Blue Origin NS-22
83-593: Victor Lance Vescovo (born February 10, 1966) is an American private equity investor, retired naval officer, sub-orbital spaceflight participant, and undersea explorer. He was a co-founder and managing partner of private equity company Insight Equity Holdings from 2000-2023. Vescovo achieved the Explorers Grand Slam by reaching the North and South Poles and climbing the Seven Summits . He visited
166-606: A family of marine ray-finned fishes . These fishes make up the Liparidae, which is classified within the order Scorpaeniformes. Widely distributed from the Arctic to Antarctic Oceans , including the oceans in between, the snailfish family contains more than 30 genera and about 410 described species, but there are also many undescribed species . Snailfish species can be found in depths ranging from shallow coastal waters to more than 8,300 m (27,200 ft), and species of
249-411: A is more than R /2. The specific orbital energy ϵ {\displaystyle \epsilon } is given by: ε = − μ 2 a > − μ R {\displaystyle \varepsilon =-{\mu \over {2a}}>-{\mu \over {R}}\,\!} where μ {\displaystyle \mu \,\!}
332-632: A shoal of Pseudoliparis amblystomopsis snailfish at a depth of approximately 7,700 m (25,300 ft) in the Japan Trench . These were, at the time, the deepest living fish ever recorded on film. The record was surpassed by a snailfish that was filmed at a depth of 8,145 m (26,722 ft) in December 2014 in the Mariana Trench , and extended in May 2017 when another was filmed at
415-410: A LEO. On a 10,000-kilometer intercontinental flight, such as that of an intercontinental ballistic missile or possible future commercial spaceflight , the maximum speed is about 7 km/s, and the maximum altitude may be more than 1300 km. Any spaceflight that returns to the surface, including sub-orbital ones, will undergo atmospheric reentry . The speed at the start of the reentry is basically
498-471: A crew of two pilots, to an altitude of 200 km (65,000 ft) using captured V-2 . In 2004, a number of companies worked on vehicles in this class as entrants to the Ansari X Prize competition. The Scaled Composites SpaceShipOne was officially declared by Rick Searfoss to have won the competition on October 4, 2004, after completing two flights within a two-week period. In 2005, Sir Richard Branson of
581-642: A depth of 5,550 m (18,210 ft) at the bottom of the Molloy Deep in the Arctic Ocean . He was the first human to reach this location. In 2019, Vescovo escorted Titanic -historian Parks Stephenson to the wreck of the RMS Titanic for the first revisit of the wreck in 15 years. Findings included continued extensive corrosion and bacterial growth on iron and steel surfaces. In February 2020, Vescovo piloted his deep diving submersible twice to
664-522: A depth of 6,456 metres (21,181 ft) in the Philippine Sea ; at the time of identification this was the deepest shipwreck ever surveyed. The Johnston was sunk during the Battle off Samar (1944) in one of the most lopsided naval battles in history. In 2022 a submersible expedition piloted by Vescovo located the wreck of destroyer escort USS Samuel B. Roberts (DE-413) (also sunk in
747-477: A depth of 8,178 m (26,831 ft) in the Mariana Trench. The species in these deepest records remain undescribed , but it has been referred to as the "ethereal snailfish". The deepest-living described species is Pseudoliparis swirei , also of the Mariana Trench, which has been recorded to 8,076 m (26,496 ft). In 2023, the record was further extended when an unknown species of snailfish
830-532: A difficult week for the submersible community. Deep ocean diving is very safe when industry standard certifications and procedures are followed. I will miss my good friends PH Nargeolet, who I worked with closely, and Hamish Harding, my friend in sea and space." Vescovo appeared in the 2024 ABC special Truth and Lies: Fatal Dive to the Titanic , which examined the Titan submersible implosion . In 2019, Victor Vescovo
913-454: A distinct boundary between atmospheric flight and spaceflight . During freefall the trajectory is part of an elliptic orbit as given by the orbit equation . The perigee distance is less than the radius of the Earth R including atmosphere, hence the ellipse intersects the Earth, and hence the spacecraft will fail to complete an orbit. The major axis is vertical, the semi-major axis
SECTION 10
#1732765559616996-500: A flight is attained at the lowest altitude of this free-fall trajectory, both at the start and at the end of it. If one's goal is simply to "reach space", for example in competing for the Ansari X Prize , horizontal motion is not needed. In this case the lowest required delta-v, to reach 100 km altitude, is about 1.4 km/s . Moving slower, with less free-fall, would require more delta-v. Compare this with orbital spaceflights:
1079-553: A hadal snailfish and a gelatinous organism believed to be a stalked ascidean . The same dive was later undertaken by Patrick Lahey, President of Triton Submarines , and the expedition's chief scientist, Dr. Alan Jamieson . This dive was organised subsequent to the scanning of the Diamantina Fracture Zone using multibeam sonar, confirming that the Sunda Trench was deeper and settling the debate about where
1162-511: A lift off from Texas and a simulated soft touchdown in the Indian Ocean 66 minutes after liftoff. Sub-orbital flights can last from just seconds to days. Pioneer 1 was NASA 's first space probe , intended to reach the Moon . A partial failure caused it to instead follow a sub-orbital trajectory, reentering the Earth's atmosphere 43 hours after launch. To calculate the time of flight for
1245-482: A low Earth orbit (LEO), with an altitude of about 300 km, needs a speed around 7.7 km/s, requiring a delta-v of about 9.2 km/s. (If there were no atmospheric drag the theoretical minimum delta-v would be 8.1 km/s to put a craft into a 300-kilometer high orbit starting from a stationary point like the South Pole. The theoretical minimum can be up to 0.46 km/s less if launching eastward from near
1328-765: A minimum-delta-v trajectory, according to Kepler's third law , the period for the entire orbit (if it did not go through the Earth) would be: period = ( semi-major axis R ) 3 2 × period of low Earth orbit = ( 1 + sin θ 2 ) 3 2 2 π R g {\displaystyle {\text{period}}=\left({\frac {\text{semi-major axis}}{R}}\right)^{\frac {3}{2}}\times {\text{period of low Earth orbit}}=\left({\frac {1+\sin \theta }{2}}\right)^{\frac {3}{2}}2\pi {\sqrt {\frac {R}{g}}}} Using Kepler's second law , we multiply this by
1411-511: A mutation in bglap which prevents cartilage calcification, revealed in their skulls. Further, their genome includes increased amounts of genes encoding enzymes for beta oxidation and transport proteins, thereby increasing membrane fluidity. Snailfish have an elongated, tadpole -like shape. Their heads are large in comparison to their body and they have small eyes. Their bodies are slender but deep and they taper to very small tails. The extensive dorsal and anal fins may merge or nearly merge with
1494-478: A quarter of the way around the Earth, and 42 minutes for going halfway around. For short distances, this expression is asymptotic to 2 d / g {\displaystyle {\sqrt {2d/g}}} . From the form involving arccosine, the derivative of the time of flight with respect to d (or θ) goes to zero as d approaches 20 000 km (halfway around the world). The derivative of Δ v also goes to zero here. So if d = 19 000 km ,
1577-621: A reported US$ 50 million submarine system (Triton 36000/2) – including its support ship the DSSV Pressure Drop and its three ultra-deep-sea robotic landers – 8,376 m (27,480 ft) below the ocean surface to the base of the Puerto Rico Trench , an area subsequently referred to by world media as Brownson Deep . On February 4, 2019, he became the first person to reach the bottom of the Southern Ocean , in
1660-496: A weight of 21 kg (46 lb), but most species are smaller. Snailfish are of no interest to commercial fisheries . It was difficult to initially study snailfish species that dwell at deeper levels because they would explode upon being brought to the surface, but researchers did manage to study the bones of the animal. Snailfish habitats vary widely. They are found in oceans worldwide, ranging from shallow intertidal zones to depths of more than 8,300 m (27,200 ft) in
1743-559: Is a spaceflight in which the spacecraft reaches outer space , but its trajectory intersects the surface of the gravitating body from which it was launched. Hence, it will not complete one orbital revolution, will not become an artificial satellite nor will it reach escape velocity . For example, the path of an object launched from Earth that reaches the Kármán line (about 83 km [52 mi] – 100 km [62 mi] above sea level ), and then falls back to Earth,
SECTION 20
#17327655596161826-441: Is a hypersonic suborbital spaceplane concept that could transport 50 passengers from Australia to Europe in 90 minutes or 100 passengers from Europe to California in 60 minutes. The main challenge lies in increasing the reliability of the different components, particularly the engines, in order to make their use for passenger transportation on a daily basis possible. Snailfish The snailfishes or sea snails are
1909-602: Is absent in Paraliparis and Nectoliparis species. Research has revealed that maximum depth of living can be a significant predictor for loss of the pelvic disk in certain species of snailfish. Based on phylogenetic analysis, this ancestral feature has been lost three separate times in Snailfish. Snailfish range in size from Paraliparis australis at 5 cm (2.0 in) to Polypera simushirae at some 77 cm (30 in) in length. The latter species may reach
1992-423: Is as scientific sounding rockets . Scientific sub-orbital flights began in the 1920s when Robert H. Goddard launched the first liquid fueled rockets, however they did not reach space altitude. In the late 1940s, captured German V-2 ballistic missiles were converted into V-2 sounding rockets which helped lay the foundation for modern sounding rockets. Today there are dozens of different sounding rockets on
2075-435: Is between 0 and μ 2 R {\displaystyle \mu \over {2R}\,\!} . To minimize the required delta-v (an astrodynamical measure which strongly determines the required fuel ), the high-altitude part of the flight is made with the rockets off (this is technically called free-fall even for the upward part of the trajectory). (Compare with Oberth effect .) The maximum speed in
2158-624: Is considered a sub-orbital spaceflight. Some sub-orbital flights have been undertaken to test spacecraft and launch vehicles later intended for orbital spaceflight . Other vehicles are specifically designed only for sub-orbital flight; examples include crewed vehicles, such as the X-15 and SpaceShipTwo , and uncrewed ones, such as ICBMs and sounding rockets . Flights which attain sufficient velocity to go into low Earth orbit , and then de-orbit before completing their first full orbit, are not considered sub-orbital. Examples of this include flights of
2241-468: Is defined as a missile that can hit a target at least 5500 km away, and according to the above formula this requires an initial speed of 6.1 km/s. Increasing the speed to 7.9 km/s to attain any point on Earth requires a considerably larger missile because the amount of fuel needed goes up exponentially with delta-v (see Rocket equation ). The initial direction of a minimum-delta-v trajectory points halfway between straight up and straight toward
2324-918: Is known about snailfish courtship behavior but males of Careproctus pallidus are believed to wiggle their bodies as attractive or aggressive display. It is thought that in an environment so dark, it is hard to find and win contests for a mate. Therefore, snailfish use hydrodynamic signals that are felt by the mechanosensory lateral line to communicate. Larval snailfish feed on a mix of plankton , small and large copepods , and amphipods . The larval diet of three Beaufort Sea snailfish species contained 28 food categories, mainly copepods and amphipods. Snailfish prey can be grouped into six main categories: gammarid , krill , natantian decapods , other crustaceans, fish, and others. Size also affects snailfish diets; snailfish smaller than 50 mm primarily eat gammarids, while species larger than 100 mm primarily eat natantian decapods. Species larger than 150 mm have
2407-555: Is likely the maximum depth possible for any vertebrate. There are indications that the larvae of at least some hadal snailfish species spend time in open water at relatively shallow depths, less than 1,000 m (3,300 ft). Reproductive strategies vary extensively among snailfish species, though it is thought that many abyssal benthic snailfish spawn seasonally and for relatively long intervals. As far as known, it appears that all species lay eggs that are relatively large in size (diameter up to 9.4 mm [0.37 in]) and
2490-1134: Is maximized (at about 1320 km) for a trajectory going one quarter of the way around the Earth ( 10 000 km ). Longer ranges will have lower apogees in the minimal-delta-v solution. specific kinetic energy at launch = μ R − μ major axis = μ R sin θ 1 + sin θ {\displaystyle {\text{specific kinetic energy at launch}}={\frac {\mu }{R}}-{\frac {\mu }{\text{major axis}}}={\frac {\mu }{R}}{\frac {\sin \theta }{1+\sin \theta }}} Δ v = speed at launch = 2 μ R sin θ 1 + sin θ = 2 g R sin θ 1 + sin θ {\displaystyle \Delta v={\text{speed at launch}}={\sqrt {2{\frac {\mu }{R}}{\frac {\sin \theta }{1+\sin \theta }}}}={\sqrt {2gR{\frac {\sin \theta }{1+\sin \theta }}}}} (where g
2573-425: Is similar to an ICBM. ICBMs have delta-v's somewhat less than orbital; and therefore would be somewhat cheaper than the costs for reaching orbit, but the difference is not large. Due to the high cost of spaceflight, suborbital flights are likely to be initially limited to high value, very high urgency cargo deliveries such as courier flights, military fast-response operations or space tourism . The SpaceLiner
Victor Vescovo - Misplaced Pages Continue
2656-412: Is the standard gravitational parameter . Almost always a < R , corresponding to a lower ϵ {\displaystyle \epsilon } than the minimum for a full orbit, which is − μ 2 R {\displaystyle -{\mu \over {2R}}\,\!} Thus the net extra specific energy needed compared to just raising the spacecraft into space
2739-447: Is the acceleration of gravity at the Earth's surface). The Δ v increases with range, leveling off at 7.9 km/s as the range approaches 20 000 km (halfway around the world). The minimum-delta-v trajectory for going halfway around the world corresponds to a circular orbit just above the surface (of course in reality it would have to be above the atmosphere). See lower for the time of flight. An intercontinental ballistic missile
2822-651: Is the second deepest point on the planet and the deepest in the Southern Hemisphere at 10,823 m (35,509 ft). In doing so, Vescovo had descended to the first, second, and third deepest points in the ocean. Unlike the Sunda and Mariana Trenches, no signs of human contamination were found in the deep, which was described by the expedition as "completely pristine". Vescovo completed the Five Deeps Expedition on 24 August 2019 when he reached
2905-554: The Fractional Orbital Bombardment System . A flight that does not reach space is still sometimes called sub-orbital, but cannot officially be classified as a "sub-orbital spaceflight". Usually a rocket is used, but some experimental sub-orbital spaceflights have also been achieved via the use of space guns . By definition, a sub-orbital spaceflight reaches an altitude higher than 100 km (62 mi) above sea level . This altitude, known as
2988-530: The Gulf of St. Lawrence . The single species in genus Rhodichthys is endemic to the Norwegian Sea . Other species are found on muddy or silty bottoms of continental slopes . Most snailfish species live in habitats no deeper than the bathyal zone (less than 4,000 m [13,000 ft] deep), but the family also includes the deepest-living species of fish. In October 2008, a UK-Japan team discovered
3071-580: The Terpeniya Bay that purely eat zooplankton, setting them apart from other snailfish. The snailfish that live in the northern hemisphere also display a higher starvation tolerance, and while it is still being studied, it is suggested that this is due to the triglycerol and cholesterol levels in this species. The snailfish have different lipid concentrations depending on their habitat, making some of them better-suited for longer periods without feeding than others. The ambush hunting methods employed by
3154-461: The V-2 rocket , just reaching space but with a range of about 330 km, the maximum speed was 1.6 km/s. Scaled Composites SpaceShipTwo which is under development will have a similar free-fall orbit but the announced maximum speed is 1.1 km/s (perhaps because of engine shut-off at a higher altitude). For larger ranges, due to the elliptic orbit the maximum altitude can be much more than for
3237-656: The Virgin Group announced the creation of Virgin Galactic and his plans for a 9-seat capacity SpaceShipTwo named VSS Enterprise . It has since been completed with eight seats (one pilot, one co-pilot and six passengers) and has taken part in captive-carry tests and with the first mother-ship WhiteKnightTwo , or VMS Eve . It has also completed solitary glides, with the movable tail sections in both fixed and "feathered" configurations. The hybrid rocket motor has been fired multiple times in ground-based test stands, and
3320-464: The flight phases before and after the free-fall can vary. For an intercontinental flight the boost phase takes 3 to 5 minutes, the free-fall (midcourse phase) about 25 minutes. For an ICBM the atmospheric reentry phase takes about 2 minutes; this will be longer for any soft landing, such as for a possible future commercial flight. Test flight 4 of the SpaceX 'Starship' performed such a flight with
3403-430: The hadal zone . This is a wider depth range than any other family of fish. They are strictly found in cold waters, meaning that species of tropical and subtropical regions strictly are deepwater. They are common in most cold marine waters and are highly resilient, with some species, such as Liparis atlanticus and Liparus gibbus , having type-1 antifreeze proteins . It is the most species-rich family of fish in
Victor Vescovo - Misplaced Pages Continue
3486-525: The Antarctic region, generally found in relatively deep waters (shallower Antarctic waters are dominated by Antarctic icefish ). The diminutive inquiline snailfish ( Liparis inquilinus ) of the northwestern Atlantic is known to live out its life inside the mantle cavity of the scallop Placopecten magellanicus . Liparis tunicatus lives amongst the kelp forests of the Bering Strait and
3569-573: The Battle off Samar in 1944), in the Philippine Sea at a depth of 6,895 metres (22,621 ft), making it the deepest wreck identified at this date. In June 2023, Vescovo lost his friend Hamish Harding , whom he had been to space and sea with, when Harding died while trying to view the wreck of the Titanic inside OceanGate's Titan submersible . On Twitter Vescovo stated: "This has been
3652-609: The Kármán line, was chosen by the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale because it is roughly the point where a vehicle flying fast enough to support itself with aerodynamic lift from the Earth's atmosphere would be flying faster than orbital speed . The US military and NASA award astronaut wings to those flying above 50 mi (80 km), although the U.S. State Department does not show
3735-565: The Liparid family have been found in seven ocean trenches . The snailfish family, Liparidae, was first proposed by the American biologist Theodore Gill in 1861. The 5th edition of Fishes of the World classifies this family within superfamily Cyclopteroidea , part of the suborder Cottoidei of the order Scorpaeniformes . Other authorities do not recognise this superfamily and classify
3818-459: The Yap hadal snailfish and Mariana hadal snailfish have been found to contain an abundance of the fmo3 gene, which produces the trimethylamine N -oxide (TMAO) protein stabilizer. Analysis of Yap hadal snailfish reveals a loss of olfactory receptors and gain of taste receptors, possibly due to the fairly restricted availability of food in the deep-sea. Additionally, perhaps due to lack of light in
3901-406: The altitude required to qualify as reaching space. The flight path will be either vertical or very steep, with the spacecraft landing back at its take-off site. The spacecraft will shut off its engines well before reaching maximum altitude, and then coast up to its highest point. During a few minutes, from the point when the engines are shut off to the point where the atmosphere begins to slow down
3984-402: The angle that the projectile is to go around the Earth, so in degrees it is 45°× d / 10 000 km . The minimum-delta-v trajectory corresponds to an ellipse with one focus at the centre of the Earth and the other at the point halfway between the launch point and the destination point (somewhere inside the Earth). (This is the orbit that minimizes the semi-major axis, which is equal to the sum of
4067-554: The bottom of the Challenger Deep. These included former astronaut and NOAA Administrator Kathryn Sullivan , the first woman to ultimate depth; Kelly Walsh, the son of Don Walsh (who with Jacques Piccard made the first dive into the Challenger Deep) to become the only father/son team to make this journey albeit 60 years apart; and Vanessa O'Brien , the first woman to both climb Mount Everest and also descend to
4150-585: The bottom of the seafloor (Vescovo was the first person). At the end of his 2022 dives, Vescovo had the unique record of fifteen total dives to Challenger Deep, including the record for the deepest dive in history on April 28, 2019. Vescovo flew to space onboard New Shepard , as part of the Blue Origin NS-21 mission in 2022. Forbes has recognized Vescovo as the "First To Climb Everest, Visit Ocean’s Deepest Depth And Fly To The Final Frontier. Sub-orbital spaceflight A sub-orbital spaceflight
4233-464: The deep sea, the Yap genome includes fewer copies of crystallin genes, which encode proteins that sense light and assist in focused vision, in comparison to other teleosts. Meanwhile, Mariana hadal snailfish have lost several photoreceptor genes, decreasing their vision capabilities (especially in terms of color), and have completely lost the mc1r pigmentation gene, rendering them colorless. Mariana hadal snailfish also have adjusted to pressure due to
SECTION 50
#17327655596164316-528: The deep submersible Limiting Factor on 29 April 2019, for a total vertical distance of 19,772 metres (64,869 ft). Vescovo completed the Explorers Grand Slam (Last Degree) by climbing the highest peak on each of the seven continents , and skied the Last Degree of Latitude at both the North and South Poles . Uniquely, with the successful completion of his Five Deeps Expedition, Vescovo has also dived
4399-744: The deepest point in each of the five world's oceans . He is the first human to have reached the bottom of the Puerto Rico Trench , the Sunda Trench , the Molloy Deep , the Sirena Deep , the Horizon Deep , and the deepest point of the Southern Ocean , which lies in the southern end of the South Sandwich Trench . He is also the first to have dived the Challenger Deep more than once, doing so fifteen times, as well as
4482-539: The deepest point in the Indian Ocean is. On April 28, 2019, Vescovo descended nearly 11 km (6.8 mi) to the deepest place in the ocean – the Challenger Deep in the Pacific Ocean 's Mariana Trench . On his first descent, he piloted the DSV Limiting Factor to a depth of 10,928 m (35,853 ft), a world record by 16 m (52 ft). Diving for a second time on May 1, he became
4565-695: The deepest points of all of Earth's five oceans during the Five Deeps Expedition of 2018–2019. Vescovo grew up in Dallas, Texas, where he graduated from St. Mark's School of Texas . He earned a bachelor's degree in Economics and Political Science from Stanford University , a master's degree in Defense and Arms Control Studies (Political Science) from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology , and an MBA from Harvard Business School where he
4648-473: The destination point (which is below the horizon). Again, this is the case if the Earth's rotation is ignored. It is not exactly true for a rotating planet unless the launch takes place at a pole. In a vertical flight of not too high altitudes, the time of the free-fall is both for the upward and for the downward part the maximum speed divided by the acceleration of gravity , so with a maximum speed of 1 km/s together 3 minutes and 20 seconds. The duration of
4731-509: The developing eggs around in his mouth. Some other species of the genus Careproctus , are parasitic , laying their eggs in the gill cavities of king crabs . The eggs put pressure on the crabs gills which can cause the gill tissue to be damaged or die altogether. However, the survival of snailfish larvae has been shown to increase by the snailfish utilizing the crab host species as a way to care for and aerate their eggs. The eggs themselves are self-adhesive and tend to form masses that replicate
4814-1764: The distances from a point on the orbit to the two foci. Minimizing the semi-major axis minimizes the specific orbital energy and thus the delta-v, which is the speed of launch.) Geometrical arguments lead then to the following (with R being the radius of the Earth, about 6370 km): major axis = ( 1 + sin θ ) R {\displaystyle {\text{major axis}}=(1+\sin \theta )R} minor axis = R 2 ( sin θ + sin 2 θ ) = R sin ( θ ) semi-major axis {\displaystyle {\text{minor axis}}=R{\sqrt {2\left(\sin \theta +\sin ^{2}\theta \right)}}={\sqrt {R\sin(\theta ){\text{semi-major axis}}}}} distance of apogee from centre of Earth = R 2 ( 1 + sin θ + cos θ ) {\displaystyle {\text{distance of apogee from centre of Earth}}={\frac {R}{2}}(1+\sin \theta +\cos \theta )} altitude of apogee above surface = ( sin θ 2 − sin 2 θ 2 ) R = ( 1 2 sin ( θ + π 4 ) − 1 2 ) R {\displaystyle {\text{altitude of apogee above surface}}=\left({\frac {\sin \theta }{2}}-\sin ^{2}{\frac {\theta }{2}}\right)R=\left({\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}\sin \left(\theta +{\frac {\pi }{4}}\right)-{\frac {1}{2}}\right)R} The altitude of apogee
4897-572: The downward acceleration, the passengers will experience weightlessness . Megaroc had been planned for sub-orbital spaceflight by the British Interplanetary Society in the 1940s. In late 1945, a group led by M. Tikhonravov K. and N. G. Chernysheva at the Soviet NII-4 academy (dedicated to rocket artillery science and technology), began work on a stratospheric rocket project, VR-190 , aimed at vertical flight by
4980-498: The equator.) For sub-orbital spaceflights covering a horizontal distance the maximum speed and required delta-v are in between those of a vertical flight and a LEO. The maximum speed at the lower ends of the trajectory are now composed of a horizontal and a vertical component. The higher the horizontal distance covered, the greater the horizontal speed will be. (The vertical velocity will increase with distance for short distances but will decrease with distance at longer distances.) For
5063-493: The first human-occupied deep submersible dive to the bottom of the Sirena Deep , the third deepest point in the ocean lying about 128 miles northeast from Challenger Deep. The time they spent there was 176 minutes; among the samples they retrieved was a piece of mantle rock from the western slope of the Mariana Trench. On June 10, 2019, Vescovo reached the bottom of the Horizon Deep in the Tonga Trench , confirming that it
SECTION 60
#17327655596165146-411: The first person to dive the Challenger Deep twice, finding "at least three new species of marine animals" and "some sort of plastic waste". Among the underwater creatures Vescovo encountered were a snailfish at 26,250 ft (8,000 m) and a spoon worm at nearly 23,000 ft (7,000 m), the deepest level at which the species had ever been encountered. On May 7, 2019, Vescovo and Jamieson made
5229-609: The first to have visited all four of the ocean's 10,000+ meter deepest points: the Challenger Deep/Mariana Trench, Horizon Deep/Tonga Trench, Scholl Deep/Kermadec Trench, and Galathea Deep/Philippine Trench. In June 2020, Vescovo returned to the Challenger Deep, specially equipped to survey its three, well-defined basins, or "pools". Carrying three CTDs on his submersible Limiting Factor as well as one CTD and one depthometer on each of his three independent robotic "landers". Vescovo piloted six passengers to
5312-429: The head, part of the animals' lateral line system. The pectoral fins are large and provide the snailfish with its primary means of locomotion, although they are fragile. In some species such as the antarctic Paraliparis devries i, the pectoral fins have an expanded somatosensory system, including a taste bud. The snailfish are benthic fish with pelvic fins modified to form an adhesive disc; this nearly circular disc
5395-502: The highest proportion of fish in their diet. The largest snailfish species tend to be piscivorous . With the Okhotsk snailfish ( Liparis ochotensis ), the ratio between food intake and body weight changes as the organism grows; it is also highly seasonally variable. When the local environment experiences an increase in shrimp and crangonidae numbers, there is also a subsequent decrease in decapods. There are also snailfish localized to
5478-475: The length of the minimum-delta-v trajectory will be about 19 500 km , but it will take only a few seconds less time than the trajectory for d = 20 000 km (for which the trajectory is 20 000 km long). While there are a great many possible sub-orbital flight profiles, it is expected that some will be more common than others. The first sub-orbital vehicles which reached space were ballistic missiles . The first ballistic missile to reach space
5561-478: The market, from a variety of suppliers in various countries. Typically, researchers wish to conduct experiments in microgravity or above the atmosphere. Research, such as that done for the X-20 Dyna-Soar project suggests that a semi-ballistic sub-orbital flight could travel from Europe to North America in less than an hour. However, the size of rocket, relative to the payload, necessary to achieve this,
5644-445: The maximum speed of the flight. The aerodynamic heating caused will vary accordingly: it is much less for a flight with a maximum speed of only 1 km/s than for one with a maximum speed of 7 or 8 km/s. The minimum delta-v and the corresponding maximum altitude for a given range can be calculated, d , assuming a spherical Earth of circumference 40 000 km and neglecting the Earth's rotation and atmosphere. Let θ be half
5727-466: The morphology of the deep-sea snailfish, it may be evident that these snailfish have adapted to their extreme environment by having a short life span compared to other organisms in the same hadal environment. Many species are located in hadal trenches, which are inherently high-disturbance areas, including lots of seismic activity which can trigger turbidity flows. Because of this, they live significantly shorter lifespans than shallower species. Very little
5810-475: The number of eggs is species dependent. The larger size of eggs in hadal snailfish species indicates continuous spawning. Some species deposit their egg masses among cold-water corals , kelp , stones, or xenophyophores and males will sometimes guard the egg mass. At least one species, Careproctus ovigerus of the North Pacific, is known to practice mouth brooding where the male snailfish carries
5893-1946: The portion of the area of the ellipse swept by the line from the centre of the Earth to the projectile: area fraction = 1 π arcsin 2 sin θ 1 + sin θ + 2 cos θ sin θ π (major axis)(minor axis) {\displaystyle {\text{area fraction}}={\frac {1}{\pi }}\arcsin {\sqrt {\frac {2\sin \theta }{1+\sin \theta }}}+{\frac {2\cos \theta \sin \theta }{\pi {\text{(major axis)(minor axis)}}}}} time of flight = ( ( 1 + sin θ 2 ) 3 2 arcsin 2 sin θ 1 + sin θ + 1 2 cos θ sin θ ) 2 R g = ( ( 1 + sin θ 2 ) 3 2 arccos cos θ 1 + sin θ + 1 2 cos θ sin θ ) 2 R g {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\text{time of flight}}&=\left(\left({\frac {1+\sin \theta }{2}}\right)^{\frac {3}{2}}\arcsin {\sqrt {\frac {2\sin \theta }{1+\sin \theta }}}+{\frac {1}{2}}\cos \theta {\sqrt {\sin \theta }}\right)2{\sqrt {\frac {R}{g}}}\\&=\left(\left({\frac {1+\sin \theta }{2}}\right)^{\frac {3}{2}}\arccos {\frac {\cos \theta }{1+\sin \theta }}+{\frac {1}{2}}\cos \theta {\sqrt {\sin \theta }}\right)2{\sqrt {\frac {R}{g}}}\\\end{aligned}}} This gives about 32 minutes for going
5976-493: The shape of the internal branchial chambers of crabs. Additionally, at least one species of snailfish that utilize the golden king crab as a host, Careproctus pallidus, has larvae with a lower energy content than normal for most marine fish. A possible explanation for starting life with less energy is due to the safety provided by the king crab, allowing the adult snailfish to not expend as much energy producing an energy-rich yolk sac. A different species, Careproctus rhodomelas ,
6059-577: The southern portion of the South Sandwich Trench . For this attempt, the expedition used a Kongsberg EM124 multibeam sonar system to achieve accurate mapping of the trench. On April 16, 2019, Vescovo dived to the bottom of the Sunda Trench south of Bali , reaching the bottom of the Indian Ocean . Likewise, this was done aboard the Limiting Factor . The team reported sightings of what they believed to be species new to science, including
6142-640: The tail fin. Snailfish are scaleless with a thin, loose gelatinous skin which surrounds the spine and can vary in terms of size and shape between species. The gelatinous layer has a high water and low protein, lipid and carbohydrate content, therefore it can provide growth with low metabolic cost. This may aid species in avoiding predation and conserving energy, especially for deep sea snailfish who live in low energy conditions. Some species, such as Acantholiparis opercularis , have prickly spines as well. Their teeth are small and simple with blunt cusps. The deep-sea species have prominent, well-developed sensory pores on
6225-782: The two families within it, Cyclopteridae and Liparidae, within the infraorder Cottales alongside the sculpins , within the order Perciformes . An osteological analysis found that the genus Bathylutichthys was intermediate between the Psychrolutidae and the two families making up the Cyclopteroidea, meaning that those two families would not be supported as a superfamily within the Cottoidei . Species of deep-sea snailfish have been studied and compared to other ray-finned fishes (also known as teleosts) to analyze their adaptions to deep-sea conditions. The genomes of both
6308-667: The wreck of the French submarine Minerve in the Mediterranean Sea. The retired French Rear Admiral Jean-Louis Barbier investigated the wreck of the Minerve on the first dive. On the second dive, Vescovo was accompanied by Hervé Fauve, the son of the captain of the sunken submarine. They placed a commemorative plaque at the wreck. In 2021, Vescovo identified and surveyed the wreck of the USS ; Johnston (DD-557) at
6391-417: Was a Baker scholar . Vescovo served 20 years in the U.S. Navy Reserve as an intelligence officer, retiring in 2013 as a Commander (O-5). In 2018, Vescovo launched the Five Deeps Expedition, whose objective was to dive to the deepest location in all five of the world's oceans by the end of September 2019. This expedition was filmed in the documentary television series Expedition Deep Ocean . This objective
6474-510: Was achieved one month ahead of schedule, and the expedition's team carried out biological samplings and depth confirmations at each location. Besides the deepest points of the five world oceans, the expedition also made dives in the Horizon Deep and the Sirena Deep , and mapped the Diamantina Fracture Zone . In December 2018, he became the first person to reach the deepest point of the Atlantic Ocean , piloting DSV Limiting Factor ,
6557-760: Was filmed at a depth of 8,336 m (27,349 ft) in the Izu–Ogasawara Trench . In general, snailfish (notably genera Notoliparis and Pseudoliparis ) are the most common and dominant fish family in the hadal zone . Through genomic analysis it was found that Pseudoliparis swirei possesses multiple molecular adaptions to survive the intense pressures of a deep sea environment, including pressure-tolerant cartilage , pressure-stable proteins, increased transport protein activity, higher cell membrane fluidity, and loss of eyesight and other visual characteristics such as color. However, because of biochemical restrictions, 8,000–8,500 m (26,200–27,900 ft)
6640-492: Was fired in a powered flight for the second time on 5 September 2013. Four additional SpaceShipTwos have been ordered and will operate from the new Spaceport America . Commercial flights carrying passengers were expected in 2014, but became cancelled due to the disaster during SS2 PF04 flight . Branson stated, "[w]e are going to learn from what went wrong, discover how we can improve safety and performance and then move forwards together." A major use of sub-orbital vehicles today
6723-518: Was found to be a batch spawner, laying multiple batches of large eggs multiple times throughout its lifetime. After the eggs hatch, some species rapidly reach the adult size and only live for about one year, but others have life spans of more than a decade. Otolith analysis (the investigation of snailfish ear bone) gives an abundance of insight into longevity of life by seeing how it is broken into alternating translucent and opaque zones. This relays information about annual growth. By further examining
6806-460: Was recognized by Guinness World Records as the person who has covered the greatest vertical distance without leaving Earth's surface. As part of achieving the Explorers Grand Slam (Last Degree), Vescovo climbed Mount Everest (8,848 metres (29,029 ft)) on 24 May 2010, Earth's highest point. Almost nine years later he dove to the bottom of the Challenger Deep in the Mariana Trench (−10,924 metres (−35,840 ft)), Earth's lowest point, in
6889-688: Was the German V-2 , the work of the scientists at Peenemünde , on October 3, 1942, which reached an altitude of 53 miles (85 km). Then in the late 1940s the US and USSR concurrently developed missiles all of which were based on the V-2 Rocket, and then much longer range Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBMs). There are now many countries who possess ICBMs and even more with shorter range Intermediate Range Ballistic Missiles (IRBMs). Sub-orbital tourist flights will initially focus on attaining
#615384