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76-474: The F430 Challenge is a non-road legal variant of the road-going Ferrari F430 , it has been extensively modified by Ferrari to boost its on circuit performance with extensive weight reduction and suspension changes. Just like in previous Ferrari Challenge cars the engine has largely remained the same as on the production road cars except for some enhanced breathing by means of a racing exhaust system and some engine management tweaks and fine blueprinting. Furthermore,

152-510: A strategic alliance with China's largest aluminum producer, at its Pingguo facility; however, it was unsuccessful. Alcoa sold their stake in Chalco on September 12, 2007, for around $ 2 billion. In 2004, Alcoa's specialty chemicals business was sold to two private equity firms led by Rhône Group for an enterprise value of $ 342 million, which included the assumption of debt and other unfunded obligations. Rhône Group then changed

228-552: A 500,000 tonne per year refinery that processes bauxite into alumina. They have continued to upgrade the plant through the years, and it is now capable of 1,425,000 tonnes per year. In 1988, the Jamaican government gained a 50% share in the subsidiary and renamed the operation to Jamalco, Alcoa being the managing partner. Expansion of the operation in 2007 resulted in Alcoa owning 55% of the operation. Alcoa continues to mine bauxite in

304-533: A Superfund Unilateral Order on December 31, 1998, requiring Alcoa to excavate, treat and dispose of the contaminated wetlands sediments. In April 2003, Alcoa Inc. agreed to spend an estimated $ 330 million to install a new coal-fired power plant with state-of-the-art pollution controls to eliminate the vast majority of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide emissions from the power plant at Alcoa's aluminum production facility in Rockdale , Texas. The settlement

380-771: A bath of cryolite and aluminum oxide , the then semi-rare metal aluminum remained as a byproduct. This discovery, now called the Hall–Héroult process , along with the Bayer process , are the dominant processes for production of aluminum from bauxite ore . Fewer than ten sites in the United States and Europe produced aluminum at the time. In 1887, Hall agreed to try his process at the Electric Smelting and Aluminum Company plant in Lockport, New York . Still, it

456-586: A controversial dam project exclusively dedicated to supplying electricity to this smelter. The Fjarðaál smelter in eastern Iceland was completed in June 2007 and brought into full operation the following April. The plant processes 940 tons of aluminum a day, with a capacity of 346,000 metric tons a year, making it Alcoa's second largest capacity smelter. For power, the plant relies on the Kárahnjúkar Hydropower Plant , constructed and operated by

532-497: A major producer of primary aluminum, fabricated aluminum, and alumina combined, through its active and growing participation in all major aspects of the industry: technology, mining, refining, smelting, fabricating, and recycling. Alcoa emerged in 1888 as the brainchild of Charles Martin Hall , with the funding of Alfred E. Hunt and Arthur Vining Davis . Alcoa was the first mass producer of aluminum. Before Alcoa's formation, aluminum

608-537: A reminder of the environmental dimensions of industrial operations. Alcoa Road's transition from an access route for mining to a gateway for environmental observation underscores the evolving relationship between industry and conservation. Alcoa's affiliate in Ghana , the Volta Aluminum Company , was completely closed between May 2003 and early 2006 due to problems with its electricity supply. Alcoa

684-528: A remote area 250 km north of Quebec City . Infrastructure was necessary to support the workforce required by the aluminum plant, so the company funded the construction of schools, parks, playgrounds, and medical facilities. Davis was named chairman of Alcoa's board of directors in 1928 and remained in that role for thirty years until his retirement. In 1938, the Justice Department charged Alcoa with illegal monopolization and demanded that

760-500: A revised intake, exhaust, and an ion-sensing knock-detection system that allows for a higher compression ratio in the engine. Thus the weight-to-power ratio is reduced from 2.96 kg/hp to 2.5 kg/hp. In addition to the weight saving measures, the Scuderia's single-clutch automated manual gained improved "Superfast" software, known as "Superfast2", for faster 60 millisecond shift times. A new traction control system combined

836-476: A space above the engine bay. The interior and performance of the Spider are identical to that of the coupé with an increase in the weight and decrease in the top speed by 5 km/h (3 mph). Serving as the successor to the 360 Challenge Stradale , the 430 Scuderia ( scuderia meaning "stable", but also used in the context of motor racing teams, including Ferrari's own ) was unveiled by Michael Schumacher at

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912-492: A specific minimum weight and with an engine restrictor that depends on the engine displacement. Hence Ferrari destroked the 4.3 L V8 engine to 4.0 L in order to compete in the 3.8–4.0 L class in GT2 class racing, which is allowed to race with a minimum weight of 1,100 kg (2,425 lb). In this race configuration, the engine produces somewhat less power, at 327 kW (445 PS; 439 hp). If they were to use

988-542: A third site opened at Niagara Falls . Hunt left the company in 1898 to fight in the Spanish–American War . While in Puerto Rico, he contracted Malaria . Less than a year after his return to the states, he died from complications of the disease at age 44. By about 1903, after a settlement with Hall's former employer, and while its patents were in force, the company was the only legal supplier of aluminum in

1064-576: A top speed of 315 km/h (196 mph). 499 cars were produced beginning early 2009 and all were pre-sold to select clients. A version of the F430 Spider that runs on ethanol , called the F430 Spider Bio Fuel, was on display at the 2008 Detroit Auto Show . It had the same 4.3 litre V8 engine as the standard car, producing 500 hp (373 kW), with a 4% increase in torque and with 5% less carbon dioxide emissions than

1140-630: Is a sports car produced by the Italian automobile manufacturer Ferrari from 2004 until 2009 as a successor to the Ferrari 360 . The car is an update to the 360 with exterior and performance changes. It was unveiled at the 2004 Paris Motor Show . The F430 was succeeded by the 458 which was unveiled on 28 July 2009. An estimated 16,750 F430s were produced between 2005 and 2009. Designed by Pininfarina in collaboration with Frank Stephenson (Director of Ferrari-Maserati Concept Design and Development),

1216-481: Is a convertible version of the 430 Scuderia. The engine is rated at 510 PS (375 kW; 503 hp) at 8,500 rpm and 471 N⋅m (347 lb⋅ft) of torque at 5,250 rpm. The car has a dry weight of 1,340 kg (2,954 lb) (80 kg (176 lb) lighter than the F430 Spider) and a kerb weight of 1,440 kg (3,175 lb). The chassis was stiffened to cope with the extra performance available and

1292-660: Is a major owner of the Compagnie des Bauxites de Guinée through Halco Mining , together with Rio Tinto Alcan and the Guinean government. Guinea is the second global producer of bauxite and it is said to have half of the world's reserves. In 2005, Alcoa began construction in Iceland on Alcoa Fjarðaál , a state-of-the-art aluminum smelter and the company's first greenfield smelter in more than 20 years, albeit under heavy criticism by local and international NGOs related to

1368-550: Is available below 3,500 rpm. Despite a 20% increase in displacement, engine weight grew by only 4 kg (8.8 lb) along with a decrease in diameter for easier packaging. The connecting rods, pistons and crankshaft were all entirely new, while the 4-valve cylinder head , valves and intake trumpets were directly retained from Formula 1 engines, for ideal volumetric efficiency. The F430 has a top speed in excess of 315 km/h (196 mph) and can accelerate from 0 to 97 km/h (60 mph) in 3.6 seconds, 0.6 seconds quicker than

1444-625: Is engaged in the mining and manufacture of raw aluminum, and the renaming of Alcoa Inc. to Arconic Inc. , which processes aluminum and other metals. Alcoa has been criticized for its lax environmental record, but it no longer ranks highly as one of the worst polluters in the United States. In 1886, Charles Martin Hall , a graduate of Oberlin College , discovered the process of smelting aluminum, almost simultaneously with Paul Héroult in France. He realized that by passing an electric current through

1520-459: Is equipped with Double Overhead Camshafts and contains 4 valves per cylinder. The engine is, and always has been, naturally-aspirated. The engine is mounted behind the cockpit and faces longitudinally (along the length of the car). The transmission is the 6-speed, paddle operated, automated manual , as found in the standard F430. The transmission uses Formula 1 technology and can shift gears in 150 ms. The brakes use carbon-ceramic material, which

1596-724: Is now managed locally and renamed Westfield Industrial Park. Several of the large buildings are leased out to local businesses. Alcoa operates bauxite mines, alumina refineries, and aluminum smelters through Alcoa World Alumina and Chemicals (AWAC), a joint venture between Alumina Limited and Alcoa. Alcoa operates two bauxite mines in Western Australia—the Huntly and Willowdale mines. Alcoa World Alumina and Chemicals owns and operates three alumina refineries in Western Australia : Kwinana, Pinjarra , and Wagerup . The Wagerup expansion plans were put on hold due to

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1672-527: Is similar to Land Rover 's "Terrain Response" system. The F1 automated manual transmission was built by Graziano Trasmissioni . The Ferrari F430 was available with exclusive Goodyear Eagle F1 GSD3 EMT tires, which have a V-shaped tread design, run-flat capability, and OneTRED technology. In the US, the company requested an exemption from the airbag design requirements, which was eventually granted, allowing

1748-646: Is the track version of the F430, designed for the Ferrari Challenge . The engine remained untouched but the vehicle's weight was reduced, resulting in a top speed of 325 km/h (202 mph). The production model was unveiled at the Los Angeles Auto Show in January 2005. Built since 2006 by Ferrari Corse Clienti department in collaboration with Michelotto  [ it ; fr ] ,

1824-555: Is very resistant to brake fade. Both front and rear suspension used double wishbones and anti-roll bars. The exhaust system is updated for the Challenge car, placing the outlet ports higher in the back of the car. The back also includes a new grille to help with drawing heat out of the engine. (0-100 in 3.2 seconds, top speed 320 kmh/h) Ferrari F430 1,569 kg (3,460 lb) (Spider) 1,497 kg (3,300 lb) (Scuderia Spider 16M) The Ferrari F430 (Type F131)

1900-608: The 2008 Global Financial Crisis . In January 2024, Alcoa announced it would cease alumina production at its Kwinana refinery that year. Two aluminum smelters are also operated in the state of Victoria at Portland and Point Henry ; the Point Henry smelter was scheduled to be closed in August 2014. Alcoa Australia Rolled Products, a 100% Alcoa Inc. venture, operates two rolling mills. The Point Henry Rolling Mill in Victoria and

1976-539: The E-Diff , a computer-controlled limited slip active differential which can vary the distribution of torque based on inputs such as steering angle and lateral acceleration. Other notable features include the first application of Ferrari's manettino steering wheel-mounted control knob. Drivers can select from five different settings which modify the vehicle's ESC system, "Skyhook" electronic suspension, transmission behavior, throttle response, and E-Diff. The feature

2052-555: The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA). AWA will pay the DoJ $ 223 million in five equal installments over the next four years, bringing the company's total bill for the scandal to $ 384 million. In June 2016, Alcoa Inc. announced plans to split itself into two companies: Alcoa Inc would be renamed as Arconic and would take over the business of designing and building processed metal parts, primarily for

2128-715: The Rank Group for $ 2.7 billion in 2008. In 2000, Alcoa also purchased Cordant Technologies Inc. for $ 57 a share in cash, or $ 2.3 billion, and assumed $ 685 million of Cordant's debt for a total transaction value of $ 2.9 billion. Cordant's divisions included Huck Fasteners, Jacobson Mfg. Co., Continental/Midland Group, its 85% interest in Howmet International Inc. , and Thiokol Corporation . In 2001, Alcoa sold Thiokol for $ 2.9 billion to Alliant Techsystems (ATK) . Alcoa purchased an 8% stake of Aluminum Corporation of China (Chalco) in 2001. It tried to form

2204-556: The Spanish–American War . The company changed its name to the Aluminum Company of America in 1907. Alcoa increased production by 40% during World War I and was an essential supplier of aluminum in World War II. In the 2000s, Alcoa purchased numerous competitors, including Reynolds Group Holdings (makers of Reynolds Wrap). On November 1, 2016, Alcoa Inc. split into two entities: a new one called Alcoa Corporation, which

2280-541: The 2007 Frankfurt Auto Show . Aimed to compete with cars like the Porsche 911 GT2 and the Lamborghini Gallardo Superleggera ( superleggera meaning super light weight), it is lighter (by 100 kg (220 lb)) and more powerful (510 PS (375 kW; 503 hp) at 8,500 rpm and 471 N⋅m (347 lb⋅ft) of torque at 5,250 rpm) than the standard F430. Increased power comes from

2356-458: The 2007 Spa 24 Hours endurance race, in which both models were entered, the GT3 spec vehicles' best qualification time was around 8 seconds slower per lap than that set by the GT2 spec vehicle. Developed by Kessel Racing for the 2009 season , the 430 GT3 Scuderia is the successor of the previous F430 GT3. In February 2009, Ferrari recalled about 2,000 (2005–2007) F430 Spiders in the U.S., due to

Ferrari F430 Challenge - Misplaced Pages Continue

2432-438: The 2007 to 2010 production period. It is estimated that more than half of these race cars have been written off during the various Ferrari Challenge series around the world. This means that approximately 50 (or less) would be in existence today. The engine is the same 90° 4.3-litre V8 as in the standard F430. The output remains the same at 483 hp (360 kW), as well as the torque at 343 lb⋅ft (465 N⋅m). The engine

2508-485: The 4.3-litre engine, the minimum weight of the F430 would increase by 50 kg (110 lb), and the 4.0-litre engine thus yields a better power-to-weight ratio . The F430 GTCs won their class championships in the ALMS and FIA GT, as well as scoring class wins at the 2007 , 2009 and 2010 12 Hours of Sebring , at the 2008 and 2009 24 Hours of Le Mans and at the 2008 and 2009 Petit Le Mans . Originally based on

2584-703: The F1-Trac traction from the 599 GTB and stability control with the E-Diff electronic differential. The Ferrari 430 Scuderia accelerates from 0-100 km/h (62 mph) in 3.6 seconds, with a top speed of 319 km/h (198 mph). To commemorate Ferrari's 16th victory in the Formula 1 Constructor's World Championship in 2008 , Ferrari unveiled the Scuderia Spider 16M at World Finals in Mugello . It

2660-628: The F430 Challenge, the F430 GT3 is a specialised racing car developed in 2006 by JMB Racing for the FIA GT3 European Championship and other national GT championships such as British GT and FFSA GT . It is mechanically similar to the F430 Challenge but has better-developed aerodynamics and more power. The car uses the same 4.3 L V8 engine , tuned to produce 410  kW ; 558  PS (550 hp), making

2736-545: The F430 GTC is a racing car designed to compete in international GT2 class competition, such as in the American Le Mans Series , Le Mans Series , and FIA GT Championship . F430 GTCs also compete at the 24 Hours of Le Mans . The GTC was the fastest and most developed racing version of the F430. In FIA GT2 championship, in order to render the car performances more uniform, the cars are forced to run with

2812-413: The GT3 more powerful than its GT2 counterpart. However, due to the GT3 regulations stating that the car must have a power-to-weight ratio of around 2.6 kg/hp, the car weighs 1,219 kg (2,687 lb) in race trim (driver and fuel excluded), which is roughly 119 kg (262 lb) more than the GT2 spec car. Despite the higher power, it is significantly slower than the GT2 version; for example, in

2888-585: The Jamaican parishes of Clarendon and Manchester, while competitors' operations occur in nearby parishes. In the 1970s, Alcoa negotiated with the Dominican Republic government concerning its bauxite mining operations. The U.S. Department of State expressed concerns that the Dominican Republic might follow Jamaica's lead in imposing higher taxes on Alcoa's operations. This period was marked by intense discussions and negotiations regarding

2964-536: The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and the U.S. Department of Justice over charges of bribing Bahraini officials. Under the settlement terms, they will pay the SEC $ 175 million to settle the charges. To resolve the criminal claims with the DoJ, Alcoa World Alumina (AWA, a company within Alcoa World Alumina and Chemicals) is pleading guilty to one count of violating the anti-bribery provisions of

3040-606: The United States . By 1902, New Kensington consisted of 173,000 sq. feet on 15 acres with 276 employees. The company operated hydropower and reduction plants in Niagara Falls, NY (1895), Shawinigan Falls, Quebec (Northern Aluminum Company), mining operations in Bauxite, AR (1901), and reduction facilities in East St. Louis, IL (1902). "The Aluminum Company of America" became the firm's new name on January 1, 1907. Davis

3116-589: The Yennora Rolling Mill in N.S.W. have a combined rolling capacity of approx. 200,000 tonnes. Alcoa uses 12,600 GWh, or 15% of Victoria's electricity annually. Alcoa's Western Australian Wagerup plant has a troubled history in the context of claims that pollution from the plant has harmed the health of members of the adjacent local community. Alcoa announced it would acquire Alumina for $ 2.2 billion in an all-stock deal in February 2024. As part of

Ferrari F430 Challenge - Misplaced Pages Continue

3192-722: The York Oil federal Superfund site in Moira, New York , in accordance with the Environmental Protection Agency. The site, a former waste oil recycling storage facility, accepted waste oil from several companies, including Alcoa. The facility was improperly managed and operated, and as a result, soils on the York Oil Property and nearby wetlands sediments and groundwater were contaminated. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued

3268-404: The automotive and aerospace industries; a new company, Alcoa Corporation, would be set up and spun out of the remainder of Alcoa Inc. and retain the Alcoa name. Alcoa Corp. would continue the mining, smelting, and refining of raw aluminum. The split was completed on November 1, 2016. In February 1999, Alcoa cleaned soils and sediment contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and lead at

3344-465: The body styling has received very few styling changes with the Formula One inspired single central nut (slick shod) BBS wheels hiding enormous carbon brakes. The transmission is derived from Ferrari's Formula One program and offers the same 60 ms shift times versus 150 ms in a standard Ferrari F430 with no option of a manual H-gate gearshift. Fifth and sixth gears have been tweaked, as well as

3420-409: The body styling of the F430 was revised from its predecessor, the 360, to improve its aerodynamic efficiency. Although the drag coefficient remained the same, the downforce was greatly enhanced. Despite sharing the same basic Alcoa Aluminium chassis, roofline, doors, and glass, the car looked significantly different from the 360. A great extent of Ferrari heritage was included in the exterior design. At

3496-414: The car featured many carbon fibre parts and weight saving measures as standard such as lightened front and rear bumpers. Unique 5-spoke forged wheels were specifically produced for the 16M and helped to considerably reduce unsprung weight with larger front brakes and calipers added for extra stopping power (also featured on 430 Scuderia). It accelerates from 0-100 km/h (62 mph) in 3.7 seconds, with

3572-526: The car have been retained from the standard gearbox's "Race" mode. Traction control is permanently disengaged, along with the stability system. The car does retain ABS and ASR though. The racing modifications are present in almost all of the components, with the E-Differential being replaced by a mechanical one, and the suspension settings modified for racing. Production was limited to just 142 cars over

3648-425: The car to aid entry and exit to the cockpit. The race wheel replacing the standard cars airbag-equipped road car wheel. It also has buttons for pit radio, and for interfacing with the digital instrument display. A full roll cage and 6 point racing harnesses are also present in the cockpit along with super-light carbon door panels and Lexan front, side, and rear windows replacing all-road car glass. The characteristics of

3724-439: The car to continue to be sold in the US. The F430 Spider is the convertible version of the F430. It was unveiled at the 2005 Geneva Motor Show , making it Ferrari's 21st road-going convertible. The car was designed by Pininfarina with aerodynamic simulation programs used for Formula 1 cars. The conversion from a closed top to an open-air convertible is a two-stage folding-action; the roof panel automatically folds away inside

3800-480: The company be dissolved. The case of United States v. Alcoa was settled six years later. Aluminum products were of crucial use during World War II. A German U-Boat sank the SS Alcoa Puritan in 1942, as it carried a load of bauxite ore. In 1998, Alcoa acquired Alumax in a cash and share deal for $ 2.8 billion. Alcoa paid $ 50 a share in cash for half of the shares and 0.6975 Alcoa share for each of

3876-465: The complex housing six departments (tubes, sheets, rods, bar and wire, extrusion, jobbing, foil) and two subsidiaries (Aluminum Cooking Utensil Company and Aluminum Seal Company). In 1907, it created the "company town" of Pine Grove, New York , for workers outside Massena. In Badin, Alcoa, Maryville and other locations, the company funded the construction of schools, parks, playgrounds, and medical facilities. Historian George David Smith notes that "war

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3952-707: The deal Alcoa would gain full ownership of AWAC. The acquisition was completed in August. On January 3, 2003, Alcoa opened its new operations headquarters on the North Shore of Pittsburgh . This move came about after it donated its 50-year-old skyscraper headquarters in Downtown Pittsburgh to the Regional Development Authority. Alcoa created a plant just outside Maryville in Blount County , Tennessee. To support

4028-550: The experiments. Their first commercial aluminum pour was on Thanksgiving Day in 1888. The Pittsburgh Reduction Company began with an experimental smelting plant on Smallman Street in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania with Hunt as president and Hall as vice president. In 1891, the company began production in New Kensington, Pennsylvania . Davis was named general manager and appointed to the board of directors in 1892. In 1895,

4104-413: The factory, Alcoa built a small city and named it as such. The Alcoa Tenn Federal Credit Union was the first employee-created credit union in the state. The plant is no longer an Alcoa business. Alcoa's Massena West plant is the longest-operating smelter in the United States, continuously operating since 1902. The Reynolds Aluminum Plant became Massena East when the companies merged in 2000. Alcoa had

4180-474: The final drive ratio, specifically for the Challenge car. Weight saving efforts have affected all areas of the car, the most noticeable of which is the cockpit. Inside, the F430 Challenge has no carpets or sound deadening, no stereo, and the standard leather seats have been replaced with ultra-light FIA approved carbon racing seats. A lifeline snaps off boss allows the Alcantara steering wheel to be removed from

4256-511: The name to Almatis, Inc. In 2006, Alcoa relocated its top executives from Pittsburgh to New York City while its operational headquarters was still at its Corporate Center in Pittsburgh. Alcoa employed approximately 2,000 people at its Corporate Center in Pittsburgh and 60 at its New York office. Alcoa moved its headquarters back to Pittsburgh effective September 1, 2017, as part of a general consolidation of administrative facilities around

4332-688: The office in Reykjavik. In 2005 Alcoa acquired two major production facilities in Russia, at Samara and Belaya Kalitva . On November 21, 2006, Alcoa announced that it planned to close the Waunarlwydd works in Swansea , with the loss of 298 jobs. Production ceased at the Swansea plant on January 27, 2007. A small site closure team worked until December 31, 2008. Alcoa still owns the site, but it

4408-491: The old model. The brakes on the F430 were developed in close cooperation with Brembo and Bosch , resulting in a new cast-iron alloy for the discs. The new alloy includes molybdenum which has a better heat dissipation performance. The F430 was also available with the optional Carbon fibre-reinforced Silicon Carbide (C/SiC) ceramic composite brake package. Ferrari claimed the carbon ceramic brakes will not fade even after 300-360 laps at their test track. The F430 featured

4484-545: The quantity (13 million pounds in 2005) and toxicity of the emissions. More recently Alcoa ranked first in the United States even though they had reduced their emissions to less than 5 million pounds in 2014. Alcoa's most recently published ranking has dropped to 72nd based on 2020 data. Alcoa formed the Alcoa Minerals of Jamaica subsidiary on the island in 1959, shipping their first load of bauxite in 1963 from Rocky Point . Later in 1972, Alcoa established

4560-529: The rear, the Enzo's tail lights and engine cover vents were added. The car's name was etched on the Testarossa -styled driver's side mirror. The large oval openings in the front bumper are reminiscent of Ferrari racing models from the 60s, specifically the 156 "shark nose" Formula One car. The F430 features a 4,308 cc (4.3 L) V8 engine of the "Ferrari-Maserati" F136 family. This new power plant

4636-680: The remaining Alumax shares. Alcoa also assumed $ 1 billion in debt. Alumax's assets included the Eastalco aluminum smelter in Adamstown, Maryland , the Intalco aluminum smelter in Ferndale, Washington , and the Kawneer brand of building construction products. In 2000, Alcoa acquired Reynolds Metals Co. in an all-share deal for $ 4.5 billion. To clear anti-competition regulatory hurdles, Alcoa

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4712-401: The risk that heat from the engine could cause the convertible top's hydraulic hoses to fracture and leak flammable fluid onto the engine, resulting in a fire. Alcoa Alcoa Corporation (an acronym for " Aluminum Company of America ") is an American industrial corporation. It is the world's eighth-largest producer of aluminum . Alcoa conducts operations in 10 countries. Alcoa is

4788-512: The standard F430 Spider. The F430-based Ferrari SP1 (Special Project Number 1), was the first one-off special produced by the Ferrari Portfolio Coachbuilding Programme, also known as the Special Projects Programme (SP). The body was designed by former Pininfarina designer Leonardo Fioravanti , at the behest of Junichiro Hiramatsu, a Japanese businessman who was the former president of the Ferrari Club of Japan and an avid collector; he had admired Fioravanti's 1998 F100 prototype. The F430 Challenge

4864-528: The state-owned Landsvirkjun specifically for the smelting operation. That project was subject to controversy due to its impact on the environment. In 2006, Alcoa and the government of Iceland signed an agreement on instigating a thorough feasibility study for a new 250,000 tpy (Tons Per Year) smelter in Bakki by Húsavík in Northern Iceland. In October 2011, the proposed project was dropped because "the power availability and proposed pricing would not support an aluminum smelter". Alcoa announced plans to close

4940-458: The taxation and revenue from bauxite mining, highlighting the complexities of international business operations and the impact of global commodity markets on local economies. Alcoa Road, also known as El Aceitillar, is a significant part of Alcoa's legacy in the Dominican Republic . Originally constructed for a bauxite mine, it now leads to Sierra de Bahoruco National Park . This area offers an opportunity to observe endemic species and serves as

5016-405: The world. In October 2018, Alcoa announced plans to move from Pittsburgh's North Shore to a downtown Pittsburgh location. In May 2007, Alcoa Inc. made a US$ 27 billion hostile takeover bid for Alcan in an attempt to form the world's largest aluminum producer. The bid was withdrawn when Alcan announced a friendly takeover by Rio Tinto in July 2007. On May 8, 2008, Klaus Kleinfeld

5092-473: Was a significant change for Ferrari, as all previous Ferrari V8's were descendants of the Dino racing program of the 1950s. This fifty-year development cycle came to an end with the entirely new engine used in the F430, the architecture of which replaced the Dino-derived V12 in most other Ferrari cars. The engine's output specifications are: 490 PS (360 kW; 483 hp), at 8,500 rpm and 465 N⋅m (343 lb⋅ft) of torque at 5,250 rpm, 80% of which

5168-410: Was again included in the Dow Jones Sustainability Indices and was named as one of the top three most sustainable corporations in the world by Corporate Knights and Innovest Strategic Value Advisors at the World Economic Forum meeting. In 2008, the Political Economy Research Institute ranked Alcoa 15th among corporations emitting airborne pollutants in the United States. The ranking is based on

5244-684: Was appointed CEO of Alcoa, succeeding Alain Belda . On April 23, 2010, Alcoa's board of directors selected Kleinfeld to the office of chairman, following Belda's planned retirement. On July 16, 2012, Alcoa announced that it would take over full ownership and operation of Evermore Recycling and make it part of Alcoa's Global Packaging group. Evermore Recycling is a leader in used beverage can recycling, purchasing more recycled cans than any other group worldwide. In June 2013, Alcoa announced it would permanently close its Fusina primary aluminum smelter in Venice , Italy, where production had been curtailed since June 2010. On January 9, 2014, Alcoa settled with

5320-472: Was difficult to refine and, as a result, was more expensive than silver or gold. In 1886, Hall discovered the Hall–Héroult process , the first inexpensive technique for refining aluminum, drastically reducing the price of aluminum while increasing its availability. Hall approached Hunt and Davis to form a company to bring his process to market; the three founded Alcoa as the Pittsburgh Reduction Company , which expanded quickly. Hunt died in 1898 after fighting in

5396-526: Was good to Alcoa." By the end of World War I Alcoa's New Kensington facility accounted for 3,292 workers—a fifth of the local population—and covered over 1 million square feet of manufacturing space on 75 acres. The war enabled Alcoa to increase production by 40% and to export some ninety million pounds to the Western Allies. After WWI, Alcoa obtained the rights to Alfred Wilm 's duralumin patent, which led to additional research into other aluminum alloys. By 1923, Alcoa's New Kensington, Pennsylvania plant

5472-595: Was named company president in 1910 when the acronym "Alcoa" was coined. Hall remained a vice president until he died in 1914. It was given as a name to two of the locales where major corporate facilities were located (although one of these has since been changed), and in 1999, was adopted as the official corporate name. From 1902 until 1915, additional plants in Massena, New York (1903), Alcoa, Tennessee (1911), Edgewater, New Jersey (1915), Badin, North Carolina (1915) came online while New Kensington had 31 buildings in

5548-486: Was not used, and Hall left after one year, teaming up with Alfred E. Hunt to form a new company. After graduating from Amherst College in 1888, Arthur Vining Davis joined the new venture because Arthur's father knew Alfred Hunt. At the time, aluminum sold at almost $ 5 per pound, making it too expensive to be used commercially. They were determined to lower the cost of production using Charles Hall's ideas; Hall, Davis, and others worked 12-hour days together for months on

5624-653: Was required to sell Reynolds's 25% interest in a Washington smelter and all of Reynolds's alumina refineries. Reynolds owned a 56% interest in the Worsley alumina refinery in Australia, a 50% interest in a refinery in Germany, and a 100% interest in a Texas refinery. Alcoa also planned to sell Reynolds's construction and distribution business and the company's $ 400 million transportation business. Alcoa sold its packaging and consumer business, formerly called Reynolds Metals, to

5700-649: Was the ninth case the Bush administration pursued to bring the coal-fired power plant industry into full compliance with the Clean Air Act . Alcoa was unlawfully operating at the Rockdale facility since it overhauled the Rockdale power plant without installing necessary pollution controls and without first obtaining proper permits required by " New Source Review " program of the Clean Air Act. In 2005, Alcoa

5776-578: Was using horizontal extrusion presses, with preheated billets, for aerospace and construction applications. One of the first industrial uses was for the Navy's Shenandoah , followed ten years later with airplane applications . The Northern Aluminum Company in Quebec was renamed the Aluminum Company of Canada (ALCAN) in 1925. They were responsible for the rapid development of Arvida, Quebec,

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