for international English-speaking readers. It published under the name International Herald Tribune starting in 1967, but its origins as an international newspaper trace back to 1887. Sold in over 160 countries, the International Herald Tribune produced a large amount of content until it became the second incarnation of The International New York Times in 2013, 10 years after The New York Times Company became its sole owner. In 1887, James Gordon Bennett Jr. created

10260-483: Was a national movement set in motion by Tito and the Croatian communist party chairman Vladimir Bakarić amid the climate of growing liberalism in the late 1960s. It was initially a tepid and ideologically controlled party liberalism, but it soon grew into a mass nationalist-based manifestation of dissatisfaction with the position of Croatia within Yugoslavia . As a result, the movement was suppressed by Tito, who used

10368-568: Was arrested by the Ustashas , the fascist and ultranationalist organization that governed the NDH, and one of his brothers was taken to a concentration camp . They both managed to survive, unlike the youngest brother Stjepan who was killed by the Gestapo fighting for the Partisans in 1943. Tuđman was traveling between Zagreb and Zagorje using false documents which identified him as a member of

10476-539: Was based on a decision that the civil service ethnic structure should correspond to their percentage in the entire population. On 25 July 1990, a Serbian Assembly was established in Srb , north of Knin. Jovan Rašković announced a referendum on "Serb sovereignty and autonomy" in Croatia in August 1990, which Tuđman labeled as illegal. A series of incidents followed in areas populated by ethnic Serbs, mostly around Knin, known as

10584-604: Was conceived in 1984 by a trio of young journalists Viktor Ivančić , Predrag Lucić , and Boris Dežulović . The trio named itself by combining letters in their names to form "Viva Ludež", their neologism for goofy madness. Their works initially appeared in the weekly humour supplement of Nedjeljna Dalmacija in 1988. After a month, Feral was banned after it ran a satirical piece ridiculing then Serbian president Slobodan Milošević 's nationalist and anti-establishment protests. The publication then moved to Split 's daily newspaper, Slobodna Dalmacija . In 1993, when Miroslav Kutle ,

10692-486: Was deputy editor at the time. "We believe they planned to send him to the front lines in Bosnia, but after all the noise this case has raised, they have left him in the barracks instead." He was eventually released. International media took notice of the cover, and a framed copy was even put up in the New York Times newsroom. Although the magazine was humorous in nature, it started addressing more serious issues as

10800-469: Was discontinued in February 2011. By 2008, the circulation of the paper was over 240,000. By the early 2010s, the Internet edition of the paper was receiving some seven million visitors per month, and overall the IHT represented one of the biggest global media entities. Throughout its history the Paris-based paper had a glittering stable of writers and journalists. Among the most well-known were

10908-422: Was elected its president. The election campaign took place from late March until 20 April 1990. Tuđman recruited several supporters from members of the diaspora who returned home, most importantly Gojko Šušak . Tuđman based his campaign mostly on the national question. He stated that the dinar earned in Croatia should stay in Croatia, thus objecting to the subsidies for less developed parts of Yugoslavia, or for

11016-404: Was elected to the position of president of Croatia on 30 May 1990 . After the victory of HDZ the nationalistic Serb Democratic Party (SDS) spread its influence quickly in places where Serbs formed a high percentage of the population. Since the split among communists in Yugoslavia along ethnic lines was already a fact at that time, it seemed inevitable that the conflicts would continue following

11124-542: Was in late 1990 charged and convicted only of threatening the security staff. The incident further worsened ethnic tensions. During his campaign, on 16 April 1990 Tuđman had a conversation with news reporters where he said: All sorts of other lies are being spread today, I do not know what else they will invent. I've heard that I'm of Jewish descent, but I found, I knew of my ancestors in Zagorje from around 350 years ago, and I said, maybe it would be good to have some of that, I guess I would be richer, I might not have become

11232-567: Was one of the first larger clashes between Croat forces and the rebel SAO Krajina, supported by the JNA. It ended without casualties and with the restoration of Croatian control. On 31 March a Croatian police convoy was ambushed at the Plitvice Lakes . Until the spring of 1991 Tuđman, together with the Slovenian leadership, was ready to accept a compromise solution of a confederation or alliance of sovereign states within Yugoslavia. After

11340-494: Was published in the form of a four-disc DVD set. The paper's name is likely a play on Herald Tribune . "Feral", in Dalmatian dialect, represents a petroleum or gas lamp, typically used on night fishing excursions. Dalmatian culture has a very intimate connection to the sea, and the term Feral is often used as the name of local sport clubs or performing groups. While the term "feral" typically refers to qualities associated with

11448-475: Was signed in 1992, but the war had spread into Bosnia and Herzegovina , where Croats fought in an alliance with Bosniaks . Their cooperation fell apart in late 1992 and Tuđman's government sided with Herzeg-Bosnia during the Croat-Bosniak War , a move that brought criticism from the international community. In a final verdict of war crimes trial of former high-ranking officials of Herceg-Bosnia,

11556-544: Was to gain national independence and to establish a Croatian nation-state . Internal tensions that had broken up the League of Communists of Yugoslavia prompted the governments of the federal republics to schedule free multiparty elections in spring 1990. These were the first free multi-party elections for the Croatian Parliament since 1913. The HDZ held its first convention on 24–25 February 1990, when Tuđman

11664-563: Was to win support from the European Community, avoiding the direct confrontation with the JNA that had been proposed by Martin Špegelj, the Minister of Defence, since the beginning of the conflict. Tuđman rejected Špegelj's proposal as it would be damaging on Croatia's international position and there were doubts that the Croatian Army was ready for such an action. The emerging Croatian Army had only four brigades in September 1991. As

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