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48-543: Fern Canyon was donated by the Pacific Lumber Company to the State to add 2,125 acres (860 ha) to Prairie Creek State Park. Fern Canyon has California native ferns covering the 10–15 metres (33–49 ft) sheer walls, giving a primeval habitat quality. Some species include: A hiking trail follows the canyon and creek. The start of Fern Canyon Trail is reached at the bottom of the canyon by hiking

96-480: A "selective cut" system of logging. This meant that the company would limit cutting to a maximum of 70 percent of the mature trees in a stand, leaving the younger, most vigorous trees to hold the soil and seed a new generation of forest. He also instituted the concept of "sustainable yield," which directed planners to never cut more than the company's forests could replace by new growth in any year. These practices were hailed as revolutionary and he and his direct heirs ran

144-622: A 3-acre (12,000 m ) buffer zone around a 600-year old-growth redwood named Luna in exchange for leaving the tree, as she had been living in it for just over two years. Though someone vandalized the tree during the process, it survives to the present. In 2003, the Company was sued civilly, by the District Attorney of Humboldt County, for fraud and violations of the California Business and Professions Code. The suit

192-555: A bomb planted in the car of Earth First! activist Judi Bari exploded, sending her and fellow activist Darryl Cherney to the hospital. Judi and Darryl were on their way to a music and speaking event on the UC Santa Cruz campus, part of an organizing tour for Redwood Summer , which sought to inform the wider public about the tragedy unfolding in the Redwood Empire. The explosion was a milestone of forest activism in

240-538: A deal that inevitably led to the creation of the Headwaters Forest in 1999 in exchange for $ 480 million in taxpayer money. Between a desire to turn a higher profit and the need to start paying off the debt incurred from acquiring Pacific Lumber, Hurwitz's Maxxam replaced the sustainable growth policy of the previous owner-managers (primarily the Murphy family) with one of clearcutting . On May 24, 1990,

288-490: A difficult matter—especially since it in part depends on an incomplete fossil record. Sequoioideae is an ancient taxon , with the oldest described Sequoioideae species, Sequoia jeholensis , recovered from Jurassic deposits. The fossil wood Medulloprotaxodioxylon , reported from the late Triassic of China, resembles Sequoiadendron giganteum and may represent an ancestral form of the Sequoioideae; this supports

336-671: A quarter mile north up California Coastal Trail from Fern Canyon Day Use Area, which is north of Gold Bluffs Beach Campground. The trail loop is 0.5 miles (0.80 km), one end of the trail connecting to the James Irvine Trail. The prehistoric ambience led to the canyon being used as a filming location for The Lost World: Jurassic Park , BBC's Walking with Dinosaurs and IMAX's Dinosaurs Alive! . 41°24′09″N 124°04′06″W  /  41.4026218°N 124.0684063°W  / 41.4026218; -124.0684063 This Humboldt County, California –related article

384-416: A relatively low profit annually, which unwittingly were about to make the company vulnerable to "new" acquisition practices from Wall Street. The last Murphy to manage the company under these circumstances, Warren Murphy, reflected on what it was like to run such a stable enterprise with sound environmental practices: "We were the good guys. It was fun, it was easy—it was a great life." On September 30, 1985,

432-491: A tour of the (now permanently closed) largest Redwood Mill ever constructed, which included an unusual hydraulic debarker . The quaint town adjacent to the mill is still open to public visits. Pacific Lumber has been at the center of multiple controversies since a hostile takeover by Maxxam, Inc. (of Texas), that was completed in 1986. The company maintains that it is still a sustainable operation, but its policies and practices bear little resemblance to those before 1986. 1999 saw

480-467: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This protected areas-related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Pacific Lumber Company The Pacific Lumber Company, officially abbreviated PALCO, and also commonly known as PL , was one of California's major logging and sawmill operations, located 28 miles (45 km) south of Eureka and 244 miles (393 km) north of San Francisco . Begun in 1863, PALCO

528-677: The 1906 San Francisco earthquake , World War I , and numerous floods on the Eel River, the company came into the modern age. By 1920 the company had 1,500 employees and 65,000 acres (260 km ) of timberland. Beginning in the same decade, company management began participating in the preservation movement, primarily as a result of pressure from the Save the Redwoods League in San Francisco. Portions of prior PL holdings including

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576-476: The Jurassic . Reticulate evolution refers to the origination of a taxon through the merging of ancestor lineages. Polyploidy has come to be understood as quite common in plants—with estimates ranging from 47% to 100% of flowering plants and extant ferns having derived from ancient polyploidy. Within the gymnosperms however it is quite rare. Sequoia sempervirens is hexaploid (2n= 6x= 66). To investigate

624-487: The marbled murrelet , spotted owl , and other old growth dwellers. As required by regulatory authorities, buffer zones have been further developed around rivers to prevent erosion and maintain animal habitats, but the Eel River, the region's major waterway, has been considerably damaged as a result of more than 150 years of logging activity, not all of which is the result of PALCO operations. In 1999 PALCO agreed to American activist Julia Butterfly Hill 's requests to create

672-531: The Bankruptcy court in Corpus Christi, TX. Environmentalists hailed the move as being a vast improvement on the increased logging approach by Charles Hurwitz and MAXXAM. Redwood Sequoioideae , commonly referred to as redwoods , is a subfamily of coniferous trees within the family Cupressaceae , that range in the northern hemisphere . It includes the largest and tallest trees in

720-597: The California court of Appeal for the 1st district upheld the trial court's dismissal of the litigation, and the suit is for all practical purposes over. During the pendency of this litigation MAXXAM filed for Bankruptcy. Reports indicate that the family that owns the GAP Stores who are already investors in timber lands in Mendocino county, just south of Humboldt county have submitted a proposal to take over PALCO to

768-859: The Late Cretaceous-Oligocene of the Southern Hemisphere, including Australia and New Zealand, has been suggested as a member of the subfamily. In 2024, it was estimated that there were about 500,000 redwoods in Britain, mostly brought as seeds and seedlings from the US in the Victorian era . The entire subfamily is endangered . The IUCN Red List Category & Criteria assesses Sequoia sempervirens as Endangered (A2acd), Sequoiadendron giganteum as Endangered (B2ab) and Metasequoia glyptostroboides as Endangered (B1ab). In 2024 it

816-742: The Pacific Lumber Company was listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol PL. By the 1980s, this huge lumber operation had absolutely no debt, holding a partially diversified portfolio that included a high-rise building in San Francisco and lucrative welding operation in the San Francisco Bay Area, all derived from the company's 100-year-plan based on sustained yield directed cutting and profits carefully spent to protect cash flow. These long-term plans consequently and purposely led to

864-564: The Redwood and Douglas-Fir forests of Humboldt County . For generations, it was one of the largest private employers in the entire region, appropriately known as the Redwood Empire . The company was transformed into a wholly owned subsidiary of Maxxam, Inc for its two final decades. In January 2007 the company filed for bankruptcy protection. On July 29, 2008, the "Final Order" from US Bankruptcy attorney, Judge Richard Schmidt, led to

912-484: The Rockefeller Forest, the world's largest remaining contiguous old growth Redwood Forest to survive, now comprises the core of Humboldt Redwoods State Park . Further developments included recycling of sawdust into the world's first Presto logs. In 1931, Stanwood Murphy became president of the company. His unique foresight led to a drastic change in practices from the industry standard of clear cutting to

960-466: The age of 47. On September 17, 1998, David Chain , an Earth First! activist was struck by a falling tree while trying to stop logging in Pacific Lumber property. He was killed instantly and died of massive head trauma. In response to his death, a Pacific Lumber Co. spokesperson said their logging crew did not see anybody in the area and were unaware of Chain's presence. Earth First! said that

1008-706: The appellate court in Louisiana refused to hear the case. Timber note holders stated that this will mean the Mendocino Redwood Company/ Marathon plan will be able to go forward, and many agree that any future court will be unlikely to undo it. Pacific Lumber Company incorporated the Humboldt Bay and Eel River Railroad on 17 November 1882 to transport lumber from the Scotia sawmill to Humboldt Bay for loading aboard ships. The railway

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1056-467: The assertion that the Sequoioideae are monophyletic . Most modern phylogenies place Sequoia as sister to Sequoiadendron and Metasequoia as the out-group. However, Yang et al. went on to investigate the origin of a peculiar genetic component in Sequoioideae, the polyploidy of Sequoia —and generated a notable exception that calls into question the specifics of this relative consensus. A 2006 paper based on non-molecular evidence suggested

1104-400: The asset transfer and resulting companies were little changed by the modification and no other adjustments of any significance have occurred since. The Pacific Lumber Company was started in 1863. Though it employed over 350 people in its final days in 2008, there were over 1,600 employees at the turn of the millennium. The company itself was a tourist attraction that once welcomed visitors for

1152-529: The company in this manner for the next 55 years. By the 1950s, PALCO efforts to make Scotia a comfortable place to live and raise a family provided the following in the company town: affordable employee housing, stores, a school, a hospital, a skating rink, and a theatre. Under the Murphy family, the company implemented an employee pension plan, and provided free life insurance. By 1961, academic scholarships were also provided to students who were children of company employees. On December 17, 1975, common stock for

1200-572: The controllers of the company for nearly a century The way they took care of business was shown handily after the big fire as they chose to rebuild everything, despite the fact that insurance covered only 25% of losses. Life during early 20th century lumbering is documented by the Neill family’s Photo Album, which features 292 photographs of the Neill family, townspeople, and daily life in the company town of Scotia . Images reflect everyday life and hardships, local residents and homes, vacations, trips into

1248-403: The day after the completed takeover, Warren Murphy resigned, turning over the company to John A. Campbell , a man who had been one of his executive vice presidents. However, despite indisputable changes in the tenor and management of the company, its last major holding of contiguous old growth forest was ultimately preserved as environmental groups and various auspices of government worked to seek

1296-585: The following relationship among extant species: M. glyptostroboides (dawn redwood) S. sempervirens (coast redwood) S. giganteum (giant sequoia) Taxodioideae A 2021 study using molecular evidence found the same relationships among Sequoioideae species, but found Sequoioideae to be the sister group to the Athrotaxidoideae (a superfamily presently known only from Tasmania ) rather than to Taxodioideae . Sequoioideae and Athrotaxidoideae are thought to have diverged from each other during

1344-651: The heat of the US Civil War in 1863 when A. W. McPherson and Henry Wetherbee purchased 6,000 acres (24 km ) of timberland on California's Eel River at the rate of $ 1.25 per acre. Over the ensuing 20 years they added more partners and began significant logging by 1882, at the present main site and town, which was originally known as Forestville. By 1888, the company became the largest in Humboldt County, with 300 employees and lumber shipments exceeding 20,000,000 board feet (47,000 m ) annually. By this time

1392-608: The idea of a Late Triassic Norian origin for this subfamily. The fossil record shows a massive expansion of range in the Cretaceous and dominance of the Arcto-Tertiary Geoflora , especially in northern latitudes. Genera of Sequoioideae were found in the Arctic Circle , Europe, North America, and throughout Asia and Japan. A general cooling trend beginning in the late Eocene and Oligocene reduced

1440-428: The inconsistent relationships among Metasequoia , Sequoia, and Sequoiadendron could be a sign of reticulate evolution by hybrid speciation (in which two species hybridize and give rise to a third) among the three genera. However, the long evolutionary history of the three genera (the earliest fossil remains being from the Jurassic ) make resolving the specifics of when and how Sequoia originated once and for all

1488-482: The land underlying the right of way along with the timber rights and the ability to use the line for their logging operations. The railway became part of the Northwestern Pacific Railroad on 8 January 1907. Pacific Lumber Company built flatcars from wood and maintained a fleet of locomotives for moving logs from the woods into the mill and for switching cars for loading or unloading at

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1536-577: The largest and tallest trees in the world. These trees can live for thousands of years. Threats include logging, fire suppression, illegal marijuana cultivation, and burl poaching. Only two of the genera, Sequoia and Sequoiadendron , are known for massive trees. Trees of Metasequoia , from the single living species Metasequoia glyptostroboides , are deciduous, grow much smaller (although are still large compared to most other trees) and can live in colder climates. Multiple studies of both morphological and molecular characters have strongly supported

1584-445: The loggers had been deliberately felling huge trees, in a perpendicular manner rather than downhill, in the protesters' direction. One of the protesters also noted that the tree fellers were fully aware that they were there, as the activists had been "yelling at them, walking towards them, telling them 'Don't fell this tree'" . On a videotape supplied by Earth First!, Arlington Earl Ammons, the 52-year-old logger responsible for felling

1632-413: The northern ranges of the Sequoioideae, as did subsequent ice ages. Evolutionary adaptations to ancient environments persist in all three species despite changing climate, distribution, and associated flora, especially the specific demands of their reproduction ecology that ultimately forced each of the species into refugial ranges where they could survive. The extinct genus Austrosequoia , known from

1680-467: The origins of this polyploidy Yang et al. used two single copy nuclear genes , LFY and NLY, to generate phylogenetic trees . Other researchers have had success with these genes in similar studies on different taxa. Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the origin of Sequoia's polyploidy: allopolyploidy by hybridization between Metasequoia and some probably extinct taxodiaceous plant; Metasequoia and Sequoiadendron, or ancestors of

1728-555: The redwoods and elsewhere. The bomber was never identified. Oakland police and the FBI initially accused Bari and Cherney with transporting an explosive device under the driver's seat of her own car; but Alameda County prosecutors dropped the case for lack of evidence a few months later. A lawsuit filed by Judi against the FBI for violation of Constitutional rights was ultimately successful in 2002, vindicating Darryl and Judi, but coming five years after Judi's untimely death from breast cancer at

1776-547: The sale of thousands of acres of land to become the Headwaters Forest Reserve . In that agreement, strict rules were put into place requiring the company to manage its holdings under more-restrictive practices. This in part led PALCO to file for bankruptcy in January 2007. By late in 2008 The Pacific Lumber Company ceased to exist. Pacific Lumber (or PL, as locals have known it for generations) began during

1824-487: The sawmill. Diesels replaced steam locomotives in 1955. Log trains of wooden flat cars ran to the Scotia mill until 1976 from a log deck in Carlotta, California . Company switchers were stationed at Scotia until Northwestern Pacific Railroad discontinued service. Under pressure from environmental activists, the company considered selling 6,000 acres (24 km²) of mostly old growth redwoods for $ 300 million to protect

1872-417: The surrounding forest, and Pacific Lumber Company’s mill and work operations, between the years of 1908 and 1913. The Neil Photo Album is available for viewing at Humboldt State University’s Special Collections. By 1905, Simon Murphy, Sr., originally of Detroit, Michigan and later of Whittier, California , completed the process of gaining control of the company. Through the rebuilding of San Francisco after

1920-501: The town name was changed to Scotia and it boasted a Western Union telegraph station, church, post office, and school. In 1895, the company suffered a major setback as the entire town burned, suffering $ 400,000 in losses ($ 8,000,000 in today's terms). By that time, Simon J. Murphy, Sr. a Detroit business man and one of its first millionaires had consolidated his millions from Detroit and Southern California into PL. The Simon Murphy family, Stanwood Murphy and his direct descendants would be

1968-645: The transfer of the assets of the bankrupt PALCO and all its subsidiaries to the Mendocino Redwood Company and the town of Scotia to Marathon Structured Finance. After 145 years as PALCO, the new company is known as the Humboldt Redwood Company . Some of the affected parties, including Bank of New York Trust Company , filed an appeal and on September 29, 2009 the Court of Appeals for the 5th Circuit modified this judgment. However,

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2016-536: The tree that caused Chain's death can be heard shouting expletives and threatening the protesters. The company filed for bankruptcy protection in January 2007. A Texas bankruptcy court considered reorganization options early in 2008. On June 6, 2008 the judge preliminarily decided to confirm the Mendocino Redwood Company option for reorganization and signed the order on July 8, 2008. The company's bond holders attempted to appeal, but on July 24,

2064-588: The two genera, as the parental species of Sequoia ; and autohexaploidy , autoallohexaploidy, or segmental allohexaploidy. Yang et al. found that Sequoia was clustered with Metasequoia in the tree generated using the LFY gene but with Sequoiadendron in the tree generated with the NLY gene. Further analysis strongly supported the hypothesis that Sequoia was the result of a hybridization event involving Metasequoia and Sequoiadendron . Thus, Yang et al. hypothesize that

2112-477: The venerable Pacific Lumber Company, having maneuvered through more than a century of business peaks and valleys, was taken over as a result of stock purchases culminating on September 27, 1985. The Murphy family (the largest minority stock holders at the time) and countless previous stockholders, mostly company employees, were relieved of their stock as a result of a hostile takeover by Charles Hurwitz and his Maxxam, Inc. corporation of Texas. On February 26, 1986,

2160-452: The world. The trees in the subfamily are amongst the most notable trees in the world and are common ornamental trees. The subfamily reached its peak diversity in the early cenozoic . The three redwood subfamily genera are Sequoia from coastal California and Oregon , Sequoiadendron from California's Sierra Nevada , and Metasequoia in China . The redwood species contains

2208-610: Was completed across the Scotia Bluffs to Alton, California on 20 August 1885 where connection was made with the Eel River and Eureka Railroad for the remainder of the distance to Humboldt Bay. Rails were extended southward up the Eel River from Scotia to bring logs into the sawmill. Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway merged the Pacific Lumber Company railway into their subsidiary San Francisco and Northwestern Railway on 15 May 1903, although Pacific Lumber Company retained

2256-597: Was managed over most of the twentieth century by generations of the Simon J. Murphy, Sr. Family or managers chosen by the Murphys from 1905 through 1985. Primary operations existed in massive log storage and milling operations at the historic company town of Scotia, California , located adjacent to US 101 along the Eel River . Secondary mills were located in nearby Fortuna and Carlotta . PALCO had extensive timber holdings exceeding well over 200,000 acres (890 km²) in

2304-477: Was predicated on the allegation that PALCO had affirmatively represented that its timber operations would have a similar environmental impact across all of its land holdings, when in fact there were wide variances and effects on differing watershed environments. The suit was ultimately dismissed by a California Superior Court Judge, but was later appealed to the California Court of Appeal. In January 2008,

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