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Ferrari SF71H

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116-408: The Ferrari SF71H was a Formula One racing car designed and constructed by Scuderia Ferrari to compete during the 2018 FIA Formula One World Championship . The chassis was designed by Mattia Binotto , Simone Resta , Enrico Cardile and David Sanchez with Corrado Iotti leading the powertrain design. The car was driven by Sebastian Vettel and Kimi Räikkönen , and made its competitive debut at

232-432: A C d value between 0.25 and 0.35), so that, despite the enormous power output of the engines, the top speed of these cars is less than that of World War II vintage Mercedes-Benz and Auto Union Silver Arrows racers. However, this drag is more than compensated for by the ability to corner at extremely high speed. The aerodynamics are adjusted for each track; with a low drag configuration for tracks where high speed

348-849: A Mercedes reserve driver for the 2024 season, sharing the role with Frederik Vesti . He drove the Mercedes W15 during a test at Silverstone , before driving the W13 alongside at Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya . Ahead of the British Grand Prix , Schumacher was announced to be driving the Alpine A522 at the Circuit Paul Ricard with Alpine reserve Jack Doohan , as the Enstone outfit continued to assess their options for their 2025 lineup. On 22 November 2023, it

464-400: A ban on variable intake trumpets, have also been introduced with the new 2.4 L V8 formula to prevent the teams from achieving higher RPM and horsepower too quickly. The 2009 season limited engines to 18,000 rpm in order to improve engine reliability and cut costs. For a decade, F1 cars had run with 3.0 L naturally aspirated engines with all teams settling on a V10 layout by the end of

580-603: A demonstration before the 2020 Tuscan Grand Prix at Mugello , to mark Scuderia Ferrari 's 1000th Formula One race, wearing his father's helmet for the occasion. Schumacher credits chess as being an integral part of his mental preparation before a Formula One race. He stated: "I feel like these games kind of bring focus back, as you always have to be switched on with your mind. In a weekend, I always want to be mentally ready for every challenge that comes." Schumacher started his motorsport career in 2008. To avoid attention because of his famous father, he started his career under

696-412: A downforce:weight ratio of 1:1) at 190 km/h (118 mph), while an F1 car achieves the same at 125 to 130 km/h (78 to 81 mph), and at 190 km/h (118 mph) the ratio is roughly 2:1. The bargeboards, in particular, are designed, shaped, configured, adjusted, and positioned not to create downforce directly, as with a conventional wing or underbody venturi, but to create vortices from

812-414: A driver is on wet-weather tyres), but during the race, it could only be activated when a driver is less than one second behind another car at pre-determined points on the track. (From 2013 DRS is available only at the pre-determined points during all sessions). The system is then deactivated once the driver brakes. The system "stalls" the rear wing by opening a flap, which leaves a 50 mm horizontal gap in

928-577: A few more lock-ups, he pitted for softs, dropping him out of the points. As a result of hard attacking and defending, Ilott's tires didn't fare much better and he too slowly fell out of the points. This result confirmed Schumacher as the 2020 FIA Formula 2 Champion. Schumacher joined the Ferrari Driver Academy in January 2019, citing Ferrari's ties with his family as a significant reason for joining. In April 2019, he made his debut behind

1044-413: A full race weekend. For the 2005 championship, they were required to last two full race weekends, and if a team changed an engine between the two races, they incurred a penalty of 10 grid positions. In 2007, this rule was altered slightly and an engine only had to last for Saturday and Sunday running. This was to promote Friday running. In the 2008 season, engines were required to last two full race weekends;

1160-409: A green band on the sidewall of the softer compound was painted to allow spectators to distinguish which tyre a driver is on. Beginning in 2019, Pirelli scrapped the tyre naming system such that the tyres will denote at each Grand Prix independently as hard, medium and soft with white, yellow and red sidewalls respectively rather than having a separate name and colour for each of the five tyres. The change

1276-461: A longer wheelbase than its predecessor, the SF70H , and a revised cooling system. Ferrari have further evolved their philosophy of moving the crash structure outside the sidepods, creating a complex bargeboard array and sidepod inlet configuration, even including winglets on the rear view mirrors. A small shark fin goes down the engine cover, and supports a low T-wing above the exhaust and spanning almost

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1392-495: A row of LED shift lights . The wheel alone can cost about $ 50,000, and with carbon fibre construction, weighs in at 1.3 kilograms. In the 2014 season, certain teams such as Mercedes have chosen to use larger LCDs on their wheels which allow the driver to see additional information such as fuel flow and torque delivery. They are also more customizable owing to the possibility of using much different software. The fuel used in F1 cars

1508-426: A small drag penalty. Until 2022, the underside of the vehicle, the undertray, had to be flat between the axles. The limited size of the wings (requiring use at high angles of attack to create sufficient downforce), and vortices created by open wheels lead to a high aerodynamic drag coefficient (about 1 according to Minardi 's technical director Gabriele Tredozi ; compared with the average modern car , which has

1624-433: A spin. He recovered from 19th to finish 5th in the sprint race. He failed to score points at Barcelona , suffering a collision in the first race and a time penalty for an illegal overtake on Jack Aitken in the second. At Monaco , Schumacher collided with multiple cars in the feature race, bringing out the red flag . He would fail to score points in either race. A double retirement came at the Circuit Paul Ricard , after he

1740-644: A standing start, a distance of only 5.2 km (3.2 mi). As well as being fast in a straight line, F1 cars have greater cornering ability. Grand Prix cars can negotiate corners at significantly higher speeds than other racing cars because of their levels of grip and downforce. Cornering speed is so high that Formula One drivers have strength training routines just for the neck muscles. Former F1 driver Juan Pablo Montoya claimed to be able to perform 300 repetitions of 23 kg (50 lb) with his neck. The combination of light weight (642 kg in race trim for 2013), power (670–750 kW (900–1,000 bhp) with

1856-490: A suitable structure; e.g. on the ceiling . The use of aerodynamics to increase the cars' grip was pioneered in Formula One in the 1968 season by Lotus , Ferrari and Brabham . At first, Lotus introduced modest front wings and a spoiler on Graham Hill's Lotus 49 B at the 1968 Monaco Grand Prix ; then, Brabham and Ferrari went one better at the 1968 Belgian Grand Prix with full-width wings mounted on struts high above

1972-439: A superficial resemblance to a normal road tyre. Whereas a road car tyre has a useful life of up to 80,000 km (50,000 mi), a Formula One tyre does not even last the whole race distance (a little over 300 km (190 mi)); they are usually changed one or two times per race, depending on the track. This is the result of a drive to maximize the road-holding ability, leading to the use of very soft compounds (to ensure that

2088-487: A track, drivers can deploy DRS, which opens the rear wing, reduces the drag of the car, allowing it to move faster. As soon as the driver touches the brake, the rear wing shuts again. In free practice and qualifying, a driver may use it whenever he wishes to, but in the race, it can only be used if the driver is 1 second, or less, behind another driver at the DRS detection zone on the race track, at which point it can be activated in

2204-492: A year developing their car) had the option of keeping the current V10 for another season, but with a rev limiter to keep them competitive with the most powerful V8 engines. The only team to take this option was the Toro Rosso team, which was reformed and regrouped Minardi. In 2012, the engines consumed around 450 L (16 cu ft) of air per second (at the 2012 rev limit of 18,000 rpm); race fuel consumption rate

2320-442: Is 740 kg (1,631 lb) including the driver but not fuel. Cars are weighed with dry-weather tyres fitted. Prior to the 2014 F1 season, cars often weighed in under this limit so teams added ballast in order to add weight to the car. The advantage of using ballast is that it can be placed anywhere in the car to provide ideal weight distribution. This can help lower the car's centre of gravity to improve stability and also allows

2436-650: Is a German racing driver , currently competing in the FIA World Endurance Championship for Alpine and serving as a reserve driver in Formula One for Mercedes . Schumacher competed in Formula One from 2021 to 2022 . Born and raised in Switzerland , Schumacher is the son of seven-time Formula One World Champion Michael Schumacher and equestrian Corinna Betsch , as well as the nephew of former Formula One driver Ralf and

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2552-469: Is a critical issue, and is bolted onto the back of the engine. Fully-automatic gearboxes , and systems such as launch control and traction control , have been illegal since 2004 and 2008 , respectively, to keep driver skill and involvement important in controlling the car, and to ensure that no teams are using these systems illegally to gain a competitive advantage, as well as to keep costs down. The driver initiates gear shifts using paddles mounted on

2668-639: Is a single-seat, open-cockpit, open-wheel formula racing car with substantial front and rear wings, and an engine positioned behind the driver , intended to be used in competition at Formula One racing events. The regulations governing the cars are unique to the championship and specify that cars must be constructed by the racing teams themselves, though the design and manufacture can be outsourced. Formula One drivers experience peak cornering forces of up to six lateral g. Modern-day Formula One cars are constructed from composites of carbon fibre and similar ultra-lightweight materials. The minimum weight permissible

2784-408: Is fairly similar to ordinary (premium) petrol , albeit with a far more tightly controlled mix. Formula One fuel would fall under high octane premium road fuel with octane thresholds of 95 to 102. Since the 1992 season onwards all Formula One cars must mandatorily utilize unleaded racing gasoline fuel. F1 blends are tuned for maximum performance in given weather conditions or different circuits. During

2900-508: Is more important like Autodromo Nazionale Monza , and a high traction configuration for tracks where cornering is more important, like the Circuit de Monaco . With the 2009 regulations, the FIA rid F1 cars of small winglets and other parts of the car (minus the front and rear wing) used to manipulate the airflow of the car in order to decrease drag and increase downforce. Currently, the front wing

3016-442: Is shaped specifically to push air towards all the winglets and bargeboards so that the airflow is smooth. Should these be removed, various parts of the car will cause great drag when the front wing is unable to shape the air past the body of the car. The regulations which came into effect in 2009 have reduced the width of the rear wing by 25 cm, and standardised the centre section of the front wing to prevent teams from developing

3132-449: Is typically operated by a lever inside the cockpit as opposed to a control on the steering wheel. An average F1 car can decelerate from 100 to 0 km/h (62 to 0 mph) in about 15 meters (48 ft), compared with a 2009 BMW M3, which needs 31 meters (102 ft). When braking from higher speeds, aerodynamic downforce enables tremendous deceleration: 4.5 g to 5.0 g (44 to 49 m/s ), and up to 5.5 g (54 m/s ) at

3248-523: The 2018 Australian Grand Prix . Keeping with his tradition to name his cars, Vettel named his SF71H "Loria". As Santander dropped their sponsorship, the livery features very little white, similar to the livery used in the 2007 , 2008 , and 2009 cars . At the Japanese Grand Prix , Ferrari introduced a new livery, carrying the logo of Mission Winnow , a joint promotion with major sponsor Philip Morris International . The SF71H features

3364-478: The 2020 Eifel Grand Prix in the first practice session, driving for Alfa Romeo in place of Antonio Giovinazzi . Due to bad weather conditions, the session was cancelled and he performed no running. Schumacher instead made his practice debut at the 2020 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix , driving for Haas in place of Kevin Magnussen . He later made an appearance for Haas at the post-season young drivers' test. Ahead of

3480-468: The 2020 Sochi Formula 2 round . ( key ) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap) ( key ) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap) ( key ) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap) ( key ) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap) Half points were awarded as less than 75% of race distance

3596-496: The British Grand Prix , with a career-best sixth at the Austrian Grand Prix . After a series of high-profile crashes, Schumacher was released by Haas at the end of the season, returning as a reserve driver for both Mercedes and McLaren in 2023 , remaining at the former for 2024 . Outside of Formula One, Schumacher has competed in the FIA World Endurance Championship for Alpine since 2024 . Mick Schumacher

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3712-524: The FIA Formula 2 Championship in 2019 with Prema Racing, alongside Sean Gelael . At the first round of the season in Bahrain , Schumacher started 10th and finished 8th after passing Nobuharu Matsushita on the final lap, giving him reverse-grid pole position for the sprint race, in which he finished sixth. Schumacher started from 7th in the feature race at Baku but was forced into retirement after

3828-421: The FIA Formula 3 European Championship with Prema Powerteam. He finished the season in 12th place, his best finish being a 3rd place at Monza . Schumacher was the lowest finisher of the four Prema drivers, however, he was the third-best-placed rookie in the championship. Schumacher continued driving for Prema in the 2018 championship . He suffered a slow start to the season, eventually taking his first win at

3944-872: The Italian F4 Championship and finished runner-up in both championships to Joey Mawson and Marcos Siebert respectively. In November 2016, Schumacher made his first appearance in Formula 3 machinery by taking part in the MRF Challenge , a championship based in India. He competed in the upper Formula 2000 class and finished the series in 3rd place, collecting four wins, nine podiums, and two pole positions. Schumacher finished behind Harrison Newey and Joey Mawson , but ahead of his future Formula 3 and Formula 2 competitors Jüri Vips and Felipe Drugovich . In April 2017, Schumacher made his debut in

4060-476: The McLaren MP4-20 . Most of those innovations were effectively outlawed under even more stringent aero regulations imposed by the FIA for 2009. The changes were designed to promote overtaking by making it easier for a car to closely follow another. The new rules took the cars into another new era, with lower and wider front wings, taller and narrower rear wings, and generally much 'cleaner' bodywork. Perhaps

4176-590: The SF71H at Fiorano Circuit . Schumacher remained with Haas for the 2022 season, partnering Kevin Magnussen . He also served as a reserve driver for Ferrari during the season, sharing duties with Antonio Giovinazzi. Schumacher qualified twelfth and finished eleventh at the season opening Bahrain Grand Prix , gaining positions due to the retirements of both Red Bulls and Pierre Gasly and achieving his best Formula One race result thus far. Schumacher missed

4292-678: The Saudi Arabian Grand Prix after a high-impact crash in qualifying. He was transferred to hospital for precautionary checks and was released with no injuries. He made his racing return for the Australian Grand Prix , starting fifteenth and finishing thirteenth. Schumacher was running in the top ten with three laps remaining of the Miami Grand Prix , but collided with Sebastian Vettel during an overtake attempt and dropped to fifteenth. He reached

4408-504: The 15th race of the year at Spa-Francorchamps , almost halfway through the season. Before this race, he sat in 10th place in the championship, 67 points behind championship leader Dan Ticktum . However, Schumacher dominated the latter half of the season, taking seven more wins, including five consecutively. He ended the season as champion, 57 points clear of 2nd-placed Ticktum, taking eight wins, fourteen total podium finishes, seven pole positions, and four fastest laps. Schumacher moved up to

4524-597: The 2021 season, Schumacher requested to use the 'MSC' abbreviation for his name, shown on TV coverage. MSC was the abbreviation used by his father Michael, to distinguish between Michael and his brother Ralf, whose time in Formula One coincided. Schumacher had previously raced under the 'SCH' abbreviation in Formula 2. Schumacher drove for the Haas team in 2021 after signing a multi-year contract, alongside Nikita Mazepin , with whom he raced in go-karts. He chose to race with

4640-646: The 3.0 L V10, 582 kW (780 bhp) with the 2007-regulation 2.4 L V8, 710 kW (950 bhp) with 2016 1.6 L V6 turbo), aerodynamics, and ultra-high-performance tyres is what gives the F1 car its high performance figures. The principal consideration for F1 designers is acceleration , and not simply top speed. Three types of acceleration can be considered to assess a car's performance: All three accelerations should be maximised. The way these three accelerations are obtained and their values are: Mick Schumacher Mick Schumacher ( German pronunciation: [ˈmɪk ˈʃuːmaxɐ] ; born 22 March 1999)

4756-687: The CIK-FIA International Super Cup. In 2014, Schumacher competed under the pseudonym Mick Junior —having already competed under the name Mick Betsch —and continued to race in KF-Junior. He finished 2nd in the German Championship as well as in the European and World Championships. Although he did not race under his real surname, his successes in karting were picked up by the international press. At

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4872-532: The Formula One brake manufacturers to date. Every F1 car is capable of going from 0 to 160 km/h (0 to 99 mph) and back to 0 in less than five seconds. During a demonstration at the Silverstone circuit in Britain, an F1 McLaren-Mercedes car driven by David Coulthard gave a pair of Mercedes-Benz street cars a head start of seventy seconds, and was able to beat the cars to the finish line from

4988-460: The ability to fine-tune many elements of the race car from within the machine using the steering wheel. The wheel can be used to change gears, apply rev. limiter, adjust fuel/air mix, change brake balance, control the differential, power unit, engine braking and call the radio. Data such as engine rpm, lap times, tyre temperature, brake temperature, speed, and gear are displayed on an LCD screen. The wheel hub will also incorporate gear change paddles and

5104-463: The activation zone until the driver brakes. Nose box or more commonly the nose cones serve three main purposes: Nose boxes are hollow structures made of carbon fibers. They absorb the shock at the time of crash preventing injury to the driver. Just behind the driver's cockpit is a structure called the Air Box. The Air Box serves two purposes. It receives the high-speed moving air and supplies it to

5220-445: The air box is its large size, which provides a large space for advertising, in turn, providing opportunities for additional ad revenue. F1 regulations heavily limit the use of ground effect aerodynamics , which are a highly efficient means of creating downforce with a small drag penalty. The underside of the vehicle, the undertray, must be flat between the axles. A 10 mm (as of 2008) thick wooden plank, or skid block , runs down

5336-439: The air moving through the compressor was much cooler, since it was farther away from the hot turbine section. Formula One cars use highly automated semi-automatic sequential gearboxes with paddle-shifters, with regulations stating that 8 forward gears (increased from 7 from the 2014 season onwards) and 1 reverse gear must be used, with rear-wheel-drive . The gearbox is constructed of carbon titanium, as heat dissipation

5452-465: The air spillage at their edges. The use of vortices is a significant feature of the latest breeds of F1 cars. Since a vortex is a rotating fluid that creates a low-pressure zone at its centre, creating vortices lowers the overall local pressure of the air. Since low pressure is what is desired under the car, as it allows normal atmospheric pressure to press the car down from the top; by creating vortices, downforce can be augmented while still staying within

5568-410: The amount of turbulence. Revised regulations introduced in 2005 forced the aerodynamicists to be even more ingenious. In a bid to cut speeds, the FIA reduced downforce by raising the front wing, bringing the rear wing forward, and modifying the rear diffuser profile. The designers quickly regained much of this loss, with a variety of intricate and novel solutions such as the 'horn' winglets first seen on

5684-405: The back of the steering wheel , and advanced electric solenoids , hydraulic actuators , and sensors perform the actual shift, as well as the electronic throttle control . Clutch control is also performed electro-hydraulically, except when launching from a standstill (i.e., stationary, neutral) into first gear, where the driver operates the clutch manually using a lever mounted on the back of

5800-569: The car at short notice" should Lewis Hamilton or George Russell be unable to race. Schumacher was also made available as a reserve driver for McLaren , in a continuation of an arrangement between Mercedes and its engine customer. On 7 June, Schumacher drove the Mercedes W14 for a Pirelli tyre test at the Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya . On 5 July, he drove the McLaren MCL35M in testing at Portimão . Schumacher continued as

5916-521: The car seemed to be faster than their rivals Mercedes AMG F1 W09 EQ Power+ . As of the end of the 2021 championship, the SF71H is Ferrari's most successful car in the hybrid engine era (2014–present), scoring 6 wins (5 by Vettel, 1 by Räikkönen) and 24 podiums, surpassing its predecessor, the SF70H, that had 5 wins and 20 podiums. Until the 2020 Belgian Grand Prix , the SF71H driven by Sebastian Vettel held

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6032-472: The cars stripped of as much wing as possible, to reduce drag and increase speed on the long straights. Every single surface of a modern Formula One car, from the shape of the suspension links to that of the driver's helmet – has its aerodynamic effects considered. Disrupted air, where the flow 'separates' from the body, creates turbulence which creates drag – which slows the car down. Almost as much effort has been spent reducing drag as increasing downforce – from

6148-485: The cousin of sports car racing driver David . Initially competing under the pseudonyms Mick Betsch and Mick Junior , Schumacher finished runner-up to Enaam Ahmed at the junior direct-drive Karting World Championship and Karting European Championship in 2014. Graduating to junior formulae in 2015, Schumacher finished runner-up in both the ADAC F4 Championship and the Italian F4 Championship

6264-414: The driver. Early experiments with movable wings and high mountings led to some spectacular accidents, and for the 1970 season, regulations were introduced to limit the size and location of wings. Having evolved over time, similar rules are still used today. In the late 1960s, Jim Hall of Chaparral, first introduced " ground effect " downforce to auto racing. In the mid-1970s, Lotus engineers found out that

6380-462: The dry weather compounds (generally a harder and softer compound) are brought to each race, plus both wet weather compounds. The harder tyres are more durable but give less grip, and the softer tyres the opposite. In 2009, the slick tyres returned as a part of revisions to the rules for the 2009 season; slicks have no grooves and give up to 18% more contact with the track. In the Bridgestone years,

6496-676: The end of 2014, he completed test drives for Jenzer Motorsport in a Formula 4 racing car. In 2015, Schumacher started racing in formula classes for the first time, racing for Van Amersfoort Racing in the ADAC Formula 4 , using the Schumacher name. In 2016, Schumacher remained in ADAC Formula 4 but switched to Prema Powerteam , a team known for its close links to the Ferrari Driver Academy . He also entered

6612-524: The entire car could be made to act like a giant wing by the creation of an airfoil surface on its underside which would cause air moving relative to the car to push it to the road. Applying another idea of Jim Hall's from his Chaparral 2J sports racer, Gordon Murray designed the Brabham BT46B , which had a radiator fan that also extracted air from the skirted area under the car, creating enormous downforce. After technical challenges from other teams, it

6728-604: The entire width of the rear wing. One of the most significant updates of the season came at the Spanish Grand Prix , where Ferrari changed the way the mirrors were mounted, switching from a standard position to having them mounted on the Halo . They also added a winglet above each mirror, but the FIA deemed them illegal, despite claims from the team that they were intended to support the mirrors. Therefore, they were removed at

6844-646: The fastest overall lap record at Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps beating that of Neel Jani in the Porsche 919 Evo . The car that beat the SF71H's record is the Mercedes F1 W11 . Until the 2020 Italian Grand Prix , the SF71H driven by Kimi Räikkönen held the lap record at Autodromo Nazionale di Monza , beating that of Juan Pablo Montoya in the Williams FW26 and the lap with the highest average speed of 263.587 km/h (163.785 mph). That record

6960-519: The feature race at Austria, he went off while battling Callum Ilott for the race lead. In the second round at the same circuit, his fire extinguisher went off in the sprint race. In Hungary, Schumacher bounced back with a double podium. He then went on a run of 5 consecutive podiums from Spain to Monza, including a win in the Feature race at Monza, and took the Championship lead at Mugello. He won

7076-633: The feature race at the next round in Russia and came third in the sprint race which was shortened due to a crash between Luca Ghiotto and Jack Aitken . At the Bahrain Round, he qualified in 10th and rose to fourth in the Feature race. He finished seventh in the Sprint race. As a result, Callum Ilott was able to bring the deficit down to 14 points going into the final round on the Outer Track at

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7192-530: The first and a collision with Giuliano Alesi in the second. Schumacher finished the season with 9th and 11th-place finishes in Abu Dhabi . He ended the season in 12th place in the championship with 53 points, considerably ahead of teammate Gelael, and took one win and one fastest lap. Schumacher continued with Prema in the 2020 FIA Formula 2 Championship , joined by reigning FIA Formula 3 champion and fellow Ferrari Driver Academy member Robert Shwartzman . In

7308-584: The first lap but was able to continue, eventually finishing last of the remaining drivers in sixteenth place. At the next race, the Emilia Romagna Grand Prix , he crashed in front of the pit lane exit during a safety car period, breaking off his front wing, and went on to finish sixteenth. He crashed heavily in practice for the Monaco Grand Prix and the team was unable to repair his car in time for qualifying. He performed one of

7424-446: The following car. Thus, for the 2022 season , the FIA made technical changes to the aerodynamic characteristics of the cars to reduce the amount of this 'dirty air' and allow for easier overtaking. Front wing, side pods, and rear wing have all been redesigned to redirect aerodynamic turbulence upwards, and larger tyres with 18-inch wheels were adopted in an effort to limit disruptive vortices generated by their rotation. The driver has

7540-407: The following race, the British Grand Prix , he started nineteenth and recovered to eighth to score his first Formula One points. A week later at the Austrian Grand Prix , Schumacher qualified seventh and finished sixth; his best Formula One result, promoting him to fifteenth place in the drivers' championship at the halfway point of the 2022 season. However, this would be his final points finish of

7656-411: The front wing. The cars underwent major changes in 2017, allowing wider front and rear wings, and wider tyres . Throughout much of the turbo-hybrid era, drivers have noted that following closely behind other cars, particularly when attempting to overtake, has been made considerably more difficult by large amounts of turbulence or 'dirty air' from the leading car reducing the aerodynamic performance of

7772-526: The fuel they are providing for a race. At any time, FIA inspectors can request a sample from the fueling rig to compare the "fingerprint" of what is in the car during the race with what was submitted. The teams usually abide by this rule, but in 1997, Mika Häkkinen was stripped of his third-place finish at Spa-Francorchamps in Belgium after the FIA determined that his fuel was not the correct formula, as well as in 1976, both McLaren and Penske cars were forced to

7888-427: The grid but was eliminated at the first corner after a collision with Esteban Ocon . At the Saudi Arabian Grand Prix , his race ended on lap eight after crashing into a barrier, causing the race to be red-flagged. Schumacher ended his debut season nineteenth in the drivers' championship, ahead of teammate Mazepin but with no points scored. He continued testing for Ferrari during the season, completing test sessions in

8004-705: The high-speed circuits such as the Circuit Gilles Villeneuve (Canadian GP) and the Autodromo Nazionale Monza (Italian GP). This contrasts with 1.0 g to 1.5 g (10 to 15 m/s ) for sports cars (the Bugatti Veyron is claimed to be able to brake at 1.3 g). An F1 car can brake from 200 km/h (124 mph) to a complete stop in just 2.9 seconds, using only 65 metres (213 ft). Currently Brembo along with its sister brand AP Racing and Hitco are

8120-475: The intake manifold of the engine. This high-speed air is pressurised and hence is compressed due to the Ram Effect. This high-pressure air, when supplied to the engine, boosts its power. Also, the air supplied to it is highly turbulent since it passes above the driver's helmet. The airbox absorbs this turbulent air, preventing it from disturbing the laminar airflow along with other parts. The second advantage of

8236-411: The many reasons that Mercedes dominated the season early was due to the placement of the turbocharger's compressor at one side of the engine and the turbine at the other; both were then linked by a shaft travelling through the vee of the engine. The benefit was that air was not traveling through as much pipework, in turn reducing turbo lag and increasing the efficiency of the car. In addition, it meant that

8352-425: The maximum amount of downforce for the minimal amount of drag. The primary wings mounted on the front and rear are fitted with different profiles depending on the downforce requirements of a particular track. Tight, slow circuits like Monaco require very aggressive wing profiles – cars run two separate 'blades' of 'elements' on the rear wings (two is the maximum permitted). In contrast, high-speed circuits like Monza see

8468-415: The middle of the car to prevent the cars from running low enough to contact the track surface; this skid block is measured before and after a race. Should the plank be less than 9 mm thick after the race, the car is disqualified. The 2022 rule change allowed for teams to utilise venturi tunnels to create much more ground effect than previous seasons allowed. This change, along with a vast simplification of

8584-466: The most interesting change, however, was the introduction of 'moveable aerodynamics', with the driver able to make limited adjustments to the front wing from the cockpit during a race. The new DRS (Drag Reduction System) rear wing system, introduced in 2011 usurped the former system. This too allows drivers to make adjustments, but the system's availability is electronically governed – originally it could be used at any time in practice and qualifying (unless

8700-830: The next race in Monaco . After being outperformed by Mercedes at the Singapore , Russian , and Japanese Grand Prix, Ferrari removed some of their updates at the United States Grand Prix , which allowed them to compete with and beat Mercedes again. The SF71H took two wins in the three opening Grands Prix and set two new track records at the Bahrain International Circuit and the Shanghai International Circuit while qualifying on pole. Thus in these three races

8816-409: The next year. After finishing third in the 2016–17 MRF Challenge Formula 2000 Championship , Schumacher moved to the FIA Formula 3 European Championship , winning the championship with Prema the following season . Progressing to Formula 2 for the 2019 season, Schumacher won the championship in his 2020 campaign with Prema. A member of the Ferrari Driver Academy from 2019 to 2022, Schumacher

8932-589: The nose is raised above the centre of the front aerofoil, allowing its entire width to provide downforce. The front and rear wings are highly sculpted and extremely fine 'tuned', along with the rest of the body such as the turning vanes beneath the nose, bargeboards , sidepods, underbody, and the rear diffuser . They also feature aerodynamic appendages that direct the airflow. Such an extreme level of aerodynamic development means that an F1 car produces much more downforce than any other open-wheel formula; Indycars, for example, produce downforce equal to their weight (that is,

9048-501: The number 47 as his two favourite numbers, 4 and 7, were already in use by Lando Norris and Kimi Räikkönen respectively. Ferrari team principal Mattia Binotto said that he expected Schumacher to have a "very difficult" first season, but added that he believed he could drive for Ferrari as early as 2023 . Schumacher qualified nineteenth for his debut race, the Bahrain Grand Prix , ahead of teammate Mazepin. He spun on

9164-643: The only on-track overtakes of the Grand Prix, passing Mazepin at the Grand Hotel Hairpin on the opening lap. At the Azerbaijan Grand Prix , he overtook Mazepin shortly before the finish line, beating him by 0.074 seconds to claim thirteenth place. Schumacher caused qualifying at the French Grand Prix to be red-flagged after crashing, although this secured him fifteenth place on the grid and marked his first appearance in

9280-460: The outsides subsequently creating greater downforce. Tests were held on the Red Bull front wing and the FIA could find no way that the wing was breaking any regulation. Since the start of the 2011 season, cars have been allowed to run with an adjustable rear wing, more commonly known as DRS (drag reduction system), a system to combat the problem of turbulent air when overtaking. On the straights of

9396-442: The over body aerodynamics, was done with the intention of creating closer racing by reducing the vortices created by the complex wings. A substantial amount of downforce is provided by using a rear diffuser which rises from the undertray at the rear axle to the actual rear of the bodywork. F1 regulations heavily limited the use of ground effect until the 2022 rule change, which are a highly efficient means of creating downforce with

9512-409: The period when teams were limited to a specific volume of fuel during a race, exotic high-density fuel blends were used which were actually more dense than water, since the energy content of a fuel depends on its mass density. To make sure that the teams and fuel suppliers are not violating the fuel regulations, the FIA requires Elf, Shell, Mobil, Petronas, and the other fuel teams to submit a sample of

9628-500: The period; however, development had led to these engines producing between 730 and 750 kW (980 and 1,000 hp), and the cars reaching top speeds of 375 km/h (233 mph) (Jacques Villeneuve with Sauber-Ferrari) on the Monza circuit. Teams started to use exotic alloys in the late 1990s, leading to the FIA banning the use of exotic materials in engine construction, with only aluminium, titanium and iron alloys being allowed for

9744-513: The pistons, cylinders, connecting rods and crankshafts. The FIA has continually enforced material and design restrictions to limit power. Even with the restrictions, the V10s in the 2005 season were reputed to develop 730 kW (980 hp), power levels not seen since before the ban on turbo-charged engines in 1989. The lesser funded teams (the former Minardi team spent less than 50 million, while Ferrari spent hundreds of millions of euros

9860-783: The pseudonym 'Mick Betsch', using his mother's maiden name. In 2011 and 2012, Schumacher drove in the KF3 class in the ADAC Kart Masters, ending in 9th and 7th respectively. In 2011 he finished 3rd in the Euro Wintercup in the KF3 class, repeating his success the following year. In 2013 he continued his starts in the junior class, which got reneamed to the KF-Junior . He finished 3rd in the German Championship and

9976-470: The rear of the Italian Grand Prix after the octane number of the mixture was found to be too high. The 2009 season saw the re-introduction of slick tyres replacing the grooved tyres used from 1998 to 2008 . Tyres can be no wider than 405 mm (15.9 in) at the rear, front tyre width expanded from 245 mm to 305 mm for the 2017 season. Unlike the fuel, the tyres bear only

10092-576: The reception of the DRS system has differed among drivers, fans, and specialists. Early designs linked wings directly to the suspension, but several accidents led to rules stating that wings must be fixed rigidly to the chassis. The cars' aerodynamics are designed to provide maximum downforce with a minimum of drag ; every part of the bodywork is designed with this aim in mind. Like most open-wheel cars they feature large front and rear aerofoils , but they are far more developed than American open-wheel racers, which depend more on suspension tuning; for instance,

10208-421: The region of 2 – 3 ms . In order to keep costs low in Formula One, gearboxes must last five consecutive events, and since 2015, gearbox ratios will be fixed for each season (for 2014 they could be changed only once). Changing a gearbox before the allowed time will cause a penalty of five places drop on the starting grid for the first event that the new gearbox is used. Aerodynamics has become key to success in

10324-568: The rules prohibiting ground effects . The F1 cars for the 2009 season came under much questioning due to the design of the rear diffusers of the Williams, Toyota and the Brawn GP cars raced by Jenson Button and Rubens Barrichello, dubbed double diffusers . Appeals from many of the teams were heard by the FIA, which met in Paris, before the 2009 Chinese Grand Prix , and the use of such diffusers

10440-405: The same principle as aircraft wings but are configured to cause a downward force rather than an upward one. A modern Formula One car is capable of developing 6 Gs of lateral cornering force due to aerodynamic downforce. The aerodynamic downforce allowing this is typically greater than the weight of the car. That means that, theoretically, at high speeds, they could drive on the upside-down surface of

10556-603: The same regulation as the 2006 season. However, for the 2009 season, drivers were allowed to use a maximum of 8 engines per head over the season, meaning that a couple of engines had to last three race weekends. This method of limiting engine costs also increased the importance of tactics, since the teams had to choose in which races to employ a new or an already-used engine. As of the 2014 season, all F1 cars have been equipped with turbocharged 1.6 L V6 engines. Turbochargers had previously been banned since 1989. This change may give an improvement of up to 29% fuel efficiency. One of

10672-412: The same venue. In Sakhir, Schumacher qualified a career-worst 18th following an incident with Roy Nissany . He produced a good recovery drive up to sixth with the fastest lap. This meant that the points gap stayed the same going into the final race. In the Sprint race, Schumacher flat-spotted his tyres while fighting for the lead, which led to him defending from Ilott for the first half of the race. After

10788-647: The season came at the Russian Grand Prix with an oil leak. At the Turkish Grand Prix , Schumacher reached Q2 and qualified fourteenth, the highest qualifying position of his Formula One career at this point. He and Fernando Alonso collided on the opening lap, causing Schumacher to spin and eventually finish nineteenth. Alonso later apologised for his role in the incident. He started the Mexico City Grand Prix fourteenth on

10904-604: The season sixteenth in the World Drivers' Championship, with 12 points to Magnussen's 25. In December 2022, Ferrari announced that they would be ending their collaboration with Schumacher after four years, Schumacher having joined the Ferrari Driver Academy back in 2019. On the same day, Mercedes-AMG confirmed Schumacher would take on the role of reserve driver for 2023 , following his departure from Haas. Mercedes team principal Toto Wolff described Schumacher as "still hungry to learn and improve" and "ready to step into

11020-561: The season. He reached Q3 again at the Dutch Grand Prix but finished outside the points. He qualified last at the São Paulo Grand Prix whilst teammate Magnussen claimed pole position and a point in the sprint race. Ahead of the season-ending Abu Dhabi Grand Prix , Haas announced that they would part ways with Schumacher following the 2022 season. He was replaced by Nico Hülkenberg for 2023 . Schumacher ended

11136-471: The second segment of qualifying (Q2). He crashed in the final practice session for the Hungarian Grand Prix and was forced to miss qualifying as his car was not repaired in time. He avoided the collisions on the opening lap and was classified twelfth in the race, later commenting that he was proud of his performance after having on-track battles with Max Verstappen . His first retirement of

11252-431: The sport, and teams spend tens of millions of dollars on research and development in the field each year. The aerodynamic designer has two primary concerns: the creation of downforce, to help push the car's tyres onto the track and improve cornering forces, and minimising drag caused by turbulence that slows the car. Several teams started to experiment with the now familiar wings in the late 1960s. Racecar wings operate on

11368-427: The sprint race and holding the position to take his first win in Formula 2. Schumacher qualified sixth at Spa-Francorchamps, but both races were cancelled due to an accident that caused the death of Anthoine Hubert . At Monza, he retired from the feature race from a power issue but recovered to finish sixth in the sprint race, also achieving the fastest lap. He retired from both races in Russia , after an engine issue in

11484-587: The steering wheel. The last F1 car fitted with a conventional manual gearbox , the Forti FG01 , raced in 1995 . A modern F1 clutch is a multi-plate carbon design with a diameter of less than 100 mm (3.9 in), weighing less than 1 kg (2.2 lb) and handling around 540 kW (720 hp). As of the 2009 race season, all teams are using seamless-shift transmissions , which allow almost instantaneous changing of gears with minimum loss of drive. Shift times for modern Formula One cars are in

11600-534: The team to fine-tune the weight distribution of the car to suit individual circuits. The 2006 Formula One season saw the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) introduce a then-new engine formula, which mandated cars to be powered by 2.4 L naturally aspirated engines in the V8 engine configuration, with no more than four valves per cylinder. Further technical restrictions, such as

11716-493: The third qualifying session (Q3) for the first time in Formula One at the Spanish Grand Prix but finished the race outside the points. He had a heavy crash that split his car in half at the Monaco Grand Prix , causing the race to be red-flagged. Schumacher improved his best qualifying position at the Canadian Grand Prix , starting sixth. He was running in seventh place until an engine failure ended his race. At

11832-507: The tyre surface conforms to the road surface as closely as possible). Since the start of the 2007 season, F1 has had a sole tyre supplier. From 2007 to 2010, this was Bridgestone, but 2011 saw the reintroduction of Pirelli into the sport, following the departure of Bridgestone. Seven compounds of F1 tyre exist; 5 are dry weather compounds (labeled C1 through C5) while 2 are wet compounds (intermediates for damp surfaces with no standing water and full wets for surfaces with standing water). Three of

11948-405: The vast amounts of heat produced by the engine and brakes. In recent years, most Formula One teams have tried to emulate Ferrari's 'narrow waist' design, where the rear of the car is made as narrow and low as possible. This reduces drag and maximises the amount of air available to the rear wing. The 'barge boards' fitted to the sides of cars have also helped to shape the flow of the air and minimise

12064-407: The vertical end-plates fitted to wings to prevent vortices forming to the diffuser plates mounted low at the back, which helps to re-equalise pressure of the faster-flowing air that has passed under the car and would otherwise create a low-pressure 'balloon' dragging at the back. Despite this, designers can't make their cars too 'slippery', as a good supply of airflow has to be ensured to help dissipate

12180-622: The wheel of a modern Formula One car, piloting the Ferrari SF90 during the first day of in-season testing at Bahrain International Circuit . He completed 56 laps during the test. He commented that being with Ferrari "felt like home" and that he was impressed by the braking power of the SF90. He continued in-season testing for Alfa Romeo Racing the following day. Schumacher was due to make his Formula One practice debut at

12296-404: The wing, thus reducing drag and allowing higher top speeds. However, this also reduces downforce so it is normally used on long straight track sections or sections which do not require high downforce. The system was introduced to promote more overtaking, and is often the reason for overtaking on straights or at the end of straights where overtaking is encouraged in the following corner(s). However,

12412-531: Was a test driver for Alfa Romeo and Haas in 2020 , before signing with the latter as a full-time driver in 2021 . Making his Formula One debut at the Bahrain Grand Prix alongside Nikita Mazepin , Haas failed to score points all season with the VF-21 , with Schumacher finishing a season-best 12th in Hungary . Retaining his seat to partner Kevin Magnussen for 2022 , Schumacher scored his first points finish at

12528-613: Was also broken by the Mercedes F1 W11 with an average speed of 264.363 km/h (164.268 mph). After the 2018 season, the car was driven by Mick Schumacher , Callum Ilott , Robert Schwartzman and Oliver Bearman in the end-of-year test. Bearman drove the SF71H at the Goodwood Festival of Speed in 2023 and 2024, with the car being painted in the current year's livery. ( key ) (results in bold indicate pole position; results in italics indicate fastest lap) Formula One car A Formula One car or F1 car

12644-512: Was announced that Schumacher would join Alpine 's World Endurance Hypercar team for the 2024 season . His teammates will be Nicolas Lapierre , Ferdinand Habsburg , Paul-Loup Chatin , Matthieu Vaxivière and Charles Milesi . The French outfit took their only podium finish of the year in Fuji where they took third in the closing laps, this result also marks Schumacher's first podium appearance since

12760-651: Was born on 22 March 1999 in Vufflens-le-Château , and grew up in Gland . He is the son of seven-time Formula One World Champion Michael Schumacher and Western riding European Champion Corinna Schumacher . His uncle Ralf Schumacher is also a retired racing driver and former Formula One driver. His cousin David Schumacher is a racing driver as well. Schumacher is named after five-time 500cc motorcycle World Champion Mick Doohan . Schumacher

12876-428: Was declared as legal. Brawn GP boss Ross Brawn claimed the double diffuser design as "an innovative approach of an existing idea". These were subsequently banned for the 2011 season. Another controversy of the 2010 and 2011 seasons was the front wing of the Red Bull cars. Several teams protested claiming the wing was breaking regulations. Footage from high-speed sections of circuits showed the Red Bull front wing bending on

12992-823: Was implemented so that casual fans could better understand the tyre system. Generally, the three dry compounds brought to the track are of consecutive specifications. Disc brakes consist of a rotor and caliper at each wheel. Carbon composite rotors (introduced by the Brabham team in 1976 ) are used instead of steel or cast iron because of their superior frictional, thermal, and anti-warping properties, as well as significant weight savings. These brakes are designed and manufactured to work in extreme temperatures, up to 1,000 degrees Celsius (1800 °F). The driver can control brake force distribution fore and aft to compensate for changes in track conditions or fuel load. Regulations specify this control must be mechanical, not electronic, thus it

13108-476: Was involved in a collision with teammate Gelael in the first race and suffered a puncture in the second. Schumacher stalled on the grid at the Red Bull Ring and finished in 18th place before a charge through the field in the sprint race saw him finish 4th. Another sprint race points-finish came at Silverstone with sixth place. He finished 8th at the feature race in Hungary , taking reverse-grid pole for

13224-447: Was normally around 75 L/100 km (3.8 mpg ‑imp ; 3.1 mpg ‑US ). All cars have the engine located between the driver and the rear axle. The engines are a stressed member in most cars, meaning that the engine is part of the structural support framework, being bolted to the cockpit at the front end, and transmission and rear suspension at the back end. In the 2004 championship, engines were required to last

13340-471: Was skiing with his father when Michael suffered life-threatening brain injuries on 29 December 2013. In March 2017, Mick first talked publicly about his father, describing him as "my idol" and "my role model". Before the start of the 2017 Belgian Grand Prix , he drove his father's championship-winning Benetton B194 . He drove another of his father's championship winning cars, the Ferrari F2004 , in

13456-407: Was withdrawn after a single race. Rule changes then followed to limit the benefits of 'ground effects' – firstly a ban on the skirts used to contain the low-pressure area, later a requirement for a 'stepped floor'. Despite the full-sized wind tunnels and vast computing power used by the aerodynamic departments of most teams, the fundamental principles of Formula One aerodynamics still apply: to create

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