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29-816: Two major treaties with the United Kingdom were approved, finalized and signed during the 15th Congress, both the Rush–Bagot Treaty and the Treaty of 1818 , both of which pertained to the United States-Canada border, and both of which were overwhelmingly popular in the United States. President James Monroe and Secretary of State John Quincy Adams were credited with the accomplishments. A letter signed by many members of congress expressing "Gratitude, amity and brotherhood with Great Britain"

58-450: A general ticket . There were six plural districts, the 1st, 2nd, 12th, 15th, 20th & 21st, each had two representatives. There were six plural districts, the 2nd, 3rd, 5th, 6th & 10th had two representatives each, the 1st had four representatives. Both representatives were elected statewide on a general ticket . All representatives were elected statewide on a general ticket . The count below reflects changes from

87-599: A founding member of the American Antiquarian Society . On May 31, 1790, Otis married Sally Foster , the daughter of prominent merchant William Foster. During the course of his lifetime, he built not one, but three, grand houses in quick succession (see Harrison Gray Otis House ), all designed by noted architect Charles Bulfinch . Together, Harrison and Sally were the parents of eleven children, including: He died in Boston on October 28, 1848, and

116-488: Is buried in Mount Auburn Cemetery, Cambridge, Massachusetts . Through his son William, he was the grandfather of Emily Marshall Otis (1832–1906), who married historian and educator Samuel Eliot . Through his son James, he was the grandfather of James Otis , a New York State Senator and society leader. A descendant was J. Wadsworth Ritchie (1861–1924), son of Montgomery Harrison Ritchie, who died in

145-742: The British Minister to Washington Sir Charles Bagot , which were exchanged and signed on April 27 and 28, 1817. After the terms of the notes were agreed upon by Rush and Bagot, the Rush–Bagot Agreement was unofficially recognized by both countries. On April 6, 1818, it was submitted to the United States Senate and formally ratified on April 16, 1818. The treaty eventually led to the Treaty of Washington of 1871 , which completed disarmament. The United States and Canada agreed in 1946, through an exchange of diplomatic notes, that

174-597: The September 11, 2001, attacks . The Canadian government decided that the armament did not violate the treaty, as the guns were to be used for law enforcement rather than military activities. Canada reserved the right to arm its law enforcement vessels with similar weapons. HMCS Stone Frigate , located at the Royal Military College in Kingston, Ontario , was constructed during 1820 to store part of

203-402: The " Changes in membership " section. During this congress, two Senate seats were added for each of the new states of Mississippi and Illinois. During this congress, one House seat was added for each of the new states of Mississippi and Illinois. This list is arranged by chamber, then by state. Senators are listed by class and representatives are listed by district. Senators were elected by

232-740: The Character and Views of the Hartford Convention (1820) and his Letters in Defence of the Hartford Convention (1824). Otis was involved in a major financial scandal during the site selection for the Massachusetts State House . Boston was determined to remain the state capitol, and appointed Otis to a town committee to purchase land and donate it to the state. He did so, and also quietly arranged his own private purchase of 18.5 acres (75,000 m ) adjoining from

261-508: The House of Representatives are preceded by their district numbers. All representatives were elected statewide on a general ticket . Both representatives were elected statewide on a general ticket . All representatives were elected statewide on a general ticket . The 5th district was a plural district with two representatives. All representatives were elected statewide on a general ticket . All representatives were elected statewide on

290-653: The United States agreed to interpret the treaty so that weapons could be installed in the Great Lakes but could not be operable until the ships left the Lakes. In 1942, the United States, by then having entered the war and allied with Canada, successfully proposed that until the end of the war weapons could be completely installed and tested in the Lakes. After discussions in the Permanent Joint Board on Defense , in 1946, Canada similarly proposed to interpret

319-479: The United States and British North America to keep two military vessels "of like burden" on the waters armed with "like force". The treaty, and the separate Treaty of 1818 , laid the basis for a demilitarized boundary between the U.S. and British North America. The origins of the Rush–Bagot Treaty can be traced to a correspondence of letters between Acting United States Secretary of State Richard Rush and

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348-1905: The United States, as well as his refusal to pay reparations owed to the United States from damages incurred during the Quasi-War . The letter was signed in December 1818 by Joel Abbot , Thomas W. Cobb , Zadock Cook , Joel Crawford , John Forsyth , William Terrell , Charles Tait , William Smith , John Gaillard , Henry Middleton , William Lowndes , James Ervin , Joseph Bellinger , Starling Tucker , Eldred Simkins , Elias Earle , Wilson Nesbitt , Stephen Decatur Miller , Montfort Stokes , Nathaniel Macon , Lemuel Sawyer , Joseph Hunter Bryan , Thomas H. Hall , Jesse Slocumb , James Owen , Weldon Nathaniel Edwards , James Stewart , James Strudwick Smith , Thomas Settle , George Mumford , Daniel Munroe Forney , Felix Walker , Lewis Williams , John J. Crittenden , Isham Talbot , David Trimble , Henry Clay , Richard Mentor Johnson , Joseph Desha , Anthony New , David Walker , George Robertson , Richard Clough Anderson Jr. , Tunstall Quarles , Thomas Speed , William Hendricks , James Noble , Waller Taylor , John Eaton , John Williams , John Rhea , William Grainger Blount , Francis Jones , Samuel E. Hogg , Thomas Claiborne , George W.L. Marr , George Poindexter , Prentiss Mellen , Harrison Gray Otis , Enoch Lincoln , Jonathan Mason , Nathaniel Silsbee , Jeremiah Nelson , Timothy Fuller , Elijah H. Mills , Samuel Clesson Allen , Henry Shaw , Zabdiel Sampson , Walter Folger Jr. , Marcus Morton , Benjamin Adams , Solomon Strong , Nathaniel Ruggles , John Holmes , Ezekiel Whitman , Benjamin Orr , John Wilson , Thomas Rice , Joshua Gage and Albion Parris , all of whom also voted to ratify both of

377-572: The Whig Party and the Democratic-Republicans. Many members of congress and Washington DC had a very hostile relationship with France's notoriously combative ambassador Jean-Guillaume, baron Hyde de Neuville , which contributed to the letters contents as per France. The count below identifies party affiliations at the beginning of the first session of this congress. Changes resulting from subsequent replacements are shown below in

406-475: The aforementioned treaties. Several governors also signed the letter, which was entirely symbolic and intended as a gesture of goodwill, including Gabriel Slaughter , William Rabun , John Geddes , John Branch , John Brooks , James Patton Preston and David Holmes . This was significant because the governors and the members of congress were from different regions (both Massachusetts and several southern states were represented), and because signers came from both

435-603: The agent of John Singleton Copley , then living in England. After a decade of legal arguments, the sale was upheld, and Otis and the Mount Vernon Proprietors developed a large part of Beacon Hill . Otis was an overseer of Harvard University from 1810 to 1823, and a fellow of the university from 1823 to 1825, as well as one of the original incorporators of the Boston Bank . In 1812, Otis also became

464-651: The agreement as permitting using ships for training purposes if each country notified the other. An Ontario Heritage Trust plaque in Kingston, Ontario recognizes the Rush–Bagot Agreement ( 44°13′48″N 76°27′59″W  /  44.229894°N 76.466292°W  / 44.229894; -76.466292 ). A plaque also stands at the former site of the British Legation in Washington, D.C. ( 38°54′13.7″N 77°3′8.4″W  /  38.903806°N 77.052333°W  / 38.903806; -77.052333 ) where

493-413: The agreement was negotiated. A monument stands on the grounds of Old Fort Niagara as well ( 43°15′48″N 79°03′49″W  /  43.263347°N 79.063719°W  / 43.263347; -79.063719 ), featuring reliefs of both Rush and Bagot, as well as the words of the treaty. Harrison Gray Otis (politician) Harrison Gray Otis (October 8, 1765 – October 28, 1848),

522-518: The beginning of the first session of this Congress. Lists of committees and their party leaders. Rush%E2%80%93Bagot Treaty The Rush–Bagot Treaty or Rush–Bagot Disarmament was a treaty between the United States and Great Britain limiting naval armaments on the Great Lakes and Lake Champlain , following the War of 1812 . It was ratified by the United States Senate on April 16, 1818, and

551-614: The dismantled British fleet from the War of 1812 , which had been dismantled pursuant to the Rush–Bagot Treaty. There are still military facilities near or next to the Great Lakes: The Canada–United States border was demilitarized, including the Great Lakes and Lake Champlain. The U.S. and the British agreed to joint control over the Oregon Territory. The Rush–Bagot Agreement laid the foundation for

580-476: The midst of his political career, he was also named a judge of the court of common pleas (1814–1818), and played a leading role as delegate to the controversial Hartford Convention in which New England 's secession from the United States was discussed. Overall, it led to the demise of the Federalists, and Otis's political ambitions suffered. Otis subsequently defended the convention in his Letters Developing

609-517: The state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress. Preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers , which indicate the cycle of their election. In this Congress, Class 1 meant their term began in the last Congress, requiring re-election in 1820; Class 2 meant their term began with this Congress, requiring re-election in 1822; and Class 3 meant their term ended with this Congress, requiring re-election in 1818. The names of members of

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638-414: The stationing of naval vessels for training purposes was permissible provided each government was fully notified in advance. In 2004, the U.S. Coast Guard decided to arm 11 of its small cutters stationed on Lake Erie and Lake Huron with M240 7.62 mm machine guns . The U.S. decision was based on a climbing number of smuggling operations as well as the increased threat of terrorist activity after

667-414: The world's longest international boundary—8,891 kilometres (5,525 mi), and the longest demilitarized border in the world. Although the treaty had caused difficulties during World War I, its terms were not changed. Similar problems occurred before World War II, but Secretary of State Cordell Hull wanted to preserve the agreement because of its historical importance. In 1939 and 1940, Canada and

696-504: Was American colonial leader and activist James Otis , and his father was active in early American politics as a member of Massachusetts state house of representatives, delegate to Massachusetts state constitutional convention, and Continental Congress delegate from Massachusetts. His aunt was Mercy Otis Warren , a well-known poet. Otis himself graduated from Boston Latin School in 1773 and Harvard University in 1783, studied law, and

725-554: Was a businessman, lawyer, and politician, becoming one of the most important leaders of the United States' first political party, the Federalists . He was a member of the Otis family . One of the wealthiest men of Boston, Otis was reportedly worth at least US$ 800,000 in 1846, equivalent to $ 24,300,000 in 2023. Otis was born in Boston, Massachusetts, on October 8, 1765, to Elizabeth ( née Gray) and Samuel Allyne Otis . His uncle

754-621: Was addressed to British Prime Minister Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool , British Secretary of State for War and the Colonies Henry Bathurst, 3rd Earl Bathurst , British foreign secretary Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh and Britain's minister plenipotentiary and envoy extraordinaire to the United States Charles Bagot . The letter also attacked King Louis XVIII of France for insulting remarks he had made towards American diplomats and about

783-462: Was admitted to the bar in 1786 when he commenced practice in Boston. In 1794 he was elected to the Massachusetts legislature , and in 1796 was appointed by President George Washington to be U.S. Attorney for Massachusetts. In 1797, he was elected U.S. Representative from Massachusetts as a Federalist and a strong advocate for centralized government, in which office he served until 1801. He

812-527: Was appointed United States U.S. Attorney for Massachusetts by President John Adams (1801–1802), and again served in the state legislature from 1802 to 1817, serving several terms as President of the state senate (1805–1806, 1808–1811). He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1804. In subsequent years, Otis was elected U.S. Senator from Massachusetts (1817–1822), and then Mayor of Boston (1829–1831). In 1814, in

841-486: Was confirmed by Canada, following Confederation in 1867. The treaty provided for a large demilitarization of lakes along the international boundary, where many British naval arrangements and forts remained. The treaty stipulated that the United States and British North America could each maintain one military vessel (no more than 100 tons burden ) as well as one cannon (no more than eighteen pounds ) on Lake Ontario and Lake Champlain. The remaining Great Lakes permitted

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