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58-520: The palace complex was commissioned by Sultan Abdülaziz (reigned 1861–76) in 1871, and designed by architect Sarkis Balyan . The buildings were built to meet the need of the extended family members of the imperial court for residence. The palace, which was constructed in addition to Dolmabahçe Palace and Çırağan Palace , took the name "Feriye" meaning "secondary" or "auxiliary" in Ottoman Turkish language . It consists of three main buildings on

116-541: A Kadı , or judge. However, the Ottoman court system lacked an appellate structure, leading to jurisdictional case strategies where plaintiffs could take their disputes from one court system to another until they achieved a ruling that was in their favor. Throughout the 19th century, the Ottoman Empire adhered to the use of three different codes of criminal law. The first was introduced in 1840, directly following

174-642: A surety by the Ottoman government for borrowing loans from British and French banks. Abdulaziz gave special emphasis on modernizing the Ottoman Navy . In 1875, the Ottoman Navy had 21 battleships and 173 warships of other types, ranking as the third largest navy in the world after the British and French navies. His passion for the Navy, ships and sea can be observed in the wall paintings and pictures of

232-832: A code of civil procedure also were enacted. This reformation of the Ottoman legal system is attributed to the growing presence of Western ideology within Ottoman society. Critical areas of progressive law reform such as liberalism, constitutionality, and rule of law were all characteristics of the European system and began taking effect within the sectors of law that made up the Ottoman legal system. This ideology began to overtake Sharia law in fields such as commercial law , procedural law , and penal law and through these paths eventually into family law . Areas of life such as inheritance, marriage, divorce, and child custody were undergoing progressive transformation as European influence continued its growth. These reforms were also put in place at

290-528: A document. Abdülaziz's family was also convinced that he was murdered, according to the statements of one of his consorts Neşerek Kadın and his daughter Nazime Sultan . Abdülaziz had six consorts: In addition to these, Abdülaziz planned to marry the Egyptian princess Tawhida Hanim , daughter of the Egyptian Khedive Isma'il Pasha . His Grand Vizier, Mehmed Fuad Pasha ,

348-407: A new phase in Ottoman legal ideology. The Ottoman judicial system institutionalized a number of biases against non-Muslims, such as barring non-Muslims from testifying as witnesses against Muslims. At the same time, non-Muslims "did relatively well in adjudicated interfaith disputes", because anticipation of judicial biases prompted them to settle most conflicts out of court. The Kanun fulfilled

406-428: A number of important European capitals including Paris , London , and Vienna in the summer of 1867. With Fuad and Aali dead by 1871, Abdul Aziz promulgated reactionary ministries and attempted absolutist rule. In his last years as sultan, famine , economic crisis and default , diplomatic isolation, government dysfunction, and uprisings by Christian minorities culminated into a general international crisis known as

464-559: A possibly more subtly intended reminder that they were not in France. The first Ottoman railroads were opened between İzmir – Aydın and Alexandria – Cairo in 1856, during the reign of Sultan Abdulmejid I . The first large railway terminal within present-day Turkey, the Alsancak Terminal in İzmir, was opened in 1858. However, these were individual, unconnected railroads, without a railway network. Sultan Abdulaziz established

522-492: A response to this as well as from an Ottoman desire to modernize to compete with the growing European powers. Opposition to these legal changes can be found throughout historical accounts and historians believe that this reform was not due to popular demand of Ottoman citizens but rather to those who held power and influence within the empire. These reforms also cultivated the version of Ottoman nationalism commonly referred to as Ottomanism . Influenced by European versions of

580-490: A room at the Topkapı Palace , which happened to be the same room that Sultan Selim III was murdered in. The room caused him to be concerned for his life and he subsequently requested to be moved to Beylerbeyi Palace . His request was denied for the palace was considered inconvenient for his situation and he was moved to Feriye Palace instead. He nevertheless had grown increasingly nervous and paranoid about his security. In

638-519: A shared national identity, the Ottomans thought that creating an Ottoman Nationalism system where the state controlled all levels of government and social life, as opposed to the previous system where people were organized by individual community and reputation, that they could stave off the encroaching European influence over the Empire. These reforms were based heavily on French models, as indicated by

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696-436: A trade conflict or disputes between litigants of differing religions, and Jews and Christians often went to them to obtain a more forceful ruling on an issue. The Ottoman state tended not to interfere with non-Muslim religious law systems, despite legally having a voice to do so through local governors. The Ottoman Islamic legal system was set up differently from traditional European courts. Presiding over Islamic courts would be

754-442: Is used by Galatasaray University, was severely damaged by fire on January 22, 2013. The Ministry of Culture has stated that the building would be restored to its previous state, and would continue to be utilized furthermore for educational purposes. Abd%C3%BClaziz Abdulaziz ( Ottoman Turkish : عبد العزيز , romanized :  ʿAbdü'l-ʿAzîz ; Turkish : Abdülaziz ; 8 February 1830 – 4 June 1876)

812-549: Is used by a number of the university's faculties, such as the Faculty of Law, the Faculty of Economics and the Faculty of Communications and various administrative offices. The main building, which is currently used by the university was originally known as İbrahim Tevfik Efendi Sahil Sarayı In 1995, the section of the palace complex in state of neglect was restored by Kabataş Education Foundation, and turned into an upper-class restaurant, Feriye Lokantası. The main building, which

870-556: The Beylerbeyi Palace , which was constructed during his reign. However, the large budget for modernizing and expanding the Navy, combined with the 1873–1875 Anatolian Famine which reduced the government's tax revenues, contributed to the financial difficulties that caused the Porte to declare a sovereign default with the "Ramazan Kanunnamesi" on 30 October 1875. The subsequent decision to increase agricultural taxes for paying

928-520: The Edict of Gülhane of 1839. These series of law reforms began a new period of modernity in the Ottoman Empire that would pave the way for new Western ideas of politics and social ideology. These reforms included the "fair and public trial[s] of all accused regardless of religion", the creation of a system of "separate competences, religious and civil", and the validation of testimony of non-Muslims. Specific land codes ( 1858 ), civil codes ( 1869–1876 ), and

986-485: The Edict of Gülhane , an event which started the period of the Tanzimat reforms. In 1851, a second code was introduced. In this one, the laws were nearly the same as the ones in the first code of laws, but included the rulings of the previous eleven years. In 1859, the Ottoman Empire promulgated a last code of law inspired by the 1810 Napoleonic criminal code . Each of these variations of code and legislations represented

1044-551: The Great Eastern Crisis . He was deposed by his ministers on the grounds of having mismanaged the Ottoman economy on 30 May 1876, and was found dead six days later in mysterious circumstances. Abdulaziz was born at Eyüp Palace, Constantinople ( Istanbul ) on 8 February 1830. His parents were Mahmud II and Pertevniyal Sultan , originally named Besime, a Circassian . The Pertevniyal Valide Sultan Mosque

1102-611: The Ottoman public debt to foreign creditors (mainly British and French banks) triggered the Great Eastern Crisis in the empire's Balkan provinces . The crisis culminated in the Russo-Turkish War (1877–78) that devastated the already struggling Ottoman economy, which led to the establishment of the Ottoman Public Debt Administration in 1881, during the early years of Sultan Abdulhamid II 's reign. The global financial turmoil increased

1160-559: The Treaty of Balta Liman in 1838, that required the Ottomans to abolish Ottoman monopolies and allow British merchants full access to Ottoman markets, as well as taxing them equally. Overall, the Ottoman Empire was feeling the threat of the Western powers' growing influence over the Empire in general, as well as the Jews and Christians living within the Empire. The Tanzimat reforms came about as

1218-597: The abolition of the Ottoman Caliphate by the parliament of the newly founded Republic of Turkey. The buildings remained vacant for a period of time following the external deportation of the last caliph Abdülmecid II together with the court members. In 1927, the Maritime College ( Turkish : Denizcilik Yüksek Okulu ) settled in some buildings of Feriye Palace. In the 1928–29 academic term, Kabataş High School also moved into some buildings of

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1276-535: The ʻUrabi revolt (1879–1882). Egypt and Sudan (together with Cyprus ) nominally remained Ottoman territories until 5 November 1914, when the British Empire declared war against the Ottoman Empire during World War I and changed the status of these territories as British protectorates (which was formally recognized by Turkey with Articles 17–21 of the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923). By 1871, both Fuad Pasha and Âli Pasha were dead. The Second French Empire ,

1334-531: The "trade court". The codified administrative law was known as kanun and the ulema were permitted to invalidate secular provisions that contradicted the religious laws. In practice, however, the ulema rarely contradicted the kanuns of the Sultan. These court categories were not, however, wholly exclusive: for instance, the Islamic courts—which were the Empire's primary courts—could also be used to settle

1392-553: The Asian side of Istanbul, from Haydarpaşa to Pendik , began in 1871. The line was opened on 22 September 1872. The railway was extended to Gebze , which opened on 1 January 1873. In August 1873 the railway reached Izmit . Another railway extension was built in 1871 to serve a populated area along Bursa and the Sea of Marmara . The Anatolia Railway was then extended to Ankara and eventually to Mesopotamia , Syria and Arabia during

1450-616: The British Embassy; Dr. O. Vitalis, Physician of the Sanitary Board; Dr. E. Spadare, J. Nouridjian, Miltiadi Bey, Mustafa, Mehmed" certified that the death had been "caused by the loss of blood produced by the wounds of the blood-vessels at the joints of the arms" and that "the direction and nature of the wounds, together with the instrument which is said to have produced them, lead us to conclude that suicide had been committed". One of those physicians also stated that "His skin

1508-542: The Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire was governed by different sets of laws during its existence. The Qanun , sultanic law , co-existed with religious law (mainly the Hanafi school of Islamic jurisprudence ). Legal administration in the Ottoman Empire was part of a larger scheme of balancing central and local authority (see Legal pluralism ). Ottoman power revolved crucially around

1566-932: The Ottoman Empire joined the Universal Postal Union in 1875 as a founding member. Abdulaziz cultivated good relations with France and the United Kingdom . In 1867 he was the first Ottoman sultan to visit Western Europe . Ostensibly he was to see the Paris exhibition of 1867 at Napoleon III 's invitation, however the real goal was to reestablish Ottoman credit and forestall a Franco-Russian intervention in rebellious Crete . His voyage in visiting order (from 21 June 1867 to 7 August 1867): Istanbul – Messina – Naples – Toulon – Marseille – Paris – Boulogne – Dover – London – Dover – Calais – Brussels – Koblenz – Vienna – Budapest – Orșova – Vidin – Ruse – Varna – Istanbul. In London, he

1624-872: The Western European model embraced by Sultan Abdulaziz, had been defeated in the Franco-Prussian War . Abdulaziz turned to the Russian Empire for friendship, as unrest in the Balkan provinces continued. In 1875, the Herzegovinian rebellion triggered further unrest in the Balkan provinces. In 1876, the April Uprising saw insurrection spreading among the Bulgarians . Ill feeling mounted against Russia for its encouragement of

1682-443: The administration of the rights to land, which gave a space for the local authority develop the needs of the local millet . The jurisdictional complexity of the Ottoman Empire was aimed to permit the integration of culturally and religiously different groups. The Ottoman system had three court systems: one for Muslims, one for non-Muslims, involving appointed Jews and Christians ruling over their respective religious communities, and

1740-579: The adoption of a three-tiered court system. Referred to as the Nizamiye , this system was extended to the local magistrate level with the final promulgation of the Mecelle , a code of Islamic law covering all areas of civil law and procedure except family law. In an attempt to clarify the division of judicial competences, an administrative council laid down that religious matters were to be handled by religious courts, and statute matters were to be handled by

1798-551: The first Ottoman railway networks. On 17 April 1869, the concession for the Rumelia Railway (i.e. Balkan Railways, Rumeli (Rumelia) meaning the Balkan peninsula in Ottoman Turkish ) which connected Istanbul to Vienna was awarded to Baron Maurice de Hirsch (Moritz Freiherr Hirsch auf Gereuth), a Bavaria-born banker from Belgium. The project foresaw a railway route from Istanbul via Edirne , Plovdiv and Sarajevo to

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1856-422: The full. The early Kanun-name (literally: "book of law") were related to financial and fiscal matters, and based on custom ( örf ), they tried to reconcile previously existing practices with the priorities and needs of the Ottoman state. Kanun-names were also granted to individual provinces following their conquest; these provincial books of law would typically maintain most of the taxes and dues existing under

1914-429: The governors of Ottoman Egypt and Sudan since 1805, but were willing to use the higher title of Khedive, which was unrecognized by the Ottoman government until 1867. In return, the first Khedive, Ismail Pasha , had agreed a year earlier (in 1866) to increase the annual tax revenues which Egypt and Sudan would provide for the Ottoman treasury. Between 1854 and 1894, the revenues from Egypt and Sudan were often declared as

1972-482: The importance for Britain of the sureties regarding the Ottoman tax revenues from Egypt and Sudan for the repayment of Ottoman debts to British banks. Combined with the strategically important Suez Canal which was opened in 1869, these sureties were influential in the British government's decision to occupy Egypt and Sudan in 1882, with the pretext of helping the Ottoman-Egyptian government to put down

2030-705: The insistence of the Great Powers of Europe as well as a response to them. The Europeans had begun to chip away at the edges of the Empire, and their power was growing in the region. After the Greek War of Independence , nationalism was on the rise in Europe, and Westerners thought they had a humanitarian duty to intervene on behalf of the Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire whom they saw as being unfairly treated. The British especially gained more power with

2088-479: The interpretation of sources by the ulema , which had made legal standardisation problematic. The Ottoman Kanun first began to be codified towards the end of the 15th century, after the fall of Constantinople in 1453. The expansion of the empire led to a desire to centralise decisions, and the Kanun allowed the sultan to become an unchallenged ruler, by granting him the power he needed to exercise his authority to

2146-527: The leadership of his chief ministers, Mehmed Fuad Pasha and Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha . New administrative districts ( vilayets ) were set up in 1864 and a Council of State was established in 1868. Public education was organized on the French model and Istanbul University was reorganised as a modern institution in 1861. He was also integral in establishing the first Ottoman civil code . Under his reign, Turkey's first postage stamps were issued in 1863, and

2204-547: The morning of 4 June, Abdulaziz asked for a pair of scissors to trim his beard. Shortly after this, he was found dead in a pool of blood flowing from two wounds in his arms. Several physicians were allowed to examine his body. Among which "Dr. Marco, Nouri, A. Sotto, Physician attached to the Imperial and Royal Embassy of Austria-Hungary; Dr. Spagnolo, Marc Markel, Jatropoulo, Abdinour, Servet, J. de Castro, A. Marroin, Julius Millingen , C. Caratheodori; E. D. Dickson, Physician of

2262-780: The museums in Paris (30 June – 10 July 1867), London (12–23 July 1867) and Vienna (28–30 July 1867) he ordered the establishment of an Imperial Museum in Istanbul: the Istanbul Archaeology Museum . In 1868, Abdulaziz received visits from Eugénie de Montijo , Empress consort of Napoleon III of France and other foreign monarchs on their way to the opening of the Suez Canal . He took Eugénie to see his mother in Dolmabahçe Palace . Pertevniyal considered

2320-622: The palace complex. Part of the palace hosted the girls' section of Galatasaray High School when in 1967 the institution started mixed-gender education . Part of the complex in northeastern remained years long neglected. The Maritime College was transformed into Istanbul Technical University's School of Maritime in 1981, and moved to Tuzla, Istanbul . The buildings became temporarily vacant, were then assigned to Ziya Kalkavan Maritime Vocational High School in 1982. The buildings, which girls' section of Galatasaray High School used, were turned over to Galatasaray University in 1992. The main building

2378-462: The parents of Isma'il Pasha . Abdulaziz received an Ottoman education but was nevertheless an ardent admirer of the material progress that was being achieved in the West. He was the first Ottoman sultan who traveled to Western Europe , visiting a number of important European capitals including Paris , London , and Vienna in the summer of 1867. In addition to his interest in literature, Abdulaziz

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2436-462: The presence of a foreign woman within her private quarters of the seraglio to be an insult. She reportedly slapped Eugénie across the face, which almost caused an international incident. According to another account, Pertevniyal was outraged by the forwardness of Eugénie in taking the arm of one of her sons while he gave a tour of the palace garden, and she gave the Empress a slap on the stomach as

2494-451: The previous rule, and simply adapt them to an Ottoman standard. The use of Kanun redefined Ottoman society in a two-tiered hierarchy, with the askeri (or military) consisting of a tax-exempt ruling class which included the "men of the sword", the "men of the book", and the "men of the pen", while the rest of the population, labeled as the reaya ("flock") was at the bottom, with the duty to produce and pay taxes. One example of Kanun

2552-402: The rebellions. While no single event led to his deposition, the crop failure of 1873 and his lavish expenditures on the Ottoman Navy and on new palaces which he had built, along with mounting public debt, helped to create an atmosphere that conducted to the end of his reign. Abdulaziz was deposed by his ministers on 30 May 1876. Following Sultan Abdulaziz's dethronement, he was taken into

2610-616: The reign of Sultan Abdulhamid II , with the completion of the Baghdad Railway and Hejaz Railway . Also in 1867, Abdulaziz became the first Ottoman Sultan to formally recognize the title of Khedive (Viceroy) to be used by the Governor of the Ottoman Eyalet of Egypt and Sudan (1517–1867), which thus became the autonomous Ottoman Khedivate of Egypt and Sudan (1867–1914). Muhammad Ali Pasha and his descendants had been

2668-406: The role of Siyasa , being used along with religious law. Its use originates from the difficulty to address certain matters (such as taxation, administration, financial matters, or penal law) by Sharia alone, which led the Ottoman rulers to use the Kanun to supplement, and sometimes supplant, religious law. It also offered a way to overcome the problems posed by the extent to which Sharia depended on

2726-730: The shore of the Sava River . In 1873, the first Sirkeci Terminal in Istanbul was opened. The temporary Sirkeci terminal building was later replaced with the current one which was built between 1888 and 1890 (during the reign of Abdülhamid II) and became the final destination terminus of the Orient Express . In 1871, Sultan Abdulaziz established the Anatolia Railway . Construction works of the 1,435 mm ( 4 ft  8 + 1 ⁄ 2  in ) standard gauge on

2784-399: The time were afraid the public would become outraged and revolt to bring Abdulaziz back to power. Thus, they arranged the assassination of Abdulaziz by cutting his wrists and announced that "he committed suicide". This book of memoir was commonly referred to as a first-hand testimony of the assassination of Abdulaziz. Yet it was proven, later on, that Abdulhamid II never wrote nor dictated such

2842-522: The waterfront, a ward for concubines, a small two-story building and outbuildings on the backside. On May 30, 1876, Sultan Abdülaziz was deposed by his ministers. He moved to Feriye Palace at his own request after a four-day stay in Topkapı Palace . Shortly after, he was found with his wrists cut at Feriye Palace. This was documented as a suicide at the time. Various members of the Ottoman imperial court resided in Feriye Palace until March 3, 1924,

2900-452: Was a clandestine operation carried out by the British. Another similar claim is based on the book The Memoirs of Sultan Abdulhamid II . In the book, which turned out to be a fraud, the author claims that Sultan Murad V had begun to show signs of paranoia, madness, and continuous fainting and vomiting until the day of his coronation, and he even threw himself into a pool yelling at his guards to protect his life. High-ranking politicians of

2958-566: Was also a classical music composer. He took a special interest in documenting the Ottoman Empire. Some of his compositions, together with those of the other members of the Ottoman dynasty , have been collected in the album European Music at the Ottoman Court by the London Academy of Ottoman Court Music. Between 1861 and 1871, the Tanzimat reforms which began during the reign of his brother Abdulmejid I were continued under

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3016-499: Was built under the patronage of his mother. The construction work began in November 1869 and the mosque was finished in 1871. His paternal grandparents were Sultan Abdul Hamid I and Sultana Nakşidil Sultan . Several accounts identify his paternal grandmother with Aimée du Buc de Rivéry , a cousin of Empress Joséphine . Pertevniyal was a sister of Hushiyar Qadin , third wife of Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt . Khushiyar and Ibrahim were

3074-399: Was dominated by the duo of Fuad Pasha and Aali Pasha , who accelerated reorganization. The Vilayet Law was promulgated, Western codes were applied to more aspects of Ottoman law , and the millets were restructured. The issue of Tanzimat dualism continued to plague the empire, however. He was the first Ottoman sultan who traveled to Western Europe in a diplomatic capacity, visiting

3132-649: Was made a Knight of the Garter by Queen Victoria and shown a Royal Navy Fleet Review with Ismail Pasha . He travelled by a private rail car, which today can be found in the Rahmi M. Koç Museum in Istanbul. His fellow Knights of the Garter created in 1867 were Charles Gordon-Lennox, 6th Duke of Richmond , Charles Manners, 6th Duke of Rutland , Henry Somerset, 8th Duke of Beaufort , Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn (a son of Queen Victoria), Franz Joseph I of Austria and Alexander II of Russia . Impressed by

3190-642: Was opposed to marriage and wrote a note for the sultan explaining that marriage would be politically counterproductive and would give Egypt an undue advantage. However, the Grand Chamberlain, instead of handing the note to the sultan, read it to him in public, humiliating him. Although the marriage project was abandoned, Fuad was fired for the accident. Abdülaziz had six sons: Abdülaziz had seven daughters: [REDACTED] Media related to Abdül Aziz I at Wikimedia Commons [REDACTED] Works by or about Abdülaziz at Wikisource Law of

3248-523: Was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 25 June 1861 to 30 May 1876, when he was overthrown in a government coup . He was a son of Sultan Mahmud II and succeeded his brother Abdulmejid I in 1861. Abdulaziz's reign began with the Ottoman Empire resurgent following the Crimean War and two decades of Tanzimat reform, though reliant on European capital. The decade after his accession

3306-554: Was the "law of fratricide ", which required the new sultan to kill all his brothers upon ascending the throne, and had been enacted for fear of a repetition of the fratricidal conflicts that had plagued early successions. In Turkish, Suleiman the Magnificent is known as "Kanuni", the "Lawgiver", for his contribution to the formulation of Ottoman sultanic code. In the late 19th century, the Ottoman legal system saw substantial reform. This process of legal modernization began with

3364-407: Was very pale, and entirely free from bruises, marks or spots of any kind whatever. There was no lividity of the lips indicating suffocation nor any sign of pressure having been applied to the throat". Abdulaziz's death was documented as a suicide. There are several sources claiming the death of Abdulaziz was due to an assassination. Islamic nationalist author Necip Fazıl Kısakürek claimed that it

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