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50-499: Fiumicello borders the following municipalities: Aquileia , Grado , Ruda , San Canzian d'Isonzo , Turriaco , Villa Vicentina . Climate is characterized by relatively high temperatures and evenly distributed precipitation throughout the year. Temperatures are high and can lead to warm, oppressive nights. Summers are usually somewhat wetter than winters, with much of the rainfall coming from convectional thunderstorm activity. The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate

100-668: A collection . In the Monastero fraction is a fifth-century Christian basilica, later a Benedictine monastery , which now houses the Palaeo-Christian Museum. Another Byzantine-style basilica, expanded in the 6th century under Justinian, was discovered at the site in 2024. Aquileia is twinned with the following settlements: Arezzo Arezzo ( UK : / ə ˈ r ɛ t s oʊ , æ ˈ r -/ ə- RET -soh, arr- ET -soh , US : / ɑː ˈ r -/ ar- ET -soh ; Italian: [aˈrettso] )

150-669: A municipium and its citizens were ascribed to the Roman tribe Velina. The customs boundary of Italy was close by in Cicero 's day. Julius Caesar visited the city on a number of occasions and pitched a winter camp nearby in 59–58 BC. Although the Iapydes plundered Aquileia during the Augustan period , subsequent increased settlement and no lack of profitable work meant the city was able to develop its resources. Jewish artisans established

200-560: A 4.6 quake 25 kilometres (16 mi) to its north-east that claimed no lives on 26 November 2001 the exception. Arezzo has a humid subtropical climate ( Köppen Cfa ) with hot and dry summers combined with mild and rainy winters. The annual average temperature is 13.54 °C (56.4 °F), the hottest month in August is 23.56 °C (74.4 °F), and the coldest month is 4.66 °C (40.4 °F) in January. The annual precipitation

250-535: A Frankish one with Eric of Friuli as duke. In 787, Charlemagne named the priest and master of grammar at the Palace School of Paulinus II , the new patriarch of Aquileia. The patriarchate, despite being divided with a northern portion assigned to the pastoral care of the newly created Archbishopric of Salzburg, would remain one of the largest dioceses. Although Paulinus resided mainly at Cividale, his successor Maxentius considered rebuilding Aquileia. However,

300-465: A flourishing trade in glass-work . Metal from Noricum was forged and exported. The ancient Venetic trade in amber from the Baltic continued. Wine, especially its famous Pucinum was exported. Olive oil was imported from Proconsular Africa . By sea, the port of Aquae Gradatae ( modern Grado ) was developed. On land, Aquileia was the starting-point of several important roads leading outside Italy to

350-619: Is " Cfa " (Humid Subtropical Climate). This article on a location in Friuli-Venezia Giulia is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Aquileia Aquileia is an ancient Roman city in Italy, at the head of the Adriatic at the edge of the lagoons, about 10 kilometres (6 mi) from the sea, on the river Natiso (modern Natisone ), the course of which has changed somewhat since Roman times. Today,

400-490: Is 864.03 millimetres (34.02 in), of which November is the wettest with 120.8 millimetres (4.76 in), while July is the driest with only 42.24 millimetres (1.66 in). The Piazza Grande is the most noteworthy medieval square in the city, opening behind the 13th century Romanesque apse of Santa Maria della Pieve . Once the main marketplace of the city, it is currently the site of the Giostra del Saracino ("Joust of

450-556: Is a city and comune in Italy and the capital of the province of the same name located in Tuscany . Arezzo is about 80 kilometres (50 miles) southeast of Florence at an elevation of 296 metres (971 ft) above sea level . As of 2022, the population was about 97,000. Known as the city of gold and of the high fashion, Arezzo was home to artists and poets such as Giorgio Vasari , Guido of Arezzo and Guittone d'Arezzo and in its province to Renaissance artist Michelangelo . In

500-540: Is believed to have been one of the twelve most important Etruscan cities—the so-called Dodecapolis , part of the Etruscan League . Etruscan remains establish that the acropolis of San Cornelio, a small hill next to that of San Donatus, was occupied and fortified in the Etruscan period. There is other significant Etruscan evidence: parts of walls, an Etruscan necropolis on Poggio del Sole (still named "Hill of

550-550: Is located to the north-west of the city. Pope Benedict XVI visited Arezzo and two other Italian municipalities on May 13, 2012. Arezzo is set on a steep hill, rising from the floodplain of the River Arno . In the upper part of the town are the cathedral, the town hall and the Medici Fortress ( Fortezza Medicea ), from which the main streets branch off towards the lower part as far as the gates. The upper part of

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600-589: Is unsurpassed. Conquered by the Romans in 311 BC, Arretium became a military station on the via Cassia , the road by which Rome expanded into the basin of the Po . Arretium sided with Marius (157 – 86 BC) in the Roman Civil War , and the victorious Sulla ( c. 138 – 78 BC) planted a colony of his veterans in the half-demolished city, as Arretium Fidens ("Faithful Arretium"). The old Etruscan aristocracy

650-595: The Boii in 191. Flaminius had overseen the construction of the road named after him from Bononia ( Bologna ) to Arretium ( Arezzo ). Acidinus had conquered the Taurisci in 183. The triumvirate led 3,000 families to settle the area meaning Aquileia probably had a population of 20,000 soon after its founding. Meanwhile, based on the evidence of names chiselled on stone, the majority of colonizing families came from Picenum , Samnium , and Campania , which also explains why

700-511: The Celtic sun-god, Belenus , had a large following. Jews practiced their ancestral religion. Meanwhile, soldiers brought the martial cult of Mithras . In the war against the Marcomanni in 167, the town was hard pressed; its fortifications had fallen into disrepair during the long peace. Nevertheless, when in 168 Marcus Aurelius made Aquileia the principal fortress of the empire against

750-588: The Ordelaffi , but failed: Arezzo yielded to Florentine domination in 1384; its individual history became subsumed in that of Florence and of the Medicean Grand Duchy of Tuscany . During this period Piero della Francesca ( c. 1415–1492) worked in the church of San Francesco di Arezzo producing the splendid frescoes, recently restored, which are Arezzo's most famous works. Afterwards the city began an economical and cultural decay, which ensured

800-596: The Regional decentralization entity of Udine , Friuli-Venezia Giulia . Aquileia was founded as a colony by the Romans in 180/181 BC along the Natiso River, on land south of the Julian Alps but about 13 kilometres (8 mi) north of the lagoons. The colony served as a strategic frontier fortress at the north-east corner of transpadane Italy (on the far side of the Po river) and was intended to protect

850-740: The Schism of the Three Chapters , rejecting the Second Council of Constantinople , elected a patriarch at Aquileia. Thus, the diocese was essentially divided into two parts, with the mainland patriarchate of Aquileia under the protection of the Lombards, and the insular patriarchate of Aquileia seated in Grado being protected by the exarchate of Ravenna and later the Doges of Venice , with

900-585: The Veneti , faithful allies of Rome during the invasion of Hannibal in the Second Punic War and during the Illyrian Wars . The colony would serve as a citadel to check the advance into Cisalpine Gaul of other warlike peoples, such as the hostile Carni to the northeast in what is now Carnia and Histri tribes to the southeast in what is now Istria . In fact, the site chosen for Aquileia

950-564: The Patriarchate of Aquileia had been transferred to Udine in 1238, but returned to Aquileia in 1420 when Venice annexed the territory of Udine. In 1445, the defeated patriarch Ludovico Trevisan acquiesced in the loss of his ancient temporal estate in return for an annual salary of 5,000 ducats allowed him from the Venetian treasury. Henceforth only Venetians were allowed to hold the title of Patriarch of Aquileia. The Patriarchal State

1000-527: The Sun"), and most famously, the two bronzes, the " Chimera of Arezzo " (5th century BC) and the "Minerva" (4th century BC) which were discovered in the 16th century and taken to Florence . Increasing trade connections with Greece also brought some elite goods to the Etruscan nobles of Arezzo: the krater painted by Euphronios c. 510 BC depicting a battle against Amazons (in the Museo Civico, Arezzo 1465 )

1050-656: The artistic field, the city is famous for the frescoes by Piero della Francesca inside the Basilica of San Francesco , and the crucifix by Cimabue inside the Basilica of San Domenico . The city is also known for the important Giostra del Saracino , a game of chivalry that dates back to the Middle Ages. Described by Livy as one of the Capita Etruriae (Etruscan capitals), Arezzo ( Aritim in Etruscan )

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1100-518: The barbarians of the North and East, it rose to the pinnacle of its greatness and soon had a population of 100,000. Septimius Severus visited in 193. In 238, when the town took the side of the Senate against the emperor Maximinus Thrax , the fortifications were hastily restored, and proved of sufficient strength to resist for several months , until Maximinus himself was assassinated. An imperial palace

1150-716: The bishops operated as the feudal lords of the city in the Middle Ages . The Roman city was demolished, partly in the course of the Gothic War and of the late-6th-century invasion of the Lombards , partly dismantled, as elsewhere throughout Europe . The Aretines re-used the stones for fortifications. Only the amphitheater remained. The commune of Arezzo threw off the control of its bishop in 1098 and functioned as an independent city-state until 1384. Generally Ghibelline in tendency, it opposed Guelph Florence. In 1252

1200-678: The cathedral of Aquileia, entered and sacked neighbouring Grado, and, though the Pope reconfirmed the Patriarch of the latter in his dignities, the town never fully recovered, though it continued to be the seat of the Patriarchate until its formal transference to Venice in 1450. In the fourteenth century the Patriarchal State reached its largest extension, stretching from the Piave river to the Julian Alps and northern Istria . The seat of

1250-691: The city founded its university, the Studium . After the rout of the Battle of Campaldino (1289), which saw the death of Bishop Guglielmino Ubertini  [ it ] , the fortunes of Ghibelline Arezzo started to ebb, apart from a brief period under the Tarlati family, chief among them Guido Tarlati , who became bishop in 1312 and maintained good relations with the Ghibelline party. The Tarlati sought support in an alliance with Forlì and its overlords,

1300-425: The city in 452. During this invasion, on July 18, Attila and his Huns so utterly destroyed the city that it was afterwards hard to recognize its original site. The fall of Aquileia was the first of Attila's incursions into Roman territory; followed by cities like Mediolanum and Ticinum . The Roman inhabitants, together with those of smaller towns in the neighbourhood, fled en masse to the lagoons, where they laid

1350-537: The city is small (about 3,500 inhabitants), but it was large and prominent in classical antiquity as one of the world's largest cities with a population of 100,000 in the second century AD and is one of the main archaeological sites of northern Italy . In late antiquity the city was the first city in the Italian Peninsula to be sacked by Attila the Hun . It is currently a comune (municipality) in

1400-529: The collusion of the Lombards. The line of the patriarchs elected in Aquileia would continue in schism until 699. However, although they kept the title of patriarch of Aquileia, they moved their residence first to Cormons and later to Cividale . The Lombard dukes of Friuli ruled Aquileia and the surrounding mainland territory from Cividale . In 774, Charlemagne conquered the Lombard duchy and made it into

1450-459: The colony was Latin and not Roman . Among these colonists, pedites received 50 iugera of land each, centuriones received 100 iugera each, and equites received 140 iugera each. Either at the founding or not long afterwards, colonists from the nearby Veneti supplemented these families. Roads soon connected Aquileia with the Roman colony of Bologna probably in 173 BC. In 148 BC, it

1500-516: The coming of the Romans. However, few Celtic artefacts have been discovered from 500 BC to the Roman arrival. The colony was established with Latin Rights by the triumvirate of Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica , Caius Flaminius , and Lucius Manlius Acidinus , two of whom were of consular and one of praetorian rank. Each of the men had first-hand knowledge of Cisalpine Gaul. Nasica had conquered

1550-598: The first century, the Via Gemina would link Aquileia with Emona to the east of the Julian Alps, and by 78 or 79 the Via Flavia would link Aquileia to Pula . Meanwhile, in 169 BC, 1,500 more Latin colonists with their families, led by the triumvirate of Titus Annius Lucius , Publius Decius Subulo , and Marcus Cornelius Cethegus , settled in the town as a reinforcement to the garrison. The discovery of

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1600-479: The foundations of the cities of Venice and nearby Grado . Yet Aquileia would rise again, though much diminished, and continue to exist until the Lombards invaded in 568; the Lombards destroyed it a second time in 590. Meanwhile, the patriarch fled to the island town of Grado, which was under the protection of the Byzantines. When the patriarch residing in Grado reconciled with Rome in 606, those continuing in

1650-485: The fourth century, Ausonius enumerated Aquileia as the ninth among the great cities of the world, placing Rome, Constantinople , Carthage , Antioch , Alexandria , Trier , Mediolanum , and Capua before it. However, such prominence made it a target and Alaric and the Visigoths besieged it in 401, during which time some of its residents fled to the nearby lagoons. Alaric again attacked it in 408. Attila attacked

1700-403: The gold fields near the modern Klagenfurt in 130 BC brought the growing colony into further notice, and it soon became a place of importance, not only owing to its strategic military position, but as a centre of commerce, especially in agricultural products and viticulture . It also had, in later times at least, considerable brickfields . In 90 BC, the original Latin colony became

1750-502: The inhabitants would suffer under the raids of the Magyars . By the eleventh century, the patriarch of Aquileia had grown strong enough to assert temporal sovereignty over Friuli and Aquileia. The Holy Roman Emperor gave the region to the patriarch as a feudal possession. However, the patriarch's temporal authority was constantly disputed and assailed by the territorial nobility. In 1027 and 1044 Patriarch Poppo of Aquileia , who rebuilt

1800-672: The largest Roman city yet to be excavated and is on the UNESCO World Heritage List . Excavations, however, have revealed some of the layout of the Roman town like a segment of a street, the north-western angle of the town walls; the river port; and the former locations of baths, an amphitheatre , a circus , a cemetery, the Via Sacra , the forum and a market. The National Archaeological Museum of Aquileia contains over 2,000 inscriptions, statues and other antiquities and mosaics, as well as glasses of local production and

1850-488: The north-eastern portion of the empire — the road ( Via Julia Augusta ) by Iulium Carnicum ( Zuglio ) to Veldidena (mod. Wilten , near Innsbruck ), from which branched off the road into Noricum , leading by Virunum ( Klagenfurt ) to Laurieum ( Lorch ) on the Danube , the road leading via Emona into Pannonia and to Sirmium ( Sremska Mitrovica ), the road to Tarsatica (near Fiume, now Rijeka ) and Siscia ( Sisak ), and

1900-447: The preservation of its medieval centre. In the 18th century the neighbouring marshes of the Val di Chiana , south of Arezzo, were drained and the region became less malarial . At the end of the-century French troops led by Napoleon Bonaparte conquered Arezzo, but the city soon turned (1799–1800) into a resistance base against the invaders with the "Viva Maria" movement, winning the city

1950-518: The project never came to fruition. While Maxentius was patriarch, the pope approved the Synod of Mantua, which affirmed the precedence of the mainland patriarch of Aquileia over the patriarch of Grado. However, material conditions were soon to worsen for Aquileia. The ruins of Aquileia were continually pillaged for building material. And with the collapse of the Carolingians in the tenth century,

2000-401: The rank of metropolitan archbishop . A council held in the city in 381 was only the first of a series of Councils of Aquileia that have been convened over the centuries. However, the city played a part in the struggles between the rulers of the fourth century. In 340, the emperor Constantine II was killed nearby while invading the territory of his younger brother Constans . At the end of

2050-535: The road to Tergeste ( Trieste ) and the Istrian coast. Augustus was the first of a number of emperors to visit Aquileia, notably during the Pannonian wars in 12–10 BC. It was the birthplace of Tiberius ' son by Julia, in the latter year. The Roman poet Martial praised Aquileia as his hoped-for haven and resting place in his old age. In terms of religion, the populace adopted the Roman pantheon, although

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2100-689: The role of provincial capital. In 1860 Arezzo became part of the Kingdom of Italy . City buildings suffered heavy damage during World War II ; the Germans made a stand in front of Arezzo early in July 1944 and fierce fighting ensued before the British 6th Armoured Division , assisted by New Zealand troops of the 2nd New Zealand Division , liberated the town 16 July 1944. The Commonwealth War Graves Commission 's Arezzo War Cemetery , where 1,266 men are buried,

2150-468: The site of an earlier church and rebuilt in the Gothic style by Patriarch Marquard of Randeck (1365-1381). Today, Aquileia is a town that is smaller than it was when the colony was first founded by Rome. Over the centuries, sieges, earthquakes, floods and pillaging of the ancient buildings for materials mean that no building from the Roman period remain above ground. The site of Aquileia is believed to be

2200-416: The town council of Arezzo dedicated an inscription to its patron L. Petronius Taurus Volusianus . See that article for discussion of the possible political/military significance of Volusianus's association with the city. In the 3rd to 4th century Arezzo became an episcopal seat: it is one of the few cities whose succession of bishops are known by name without interruption to the present day, in part because

2250-409: The town maintains its medieval appearance despite the addition of later structures. Arezzo's city proper is near the high risk areas for earthquakes, but located in a transitional area where the risk for severe earthquakes is much lower than in nearby Umbria and Abruzzo , albeit it is slightly more vulnerable than Florence . Notable earthquakes are still a very rare phenomenon in the province , with

2300-531: Was about 6 km (3.7 mi) from where an estimated 12,000 Celtic Taurisci nomads had attempted to settle in 183 BC. However, since the thirteenth century BC, the site, on the river and at the head of the Adriatic, had also been of commercial importance as the end of the Baltic amber ( sucinum ) trade. It is, therefore, theoretically not unlikely that Aquileia had been a Gallic oppidum even before

2350-590: Was connected with Genua by the Via Postumia , which stretched across the Padanian plain from Aquileia through or near to Opitergium , Tarvisium , Vicetia , Verona , Bedriacum , and the three Roman colonies of Cremona , Placentia , and Dertona . The construction of the Via Popilia from the Roman colony of Ariminium to Ad Portum near Altinum in 132 BC improved communications still further. In

2400-541: Was constructed in Aquileia, in which the emperors after the time of Diocletian frequently resided. During the fourth century, Aquileia maintained its importance. Constantine sojourned there on numerous occasions. It became a naval station and the seat of the Corrector Venetiarum et Histriae . A mint was established, of which the coins were very numerous. The bishop of the Diocese of Aquileia obtained

2450-507: Was incorporated in the Republic of Venice with the name of Patria del Friuli , ruled by a provveditore generale or a luogotenente living in Udine . The Patriarchal diocese was only finally officially suppressed in 1751, and the sees of Udine and Gorizia were established from its territory. Aquileia Cathedral is a flat-roofed basilica that was erected by Patriarch Poppo in 1031 on

2500-501: Was not extinguished: Gaius Cilnius Maecenas , whose name has become eponymous with "patron of the arts", came of the noble Aretine Etruscan stock. The city continued to flourish as Arretium Vetus ("Old Arretium"), the third-largest city in Italy in the Augustan period , well known in particular for its widely exported pottery manufactures, the characteristic moulded and glazed Arretine ware , bucchero -ware of dark clay and red-painted vases (the so-called "coral" vases). Around 261 AD

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