Coming of age is a young person 's transition from being a child to being an adult . The specific age at which this transition takes place varies between societies, as does the nature of the change. It can be a simple legal convention or can be part of a ritual or spiritual event.
198-481: Fight Club is a 1999 American film directed by David Fincher and starring Brad Pitt , Edward Norton , and Helena Bonham Carter . It is based on a 1996 novel by Chuck Palahniuk . Norton plays the unnamed narrator , who is discontented with his white-collar job. He forms a "fight club" with soap salesman Tyler Durden (Pitt) and becomes embroiled in a relationship with an impoverished but beguilingly attractive woman, Marla Singer (Bonham Carter). Palahniuk's novel
396-706: A chignon with a binyeo , a Korean traditional ornamental hairpin. Both of them wore hanbok , which are sometimes worn at the coming of age ceremony in the present day. In some Latin American countries, when a female reaches the age of 15, her relatives organize a very expensive celebration. It is usually a large party, called a Quinceañera in Spanish speaking countries and Baile de Debutantes (also called Festa de 15 [años] , literally: Party of 15 [years]) in Brazil. The legal age of adulthood varies by country. Kovave
594-476: A mentoring relationship with an adult man, in which they would be taught skills pertaining to adult life, such as hunting , martial arts and fine arts. The puberty ritual for the young Roman male involved shaving his beard and taking off his bulla , an amulet worn to mark and protect underage youth, which he then dedicated to his household gods, the Lares . He assumed the toga virilis ("toga of manhood"),
792-492: A myopic framework for the film audiences. Fincher also used previsualized footage of challenging main-unit and visual effects shots as a problem-solving tool to avoid making mistakes during the actual filming. The film's title sequence is a 90-second visual effects composition that depicts the inside of the Narrator's brain at a microscopic level; the camera pulls back to the outside, starting at his fear center and following
990-430: A mystery that follows the events surrounding Nick Dunne (Affleck), who becomes the prime suspect in the sudden disappearance of his wife Amy (Pike). A critical and commercial success, the film earned $ 369 million worldwide against a $ 61 million budget, making it Fincher's highest-grossing work to date. Writing for Salon magazine, Andrew O'Hehir praises the "tremendous ensemble cast who mesh marvelously", adding, "All
1188-530: A rite in Lutheranism, Anglicanism, Methodism, Irvingism, and Reformed Christianity. The Catholic and Methodist denominations teach that in confirmation, the Holy Spirit strengthens a baptized individual for their faith journey. This is usually done by a bishop or an abbot laying their hands upon the foreheads of the young person (usually between the ages of 12 and 15 years), and marking them with
1386-520: A tripod . He said, "Handheld has a powerful psychological stranglehold. It means something specific and I don't want to cloud what's going on with too much meaning." He has experimented with the disembodied camera movement, notably in Panic Room , where the camera glides around the house to give the impression of surveillance by an unseen observer. One element of Fincher's visual style is the specific way in which he uses tilt , pan , and track in
1584-411: A " smack -fiend patina ". Fincher and Cronenweth drew influences from the 1973 film American Graffiti , which applied a mundane look to nighttime exteriors while simultaneously including a variety of colors. The crew took advantage of both natural and practical light. Fincher sought various approaches to the lighting setups; for example, he chose several urban locations for the city lights' effects on
1782-459: A "little devil on the shoulder". Fincher explained the subliminal frames, "Our hero is creating Tyler Durden in his own mind, so at this point he exists only on the periphery of the Narrator's consciousness." While Cronenweth generally rated and exposed the Kodak film stock normally on Fight Club , several other techniques were applied to change its appearance. Flashing was implemented on much of
1980-488: A 2017 interview, Fincher explained his fascination of sinister themes: "There was always a house in any neighborhood that I ever lived in that all the kids on the street wondered, 'What are those people up to?' We sort of attach the sinister to the mundane in order to make things interesting... I think it's also because in order for something to be evil, it almost has to cloak itself as something else." Fincher once stated, "I think people are perverts. I've maintained that. That's
2178-532: A Cause (1955) and The Graduate (1967), with a theme of conflict between Generation X and the value system of advertising . Studio executives did not like the film and restructured Fincher's intended marketing campaign to try to reduce anticipated losses. Fight Club premiered at the 56th Venice International Film Festival on September 10, 1999, and was released in the United States on October 15, 1999, by 20th Century Fox . The film failed to meet
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#17327806861582376-542: A boy or girl is mature enough to understand his responsibility towards family and society. Some castes in Hinduism also have the sacred thread ceremony, called Upanayana , for Dvija (twice-born) boys that mark their coming of age to do religious ceremonies. A rite of passage males have to go through is Bhrataman (or Chudakarma) that marks adulthood. In the traditional Ifá faith of the Yoruba people of West Africa and
2574-625: A boy's voice breaks. However, due to expense, it is often delayed until later. The upper canines are filed down slightly to symbolize the effacing of the individual's "wild" nature. While in Nias island , a young man must jump up over a stone (normally about 1 or 2 meters) as a part of the coming of age ceremony. Since 1948, the age of majority in Japan has been 20; persons under 20 are not permitted to smoke or drink. Until June 2016, people under 20 were not permitted to vote. The government of Japan lowered
2772-562: A car, and has attained the right to vote and the age of consent. Inspired by the western cultures however there are usually sweet sixteen birthday parties celebrated across the country but with little cultural significance besides having now become a young adult. The drinking age varies within states from 18 to 21 years old. In some countries, Humanist or freethinker organisations have arranged courses or camps for non-religious adolescents, in which they can study or work on ethical, social, and personal topics important for adult life, followed by
2970-466: A coat and tie for the upper-middle and upper classes, and usually has a theme or color scheme that is related to the dress code. The débutante traditionally chooses for her entourage "18 Roses", who are 18 special men or boys in the girl's life such as boyfriends, relatives and brothers, and "18 Candles", who are the Roses' female counterparts. Each presents a rose or candle then delivers a short speech about
3168-407: A cult favorite and gained acknowledgement for its multilayered themes; the film has been the source of critical analysis from academics and film critics . In 2001, Fincher served as an executive producer for the first season of The Hire , a series of short films to promote BMW automobiles. The films were released on the internet in 2001. Next in 2002, Fincher returned to another feature film,
3366-538: A documentary on the making of Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid . It had never occurred to me that movies didn't take place in real time. I knew that they were fake, I knew that the people were acting, but it had never occurred to me that it could take [...] four months to make a movie! It showed the entire company with all these rental horses and moving trailers to shoot a scene on top of a train. They would hire somebody who looked like Robert Redford to jump onto
3564-418: A film's production. Icelandic film producer Sigurjón Sighvatsson , with whom Fincher has collaborated for decades, has said that "[Fincher] was always a rebel... always challenging the status quo". Known for his perfectionism and meticulous eye for detail, Fincher performs thorough research when casting actors to ensure their suitability for the part. His colleague Max Daly said, "He's really good at finding
3762-424: A film's transition to home media. The film was released on DVD on June 6, 2000, in both one and two-disc editions. The movie disc included four commentary tracks, while the bonus disc contained behind-the-scenes clips, deleted scenes, trailers, theater safety PSAs, the promotional music video "This is Your Life", Internet spots, still galleries, cast biographies, storyboards , and publicity materials. Fincher worked on
3960-506: A formal rite of passage comparable to the Christian Confirmation. Some of these ceremonies are even called "civil confirmations". The purpose of these ceremonies is to offer a festive ritual for those youngsters, who do not believe in any religion, but nevertheless want to mark their transition from childhood to adulthood. In Bali, the coming of age ceremony is supposed to take place after a girl's first menstrual period or
4158-559: A great ease with who he is." Bob Stephenson , Michael Massee , Christopher John Fields, John Getz , Elias Koteas , Zach Grenier , Charles Dance , Rooney Mara , Jared Leto , Arliss Howard , and Richmond Arquette have also appeared in at least two of his films. Fight Club was scored by the Dust Brothers , who at that point had never scored a film. Describing their working relationship with Fincher, they said he "was not hanging over our shoulders telling us what to do" and that
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#17327806861584356-400: A gross of $ 51.7 million. Worldwide, Zodiac was a moderate success. Despite a campaign by Paramount Pictures , the film did not receive any Academy Award or Golden Globe nominations. In 2008, Fincher was attached to a film adaptation of the science-fiction novel, Rendezvous with Rama by Arthur C. Clarke , however, Fincher said the film is unlikely to go ahead due to problems with
4554-500: A gun barrel down the Narrator's mouth. The Narrator finds redemption at the end of the film by rejecting Tyler Durden's dialectic, a path that diverged from the novel's ending in which the Narrator is placed in a mental institution. Norton drew parallels between redemption in the film and redemption in The Graduate , indicating that the protagonists of both films find a middle ground between two divisions of self. Fincher considered
4752-553: A lifestyle that involves celibacy , formal voluntary poverty , absolute nonviolence , and daily fasting between noon and the following day's sunrise. Depending on how long they stay, the boys will learn various chants and recitations in the canonical language ( Pali ) – typically the Buddha's more famous discourses ( Suttas ) and verses ( Gathas ) – as well as Buddhist ethics and higher monastic discipline ( Vinaya ). If they stay long enough and conditions permit, they may be tutored in
4950-477: A lurid style, choosing to make people "sort of shiny". The appearance of the Narrator's scenes without Tyler were bland and realistic. The scenes with Tyler were described by Fincher as "more hyper-real in a torn-down, deconstructed sense—a visual metaphor of what [the Narrator is] heading into". The filmmakers used heavily desaturated colors in the costuming, makeup, and art direction. Bonham Carter wore opalescent makeup to portray her romantic nihilistic character with
5148-547: A man turned 20, his parents would hold a Guan Li (also named the capping ceremony); when a girl turned 15, she would receive a Ji Li (also known as the Hairpin Ceremony). These rites were considered to represent a person being mature and prepared to get married and start a family; therefore, they were the beginning of all the moral rites. During this rite of passage, the young person receives his/her style name . In Hinduism coming of age generally signifies that
5346-592: A man who has not ordained temporarily as a Samanera in this way at some point in his life. Men who have completed this Samanera ordination and have returned to lay life are considered primed for adult married life and are described in the Thai language and the Khmer language by terms which roughly translate as "cooked", "finished", or "cooled off" in English, as in meal preparation/consumption. Thus, one's monastic training
5544-447: A memorial of their leaving their youth. Years later, the quintos of the same year could still hold yearly meals to remember times past. By the end of the 20th century, the rural exodus , the diffusion of city customs and the loss of prestige of military service changed the relevance of quintos parties. In some places, the party included the village girls of the same age, thus becoming less directly related to military service. In others,
5742-513: A perpetual state of innocence. In 1910, Pope Pius X issued the decree Quam singulari , which changed the age of eligibility for receiving both the sacrament of Penance and the Eucharist to a "time when a child begins to reason, that is about the seventh year, more or less." Previously, local standards had been at least 10 or 12 or even 14 years old. Historically, the sacrament of confirmation has been administered to youth who have reached
5940-494: A popcorn movie—there are no great, overriding implications. It's just about survival." Five years after Panic Room , Fincher returned on March 2, 2007, with Zodiac , a thriller based on Robert Graysmith 's books about the search for the Zodiac , a real life serial murderer who terrorized communities between the late 1960s and early 1970s. Fincher first learned of the project after being approached by producer Brad Fischer ; he
6138-467: A press junket, posters, billboards, and trailers for TV that highlighted the film's fight scenes. The studio advertised Fight Club on cable during World Wrestling Federation broadcasts, which Fincher protested, believing that the placement created the wrong context for the film. Linson believed that the "ill-conceived one-dimensional" marketing by marketing executive Robert Harper largely contributed to Fight Club ' s lukewarm box office performance in
Fight Club - Misplaced Pages Continue
6336-463: A production designer for six films and Bob Wagner has served as an assistant director for six. Casting director Laray Mayfield has worked with Fincher for over 20 years. In a 2010 interview, Fincher said, "You don't have to love all of your co-collaborators, but you do have to respect them. And when you do, when you realize that people bring stuff to the table that's not necessarily your experience, but if you allow yourself to relate to it, it can enrich
6534-399: A rite of passage for the bride. Girls coming of age dedicated their dolls to Artemis , the goddess most concerned with virginity, or to Aphrodite when they were preparing for marriage. All adolescents in ritual preparation to transition to adult status wore the tunica recta , the "upright tunic", but girls wove their own. The garment was called recta because it was woven by tradition on
6732-488: A scene is carried. Others have been critical, with R. Lee Ermey stating, "[Fincher] wants puppets. He doesn't want actors that are creative." Fincher prefers shooting with Red digital cameras, under natural or pre-existing light conditions rather than using elaborate lighting setups . Fincher is known to use computer-generated imagery , which is mostly unnoticeable to the viewer. He does not normally use hand-held cameras during filming, instead preferring cameras on
6930-493: A soap salesman, Tyler Durden. After an explosion destroys the Narrator's apartment, he moves into Tyler's decrepit house. They become friends and start an underground fight club in a bar basement. Tyler also saves Marla from an overdose, initiating a sexual relationship between them, while the Narrator remains cold to her. The Narrator quits his job, blackmails his boss for funds, and grows Fight Club, attracting new members, including his cancer support group friend, Bob. Tyler morphs
7128-427: A thriller titled Panic Room . The story follows a single mother and her daughter who hide in a safe room of their new home, during a home invasion by a trio. Starring Jodie Foster (who replaced Nicole Kidman ), Forest Whitaker , Kristen Stewart , Dwight Yoakam , and Jared Leto , it was theatrically released on March 29, 2002, after a month delay, to critical acclaim and commercial success. In North America,
7326-469: A type of upright loom that had become archaic in later periods. Roman girls were expected to remain virgins until marriage , but boys were often introduced to heterosexual behaviors by a prostitute . The higher the social rank of a girl, the sooner she was likely to become betrothed and married. The general age of betrothal for girls of the upper classes was fourteen, but for patricians as early as twelve. Weddings, however, were often postponed until
7524-479: A way to change his life." He is confused and angry, so he responds to his environment by creating Tyler Durden, a Nietzschean Übermensch , in his mind. While Tyler is who the Narrator wants to be, he is not empathetic and does not help the Narrator face decisions in his life "that are complicated and have moral and ethical implications". Fincher explained, "[Tyler] can deal with the concepts of our lives in an idealistic fashion, but it doesn't have anything to do with
7722-469: A weak box office performance in the United States and Canada, a better performance in other territories, and the highly successful DVD release, Fight Club generated a US$ 10 million profit for the studio. The Laserdisc edition was only released in Japan on May 26, 2000 and features a different cover art, as well as one of the very few Dolby Digital Surround EX soundtracks released on LD. The VHS edition
7920-754: Is 'without sin', both believe that those at a certain age are considered innocent. According to the Grand Historian , the Duke of Zhou wrote the Rites of Zhou about 3000 years ago, which documented fundamental ceremonies in ancient China, including the Coming of Age rite. Then Confucius and his students wrote the Book of Rites , which introduced and further explained important ceremonies in Confucianism. When
8118-469: Is a ceremony to initiate Papua New Guinea boys into adult society. It involves dressing up in a conical hat which has long strands of leaves hanging from the edge, down to below the waist. The name Kovave is also used to describe the head-dress. In the Philippines, a popular coming of age celebration for 18-year-old women is the debut . It is normally a formal affair, with a strict dress code such as
Fight Club - Misplaced Pages Continue
8316-515: Is achieved through production design, costumes, and filming locations—not necessarily through lighting used on set. Fincher also favors detailed and pronounced shadows, as well as using minimal light. When asked about his use of dim lighting, he said bright lights make the color of skin appear unnatural, and that the lights and colors in his films represent "the way the world looks to [him]". Fincher has explored themes of martyrdom , alienation , and dehumanization of modern culture. In addition to
8514-414: Is considered an adult when she begins menstruating, while a boy is considered an adult at twelve-to-fifteen years old. The evidence for this is the narration of Ibn Umar that he said: "Allah's Apostle called me to present myself in front of him on the eve of the battle of Uhud, while I was fourteen years of age at that time and he did not allow me to take part in that battle but he called me in front of him on
8712-443: Is granted only after a period of preparation known as catechesis . The time of innocence before one has the ability to understand truly the laws of God and that God sees one as innocent is also seen as applying to individuals who suffer from a mental disability which prevents them from ever reaching a time when they are capable of understanding the laws of God. These individuals are thus seen, according to some Christians, as existing in
8910-588: Is incredibly specific. He never settles. And there's a purity that shows in his work." When working with actors, Fincher is known to demand a grueling series of takes to capture a scene perfectly. For instance, the Zodiac cast members were required to do upwards of 70 takes for certain scenes, much to the displeasure of Jake Gyllenhaal. Rooney Mara had to endure 99 takes for a scene in The Social Network and said that Fincher enjoys challenging people. Gone Girl averaged 50 takes per scene. In one of
9108-648: Is legal ) is 21. Multiple localities have also raised the minimum purchase age independent of state laws. During the feudal period, the coming of age was celebrated at 15 for noblemen. Nowadays, the age is 20 for both genders. Turning 15, the "age of maturity", as the Baha'i faith terms it, is a time when a child is considered spiritually mature. Declared Baha'is that have reached the age of maturity are expected to begin observing certain Baha'i laws , such as obligatory prayer and fasting. Theravada boys, typically just under
9306-462: Is no traditionally set program marking this event, and celebrations differ from family to family. Both men and women may opt not to hold a debut at all. In the Romani culture , males are called Shave when they come of age at 20, and females Sheya . Males are then taught to drive and work in their family's line of trade, while females are taught the women's line of work. In Ukraine , Poland , and
9504-539: Is seen to have prepared one properly for familial, social, and civic duty and/or one's passions and unruliness of the boy are seen to have "cooled down" enough for him to be of use to a woman as a proper man. In many Western Christian churches (those deriving from Rome after the East-West Schism ), a young person is eligible to receive confirmation , which is considered a sacrament in Catholicism, and
9702-472: Is the way we should be going'? But this movie couldn't be further from offering any kind of solution." The novel Fight Club by Chuck Palahniuk was published in 1996. Before its publication, a Fox Searchlight Pictures book scout sent a galley proof of the novel to creative executive Kevin McCormick. The executive assigned a studio reader to review the proof as a candidate for a film adaptation, but
9900-799: The Rolling Stone called the film "bold and haunting", despite the "struggle of nine writers" and "studio interference". The film received an Academy Award nomination for Best Visual Effects . Years later, Fincher publicly expressed his dismay and subsequently disowned the film. In the book Director's Cut: Picturing Hollywood in the 21st Century , Fincher blames the producers for their lack of trust in him. In an interview with The Guardian in 2009, he stated, "No one hated it more than me; to this day, no one hates it more than me." After this critical disappointment, Fincher eschewed reading film scripts or directing another project. He briefly retreated to directing commercials and music videos, including
10098-505: The 68th Golden Globe Awards . Critics including Roger Ebert, complimented the writing, describing the film as having "spellbinding dialogue. It makes an untellable story clear and fascinating". In 2011, Fincher followed the success of The Social Network with The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo , a psychological thriller based on the novel by Swedish writer Stieg Larsson . Screenwriter Steven Zaillian spent three months analyzing
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#173278068615810296-661: The Academy Award for Best Director for the dramas The Curious Case of Benjamin Button (2008), The Social Network (2010), and Mank (2020). In television, Fincher has served as an executive producer and director for the Netflix series House of Cards (2013–2018) and Mindhunter (2017–2019), winning the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series for the pilot episode of
10494-646: The Academy Awards for Best Director . He has also received four Primetime Emmy Awards , two Grammy Awards , a BAFTA Award , and a Golden Globe Award . Fincher co-founded the production company Propaganda Films in 1986. He directed numerous music videos for the company, including Madonna 's " Express Yourself " in 1989 and " Vogue " in 1990, both of which won him the MTV Video Music Award for Best Direction . He received two Grammy Awards for Best Music Video for " Love Is Strong " (1994) by
10692-658: The BBC was critical of the ending, but praised the visuals—"Fincher does a marvelous job of turning ordinary city locations into frightening backdrops, where every corner turned is another step into the unknown". Upon The Game 's release in September 1997, the film received generally favorable reviews but performed moderately at the box office. The Game was later included in the Criterion Collection . In August 1997, Fincher agreed to direct Fight Club , based on
10890-520: The Mennonites . Some traditions withhold the rite of Holy Communion from those not yet at the age of accountability, on the grounds that children do not understand what the sacrament means. In the 20th century, Roman Catholic children began to be admitted to communion some years before confirmation, with an annual First Communion service – a practice that was extended to some paedobaptist Protestant groups, such as Lutheranism and Anglicanism–but since
11088-613: The Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series for the first episode. He also directed a music video for the first time since 2005, " Suit & Tie " by Justin Timberlake and Jay-Z , which won a Grammy Award for Best Music Video. In 2014, Fincher signed a deal with HBO for three television series - Utopia (an adaptation of the British series , to be written by Gillian Flynn ), Shakedown , and Videosyncrazy . In August 2015, budget disputes between him and
11286-602: The Scandinavian Countries, the legal coming of age of a person is celebrated at either 18 or 21. In South Africa, the Xhosa Ulwaluko and the Sotho Lebollo la banna circumcision and manhood ceremonies are still undertaken by the majority of males. In Spain during the 19th century, there was a civilian coming of age bound to the compulsory military service . The quintos were the boys of
11484-601: The Second Vatican Council , the withholding of confirmation to a later age, e.g. mid-teens in the United States, early teens in Ireland and Britain, has in some areas been abandoned in favour of restoring the traditional order of the three sacraments of initiation . In some denominations, full membership in the Church , if not bestowed at birth, often must wait until the age of accountability and frequently
11682-565: The United Kingdom , and Ireland ). One is legally enabled to vote, purchase tobacco and alcohol, marry without parental consent (although one can wed at 16 in Scotland and New Zealand ) and sign contracts. But in the early twentieth century, the age of legal majority was 21, although the marriageable age was typically lower. Even though turning 21 now has few, if any, legal effects in most of these countries, its former legal status as
11880-628: The anti-social behaviour that flows from it) is emphatically rejected by the central character in the concluding reels." The scenes were restored in a two-disc DVD edition released in the UK in March 2007. In February 2024, in advance of a theatrical re-release, the BBFC lowered the classification from 18 to 15. Fincher supervised the composition of the DVD packaging and was one of the first directors to participate in
12078-631: The "age of discretion". The catechism states that confirmation should be received "at the appropriate time", but in danger of death it can be administered to children. Together with the sacraments of baptism and the Eucharist, the sacrament of confirmation completes the sacraments of Christian initiation, "for without Confirmation and Eucharist, Baptism is certainly valid and efficacious, but Christian initiation remains incomplete." In Eastern Catholic Churches, infants receive confirmation and communion immediately after baptism. In Eastern Christianity
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#173278068615812276-476: The "defining cult movie of our time." The unnamed Narrator, who struggles with insomnia and dissatisfaction with his job and lifestyle, finds temporary solace in support groups. As his insomnia worsens, he discovers that expressions of emotional vulnerability help him sleep, leading him to join multiple groups for people facing emotionally distressing problems, despite his expressions being fraudulent. His efforts are thwarted when Marla Singer, another impostor, joins
12474-404: The 1996 novel of the same name by Chuck Palahniuk . It was his second film with 20th Century Fox after the troubled production of Alien 3 . Starring Brad Pitt, Edward Norton and Helena Bonham Carter , the film is about a nameless office worker suffering from insomnia, who meets a salesman, and together form an underground fighting club as a form of therapy. Fox struggled with the marketing of
12672-418: The 2003 film The Italian Job . In January 1998, 20th Century Fox announced that Pitt and Norton had been cast. The actors prepared by taking lessons in boxing , taekwondo , grappling , and soapmaking . Pitt voluntarily visited a dentist to have pieces of his front teeth chipped off so his character would not have perfect teeth. The pieces were restored after filming concluded. Fincher's first choice for
12870-569: The 2010 film The Social Network , a biographical drama about Facebook founder, Mark Zuckerberg and his legal battles. The screenplay was written by Aaron Sorkin , who adapted it from the book The Accidental Billionaires . It stars Jesse Eisenberg as Zuckerberg, with a supporting cast of Andrew Garfield , Justin Timberlake , Armie Hammer and Max Minghella . Principal photography started in October 2009 in Cambridge, Massachusetts and
13068-451: The DVD as a way to finish his vision for the film. Julie Markell, 20th Century Fox's senior vice president of creative development, said the DVD packaging complemented Fincher's vision, "The film is meant to make you question. The package, by extension, tries to reflect an experience that you must experience for yourself. The more you look at it, the more you'll get out of it." The studio developed
13266-401: The DVD's content and technical picture-and-audio quality. When the two-disc edition went out of print, the studio re-released it in 2004 because of fans' requests. The film sold more than 6 million copies on DVD and video within the first ten years, making it one of the largest-selling home media items in the studio's history, in addition to grossing over $ 55 million in video and DVD rentals. With
13464-452: The Dove . When Uhls first encountered the novel, it was in the form of a manuscript, though it already had a publisher. In his interview he stated that he read it just for enjoyment and was blown away by it. He started working on a draft of the adapted screenplay, which excluded a voice-over because the industry perceived the technique as "hackneyed and trite" at the time. When Fincher joined
13662-589: The Jewish faith, boys reach religious maturity at the age of thirteen and become a bar mitzvah ("bar mitzvah" means "son of the commandment" literally, and "subject to commandments" figuratively). Girls mature a year earlier, and become a bat mitzvah ("bat mitzvah" means "daughter of the commandment") at twelve. The new men and women are looked upon as adults and are expected to uphold the Jewish commandments and laws. Also, in religious court they are adults and can marry with their new title of an adult. Nonetheless, in
13860-531: The Moon . He was cast in Runaway Jury , but the film did not reach production. 20th Century Fox offered Norton $ 2.5 million for Fight Club . He could not accept the offer immediately because he still owed Paramount Pictures a film; he had signed a contractual obligation with Paramount to appear in one of the studio's future films for a smaller salary. Norton later satisfied the obligation with his role in
14058-436: The Narrator realizes he should have focused on her and begins to diverge from Tyler's path. We decided early on that I would start to starve myself as the film went on, while [Brad Pitt] would lift and go to tanning beds; he would become more and more idealized as I wasted away. —Edward Norton The Narrator, an unreliable narrator , is not immediately aware that he is mentally projecting Tyler. He also mistakenly promotes
14256-506: The Outfield , and R&B singer Jermaine Stewart . Fincher's 1990 music video for " Freedom! '90 " was one of the most successful for George Michael . He directed Michael Jackson 's " Who Is It ", Aerosmith 's " Janie's Got A Gun " and Billy Idol 's " Cradle of Love ". For Madonna , he directed the videos for " Express Yourself ", " Oh Father ", " Bad Girl " and " Vogue ". The black-and-white video for "Vogue" took inspiration from
14454-732: The President's Men (1976), Taxi Driver (1976), Close Encounters of the Third Kind (1977), and Zelig (1983). He suggested that his film Panic Room is a combination of Rear Window and Straw Dogs (1971). For Seven , Fincher and cinematographer Darius Khondji were inspired by films The French Connection (1971) and Klute (1971), as well as the work of photographer Robert Frank . He has cited graphic designer Saul Bass as an inspiration for his films' title sequences ; Bass designed many such sequences for prominent directors, including Hitchcock and Kubrick. Those are
14652-492: The Rolling Stones and " Suit & Tie " (2013) by Justin Timberlake featuring Jay-Z . He made his feature film debut with Alien 3 (1992) and gained his breakthrough with Seven (1995). He has since directed The Game (1997), Fight Club (1999), Panic Room (2002), Zodiac (2007), The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2011), Gone Girl (2014), and The Killer (2023). He received nominations for
14850-767: The Talmud; Pirkei Avot (5:25), Rabbi Yehuda ben Teime gives the age of 18 as the appropriate age to get married. At the end of the bar or bat mitzvah, the boy or girl is showered with candies, which act as "sweet blessings". Besides the actual ceremony, there usually is a bar or bat mitzvah party. In various Chassidic sects when boys turn 3 years of age, they have an upsherin (sect related typical Brooklin-Yiddish for Yiddish Abshern , for German Abscheren , "Haare schneiden", engl. hair cut , lit. ' to sheer away ' ) ceremony, when they receive their first haircut. Until then, their parents allow their hair to grow long, until they undergo this esoteric rite. Little girls for
15048-1370: The Temple of Doom (1984). In 1984, he left ILM to direct a television commercial for the American Cancer Society that depicted a fetus smoking a cigarette. This quickly brought Fincher to the attention of producers in Los Angeles, and he was soon given the opportunity to direct Rick Springfield 's 1985 documentary, The Beat of the Live Drum . Set on a directing career, Fincher co-founded production company Propaganda Films and started directing commercials and music videos. Other directors such as Michael Bay , Antoine Fuqua , Michel Gondry , Spike Jonze , Alex Proyas , Paul Rachman , Mark Romanek , Zack Snyder and Gore Verbinski also honed their skills at Propaganda Films before moving on to feature films. Fincher directed TV commercials for many companies including Levi's , Converse , Nike , Pepsi , Revlon , Sony , Coca-Cola and Chanel , although he loathed doing them. Starting in 1984, Fincher began his foray into music videos. He directed videos for various artists including singer-songwriters Rick Springfield, Don Henley , Martha Davis , Paula Abdul , rock band
15246-659: The United States as well as influences from European street art . The Blu-ray edition opens with a menu screen for the romantic comedy Never Been Kissed starring Drew Barrymore before leading into the Fight Club menu screen. Fincher got permission from Barrymore to include the fake menu screen. David Fincher David Andrew Leo Fincher (born August 28, 1962) is an American film director. His films , most of which are psychological thrillers , have collectively grossed over $ 2.1 billion worldwide and have received numerous accolades , including three nominations for
15444-572: The United States. The studio held Fight Club ' s world premiere at the 56th Venice International Film Festival on September 10, 1999. For the American theatrical release, the studio hired the National Research Group to test screen the film; the group predicted the film would gross between US$ 13 million and US$ 15 million in its opening weekend. Fight Club opened commercially in the United States and Canada on October 15, 1999, and earned US$ 11 million in 1,963 theaters over
15642-403: The age of 20 years, undergo a Shinbyu ceremony, where they are initiated into the Temple as Novice Monks ( Samanera ). They will typically stay in the monastery for between 3 days and 3 years, most commonly for one 3-month "rainy season retreat" ( vassa ), held annually from late July to early October. During this period the boys experience the rigors of an orthodox Buddhist monastic lifestyle –
15840-516: The age of majority has caused it to continue to be celebrated. In Canada, a person aged 16 and over can legally drive a car and work, but are only considered to be an adult at age 18 like in the US. In most provinces, the legal age to purchase alcohol and cigarettes is 19, except in Alberta , Manitoba , and Quebec where it is 18 years old. In India, a person aged 18 and over is allowed to own and drive
16038-417: The age of majority to 18, which came into effect in 2021. Coming-of-age ceremonies, known as seijin shiki , are held on the second Monday of January. At the ceremony, all of the men and women participating are brought to a government building and listen to many speakers, similar to a graduation ceremony. At the conclusion of the ceremony government officials give speeches, and small presents are handed out to
16236-517: The average for a Hollywood film. The locations were in and around Los Angeles and on sets built at the studio in Century City . Production designer Alex McDowell constructed more than 70 sets. The exterior of Tyler Durden's house was built in Wilmington, California , while the interior was built on a sound stage at the studio's location. The interior was given a decayed look to illustrate
16434-453: The award for Best Film Editing. In 2012, Fincher signed a first look deal with Regency Enterprises. In 2013, Fincher served as an executive producer for the Netflix television series House of Cards , a political thriller about a Congressman's quest for revenge, of which he also directed the first two episodes. The series received positive reviews, earning nine Primetime Emmy nominations, including Outstanding Drama Series . Fincher won
16632-446: The baptising priest confirms infants directly after baptism . The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints sets the age of accountability and minimum age for baptism at 8 years of age. All persons younger than 8 are considered innocent and not accountable for their sinning. The Church considers mentally challenged individuals whose mental age is under 8 to be in a perpetual state of innocence, while other doctrines teach that no one
16830-467: The book Mind Hunter: Inside the FBI's Elite Serial Crime Unit , debuted on Netflix worldwide on October 13, 2017. He has expressed interest in eventually making a third season of Mindhunter , which was put on indefinite hold in 2020. In 2023, Fincher confirmed that Netflix will not be making a third season of Mindhunter , saying "I'm very proud of the first two seasons. But it's a very expensive show and, in
17028-596: The boxing match in which Mike Tyson bit off part of Evander Holyfield 's ear. Makeup artists devised two methods to create sweat on cue: spraying mineral water over a coat of Vaseline , and using the unadulterated water for "wet sweat". Meat Loaf , who plays a fight club member who has " bitch tits ", wore a 90-pound (40 kg) fat harness that gave him large breasts. He also wore eight-inch (20 cm) lifts in his scenes with Norton to be taller than him. Filming lasted 138 days from July to December 1998, during which Fincher shot more than 1,500 rolls of film, three times
17226-471: The buffet that you're going to bring with you into the editing room." Coming of age In the past, and in some societies today, such a change is often associated with the age of sexual maturity ( puberty ), especially menarche and spermarche . In others, it is associated with an age of religious responsibility. Particularly in Western societies, modern legal conventions stipulate points around
17424-411: The camera movements. When a character is in motion or expressing emotions, the camera moves at the exact same speed and direction as their body. The movements are choreographed precisely between the actors and camera operators. The resulting effect helps the audience connect with the character to understand their feelings. Similarly, in his music videos, Fincher appreciated that the visuals should enhance
17622-428: The character was a mental projection of the unnamed Narrator. Tyler was not filmed in two shots with a group of people, nor was he shown in any over-the-shoulder shots in scenes where Tyler gives the Narrator specific ideas to manipulate him. In scenes before the Narrator meets Tyler, the filmmakers inserted Tyler's presence in single frames for subliminal effect . Tyler appears in the background and out of focus, like
17820-403: The characters' attitudes toward a healthy relationship, which is a lot of behavior which seems unhealthy and harsh to each other, but in fact does work for them—because both characters are out on the edge psychologically." The Narrator seeks intimacy, but avoids it with Marla Singer, seeing too much of himself in her. While Marla is a seductive and negativist prospect for the Narrator, he embraces
18018-526: The club into Project Mayhem, committing vandalism to disrupt the social order. Feeling sidelined, the Narrator confronts Tyler, who admits to orchestrating the explosion in the Narrator's apartment and then goes missing. The police kill Bob during a mission, after which the Narrator looks for Tyler. Discovering the project's nationwide reach and being called Tyler Durden by Marla and other people, he realizes he and Tyler are split personalities . Learning that Project Mayhem plans to erase debt records by blowing up
18216-449: The compromises of real life as modern man knows it. Which is: you're not really necessary to a lot of what's going on. It's built, it just needs to run now." While studio executives worried that Fight Club was going to be "sinister and seditious", Fincher sought to make it "funny and seditious" by including humor to temper the sinister element. Screenwriter Jim Uhls described the film as a romantic comedy , explaining, "It has to do with
18414-463: The computer-generated brain using an L-system , and the design was detailed using renderings by medical illustrator Katherine Jones. The pullback sequence from within the brain to the outside of the skull included neurons , action potentials , and a hair follicle . Haug explained the artistic license that Fincher took with the shot, "While he wanted to keep the brain passage looking like electron microscope photography , that look had to be coupled with
18612-433: The daytime shots in shadowed locations. The crew equipped the bar's basement with inexpensive work lamps to create a background glow. Fincher avoided stylish camerawork when filming early fight scenes in the basement and instead placed the camera in a fixed position. In later fight scenes, Fincher moved the camera from the viewpoint of a distant observer to that of the fighter. The scenes with Tyler were staged to conceal that
18810-456: The debutante. The Roses sometimes dance with the débutante before presenting their flower and speech, with the last being her father or boyfriend. Other variations exist, such as 18 Treasures (of any gender; gives a present instead of a candle or flower) or other types of flowers aside from roses being given, but the significance of "18" is almost always retained. Filipino men, on the other hand, celebrate their debut on their 21st birthday. There
19008-422: The deconstructed world of the characters. Marla Singer's apartment was based on photographs of apartments in downtown LA. Overall, production included 300 scenes, 200 locations, and complex special effects . Fincher compared Fight Club to his subsequent, less complex film Panic Room , "I felt like I was spending all my time watching trucks being loaded and unloaded so I could shoot three lines of dialogue. There
19206-422: The demolition of the credit card office buildings was designed by Richard Baily of Image Savant; Baily worked on the scene for over fourteen months. Midway through the film, Tyler Durden points out the cue mark —nicknamed "cigarette burn" in the film—to the audience. The scene represents a turning point that foreshadows the coming rupture and inversion of the "fairly subjective reality" that existed earlier in
19404-478: The design, "From a retail standpoint, [the DVD case] has incredible shelf-presence." It was the first DVD release to feature the THX Optimode. Fight Club won the 2000 Online Film Critics Society Awards for Best DVD, Best DVD Commentary, and Best DVD Special Features. Entertainment Weekly ranked the film's two-disc edition in first place on its 2001 list of "The 50 Essential DVDs", giving top ratings to
19602-517: The director for the science-fiction horror Alien 3 (1992), his film directorial debut. It was the third installment in the Alien franchise starring Sigourney Weaver . The film was released in May 1992 to a mixed reception from critics and was considered weaker than the preceding films. From the beginning, Alien 3 was hampered by studio intervention and several abandoned scripts. Peter Travers of
19800-593: The duo John Brancato and Michael Ferris . Fincher also hired Seven screenwriter Andrew Kevin Walker to contribute and polish the script. Filmed on location in San Francisco, the story follows an investment banker, played by Michael Douglas , who receives an unusual gift from his younger brother ( Sean Penn ), where he becomes involved in a "game" that integrates with his everyday life, making him unable to differentiate between game and reality. Almar Haflidason of
19998-760: The duo worked with Fincher, he arranged for a remix of the Nine Inch Nails song " Closer " to play over the opening credits of Seven . Howard Shore composed the scores for Seven , The Game , and Panic Room . Darius Khondji and Jeff Cronenweth have served as cinematographers for Fincher's films. Khondji said, "Fincher deserves a lot of credit. It was his influence that pushed me to experiment and got me as far as I did." Fincher has hired sound designer Ren Klyce in all his films since 1995 and trusts him "implicitly". He has worked with film editor Angus Wall since 1988. Wall has worked on seven of his films, five of which as editor. Donald Graham Burt has served as
20196-605: The end of adolescence and the beginning of early adulthood (most commonly 18 though ranging from 16 to 21) when adolescents are generally no longer considered minors and are granted the full rights and responsibilities of an adult. Many cultures retain ceremonies to confirm the coming of age, and coming-of-age stories are a well-established sub-genre in literature , the film industry , and other forms of media. In certain states in Ancient Greece, such as Sparta and Crete , adolescent boys were expected to enter into
20394-424: The end." The violence of the fight clubs serves not to promote or glorify combat, but for participants to experience feeling in a society where they are otherwise numb. The fights represent a resistance to the impulse to be "cocooned" in society. Norton believed the fighting strips away the "fear of pain" and "the reliance on material signifiers of their self-worth", leaving them to experience something valuable. When
20592-406: The episodes for Mindhunter , it was reported that a nine-minute scene took 11 hours to shoot. When asked about this method, Fincher said, "I hate earnestness in performance... usually by take 17 the earnestness is gone." He added that he wants a scene to be as natural and authentic as possible. Some actors appreciate this approach, arguing that the subtle adjustments have a big difference in the way
20790-490: The equivalent of the Buddhist enlightenment by way of a combination of personalized meditations , reincarnations and spirit possessions . Children are not required to perform any obligatory religious obligations prior to reaching the age of puberty, although they are encouraged to begin praying at the age of seven. Once a person begins puberty, they are required to perform salat and other obligations of Islam. A girl
20988-488: The eve of the battle of the Trench when I was fifteen years old, and he allowed me to join the battle." (Reported by Bukhari and Muslim). When Umar Ibn Abdul Aziz heard this Hadith he made this age the evidence to differentiate between a mature and an immature person. In some Islamic cultures circumcision ( khitan ) can be a ritual associated with coming of age for boys, taking place in late childhood or early adolescence. In
21186-561: The exterior night photography, the contrast was stretched to be purposely ugly, the print was adjusted to be underexposed , Technicolor 's ENR silver retention was used on a select number of prints to increase the density of the blacks, and high-contrast print stocks were chosen to create a "stepped-on" look on the print with a dirty patina. Fincher hired visual effects supervisor Kevin Tod Haug , who worked for him on The Game , to create visual effects for Fight Club . Haug assigned
21384-521: The eyes of Netflix, we didn't attract enough of an audience to justify such an investment [for Season 3]." In June 2017, Jim Gianopulos of Paramount Pictures announced that a sequel to World War Z was "in advanced development" with Fincher and Brad Pitt. Producers Dede Gardner and Jeremy Kleiner said that Fincher would begin directing it in June 2019. However, in February 2019, Paramount cancelled
21582-496: The feel of a night dive—wet, scary, and with a low depth of field." The shallow depth of field was accomplished with the ray tracing process. Other visual effects include an early scene in which the camera flashes past city streets to survey Project Mayhem's destructive equipment lying in underground parking lots; the sequence was a three-dimensional composition of nearly 100 photographs of Los Angeles and Century City by photographer Michael Douglas Middleton. The final scene of
21780-407: The fight clubs as a way to feel powerful, though the Narrator's physical condition worsens while Tyler Durden's appearance improves. While Tyler desires "real experiences" of actual fights like the Narrator at first, he manifests a nihilistic attitude of rejecting and destroying institutions and value systems. His impulsive nature, representing the id , is seductive and liberating to the Narrator and
21978-414: The fights evolve into revolutionary violence, the film only half-accepts the revolutionary dialectic by Tyler Durden; the Narrator pulls back and rejects Durden's ideas. Fight Club purposely shapes an ambiguous message whose interpretation is left to the audience. Fincher said, "I love this idea that you can have fascism without offering any direction or solution. Isn't the point of fascism to say, 'This
22176-442: The film an 18 certificate, limiting the release to adult-only audiences in the UK. The BBFC did not censor any further, considering and dismissing claims that Fight Club contained "dangerously instructive information" and could "encourage anti-social (behavior)". The board decided, "The film as a whole is—quite clearly—critical and sharply parodic of the amateur fascism which in part it portrays. Its central theme of male machismo (and
22374-473: The film earned $ 96.4 million. In other countries, it grossed $ 100 million for a worldwide $ 196.4 million. Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle praised the filmmakers for their "fair degree of ingenuity... for 88 minutes of excitement" and the convincing performance given by Foster. Fincher acknowledged Panic Room for being more mainstream, describing the film, "It's supposed to be
22572-457: The film industry, Fincher was employed at John Korty 's studio as a production head. Gaining further experience, he became a visual effects producer, working on the animated Twice Upon a Time (1983) with George Lucas. He was hired by Industrial Light & Magic (ILM) in 1983 as an assistant cameraman and matte photographer and worked on Return of the Jedi (1983) and Indiana Jones and
22770-454: The film received ten Academy Award nominations, winning two for Best Cinematography and Best Production Design . Fincher served as an executive producer on a series titled Voir (2021) for Netflix. In 2022, Fincher made his first foray in animation directing an episode for the third season of Love, Death & Robots . The episode is titled "Bad Travelling" and was written by Seven screenwriter Andrew Kevin Walker. In February 2021, it
22968-411: The film to make audiences uncomfortable and accentuate the surprise of the twists. The bathroom scene where Tyler Durden bathes next to the Narrator is an example of the overtones; the line, "I'm wondering if another woman is really the answer we need," was meant to suggest personal responsibility rather than homosexuality. Another example is the scene at the beginning of the film in which Tyler Durden puts
23166-404: The film was primarily geared toward male audiences because of its violence and believed that not even Pitt would attract female filmgoers. Research testing showed that the film appealed to teenagers. Fincher refused to let the posters and trailers focus on Pitt and encouraged the studio to hire the advertising firm Wieden+Kennedy to devise a marketing plan. The firm proposed a bar of pink soap with
23364-510: The film was released one year later. The Social Network was also a commercial success, earning $ 224.9 million worldwide. At the 83rd Academy Awards , the film received eight nominations and won three awards; soundtrack composers Trent Reznor and Atticus Ross won for Best Original Score , and the other two awards were for Best Adapted Screenplay and Best Film Editing . The film received awards for Best Motion Picture – Drama , Best Director , Best Screenplay , and Best Original Score at
23562-422: The film's plot was more streamlined than the book's. Palahniuk recalled how the writers debated if film audiences would believe the plot twist from the novel. Fincher supported including the twist, arguing, "If they accept everything up to this point, they'll accept the plot twist. If they're still in the theater, they'll stay with it." Palahniuk's novel also contained homoerotic overtones, which Fincher included in
23760-520: The film's top placement, its opening gross fell short of the studio's expectations. Over the second weekend , Fight Club dropped 42.6% in revenue, earning US$ 6.3 million . In its original theatrical run, the film grossed US$ 37 million in the United States and Canada, and US$ 63.8 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of US$ 100.9 million . (With subsequent re-releases, the film's worldwide gross increased to $ 101.2 million .) The underwhelming North American performance of Fight Club soured
23958-418: The film, and were concerned that it would have a limited audience. Fight Club premiered on October 15, 1999, in the United States to a polarized response and modest box office success; the film grossed $ 100.9 million against a budget of $ 63 million. Initially, many critics thought the film was "a violent and dangerous express train of masochism and aggression." However, in following years, Fight Club became
24156-455: The film, he has "killed off" his parents. With Tyler Durden, he kills his god by doing things they are not supposed to do. To complete the process of maturing, the Narrator has to kill his teacher, Tyler Durden. The character is a 1990s inverse of the Graduate archetype: "a guy who does not have a world of possibilities in front of him, he has no possibilities, he literally cannot imagine
24354-423: The film, he thought that the film should have a voice-over, believing that the film's humor came from the Narrator's voice. He described the film without a voice-over as seemingly "sad and pathetic". Fincher and Uhls revised the script for six to seven months and by 1997 had a third draft that reordered the story and left out several major elements. When Pitt was cast, he was concerned that his character, Tyler Durden,
24552-402: The film. Fincher explained, "Suddenly it's as though the projectionist missed the changeover, the viewers have to start looking at the movie in a whole new way." Fincher was concerned that bands experienced in writing film scores would be unable to tie the themes together, so he sought a band which had never recorded for film. He pursued Radiohead , but the singer, Thom Yorke , declined as he
24750-411: The films of the 1920s and 1930s and has been frequently cited as one of the best videos of all time. Between 1984 and 1993, Fincher was credited as a director for 53 music videos. He referred to the production of music videos as his own "film school", in which he learned how to work efficiently within a small budget and time frame. In 1990, 20th Century Fox hired Fincher to replace Vincent Ward as
24948-452: The first time co-light some extra ″ Shabbat candles, after their mothers did so, also when they turn 3 years of age. In the Shinto faith, boys were taken to the shrine of their patron deity at approximately 12–14 years old. They were then given adult clothes and a new haircut. This was called Genpuku . In Sikhism , when one reaches the age of maturity, the men will typically partake in
25146-573: The former. He also executive produced and co-created the Netflix animated series Love, Death & Robots (2019–present) which received three Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Short Form Animated Program . David Andrew Leo Fincher was born in Denver on August 28, 1962. His mother, Claire Mae (née Boettcher), was a mental health nurse from South Dakota who worked in drug addiction programs. His father, Howard Kelly "Jack" Fincher (1930–2003),
25344-429: The foundation of my career." Over the course of his career, Fincher has shown loyalty to many members of his cast and crew. As a music video director, he collaborated with Paula Abdul five times, as well as Madonna and Rick Springfield four times each. Once he made the transition to feature films, he cast Brad Pitt in three of them. He said of Pitt, "On-screen and off-screen, Brad's the ultimate guy... he has such
25542-444: The girl was considered mature enough. Males typically postponed marriage till they had served in the military for some time and were beginning their political careers, around age 25. Patrician males, however, might marry considerably earlier; Julius Caesar was married for the first time by the age of 18. On the night before the wedding, the bride bound up her hair with a yellow hairnet she had woven. The confining of her hair signifies
25740-472: The harnessing of her sexuality within marriage. Her weaving of the tunica recta and the hairnet demonstrated her skill and her capacity for acting in the traditional matron's role as custos domi , "guardian of the house". On her wedding day, she belted her tunic with the cingulum , made from the wool of an ewe to symbolize fertility, and tied with the " knot of Hercules ", which was supposed to be hard to untie. The knot symbolized wifely chastity, in that it
25938-408: The headquarters of credit-card companies, the Narrator unsuccessfully warns Marla and goes to the police, some of whom are also Project Mayhem members. He attempts to disarm the explosives, but Tyler attacks him. Accepting that he is Tyler, he shoots himself in the mouth, "killing" Tyler, while the bullet non-fatally passes through the Narrator's cheek. Marla arrives, and the two hold hands as they watch
26136-603: The idea of living in this fraudulent idea of happiness." Pitt said, " Fight Club is a metaphor for the need to push through the walls we put around ourselves and just go for it, so for the first time we can experience the pain." Fight Club also parallels the 1955 film Rebel Without a Cause ; both probe the frustrations of the people in the system. The characters, having undergone societal emasculation , are reduced to "a generation of spectators". A culture of advertising defines society's "external signifiers of happiness", causing an unnecessary chase for material goods that replaces
26334-555: The job, the producers chose him over Henry. Bell contacted four directors to direct the film. He considered Peter Jackson the best choice, but Jackson was too busy filming the 1996 film The Frighteners in New Zealand. Bryan Singer received the book but did not read it. Danny Boyle met with Bell and read the book, but he pursued another film. The book was also sent to David O. Russell , but he couldn't understand it. David Fincher , who had read Fight Club and had tried to buy
26532-484: The listening experience. He would cut around the vocals, and let the choreography finish before cutting the shot. Camera movements are synchronized to the beat of the music. Some regard Fincher as an auteur filmmaker, although he dislikes being associated with that term. Much of his work is influenced by classical film noir and neo noir genres. Fincher's visual style also includes using monochromatic and desaturated colors of blue, green, and yellow, representing
26730-551: The many New World religions that it subsequently gave birth to, men and women are often initiated to the service of one of the hundreds of subsidiary spirits that serve the Orisha Olodumare , the group's conception of the Almighty God . The mystic links that are forged by way of these initiations, which typically occur at puberty, are the conduits that are used by adherents to attempt to achieve what can be seen as
26928-555: The meditative practices ( bhavana , or dhyana ) that are at the heart of Buddhism's program for the self-development of alert tranquillity ( samadhi ), wisdom ( prajna ), and divine mental states ( brahmavihara ). After living the novitiate monastic life for some time, the boy, now considered to have "come of age", will either take higher ordination as a fully ordained monk (a bhikkhu ) or will (more often) return to lay life. In Southeast Asian countries, where most practitioners of Theravada Buddhism reside, women will often refuse to marry
27126-410: The members of Project Mayhem. Tyler's initiatives and methods become dehumanizing; he orders around the members of Project Mayhem with a megaphone similar to camp directors at Chinese re-education camps. The Narrator pulls back from Tyler and arrives at a middle ground between his conflicting selves. Fight Club examines Generation X angst as "the middle children of history". Norton said it examines
27324-445: The moments where moviemaking is not like writing, and it's not like the theater, and it's not like performance art, and it's not like sculpting. It's truly its own discipline. There's nothing else like it in those moments where you go, wow, here's an intent that was probably never even thought of by the guy who wrote the book. And yet this person who may or may not have even read the source material has found this thing. That, for me, after
27522-848: The more essential pursuit of spiritual happiness. The film references consumer products such as Gucci , Calvin Klein , and the Volkswagen New Beetle . Norton said of the Beetle, "We smash it ... because it seemed like the classic example of a Baby Boomer generation marketing plan that sold culture back to us." Pitt explained the dissonance, "I think there's a self-defense mechanism that keeps my generation from having any real honest connection or commitment with our true feelings. We're rooting for ball teams, but we're not getting in there to play. We're so concerned with failure and success—like these two things are all that's going to sum you up at
27720-532: The most complex and disturbing entry in the serial killer genre since Manhunter " and Roger Ebert opined that Seven is "one of the darkest and most merciless films ever made in the Hollywood mainstream." Following Seven , Fincher directed a music video for " 6th Avenue Heartache " by the Wallflowers and went on to direct his third feature film, the mystery thriller The Game (1997), written by
27918-408: The narrator as an " everyman "; the character is identified in the script as "Jack", but left unnamed in the film. Fincher outlined the Narrator's background, "He's tried to do everything he was taught to do, tried to fit into the world by becoming the thing he isn't." He cannot find happiness, so he travels on a path to enlightenment in which he must "kill" his parents, god, and teacher. By the start of
28116-471: The network halted production. Three years later, in 2018, Utopia was picked up by Amazon Studios , with Gillian Flynn as creator. Fincher directed Gone Girl (2014), an adaptation of Gillian Flynn's novel of the same name , starring Ben Affleck and Rosamund Pike . He even met with Flynn to discuss his interest in the project before a director was selected. Set in Missouri , the story begins as
28314-530: The new adults. In Korea, citizens are permitted to marry, vote, drive, drink alcohol, and smoke at age 19. The Monday of the third week of May is "coming-of-age day". There has been a traditional coming of age ceremony since before the Goryeo dynasty, but it has mostly disappeared. In the traditional way, when boys or girls were between the ages of fifteen and twenty, boys wore gat , a Korean traditional hat made of bamboo and horsehair, and girls did their hair in
28512-412: The novel too infatuated with Tyler Durden and changed the ending to move away from him, "I wanted people to love Tyler, but I also wanted them to be OK with his vanquishing." Studio executives Mechanic and Ziskin planned an initial budget of $ 23 million to finance the film, but by the start of production, the budget was increased to $ 50 million. Half was paid by New Regency , but during filming,
28710-510: The novel, writing notes and deleting elements to achieve a suitable running time. Featuring Daniel Craig as journalist Mikael Blomkvist and Rooney Mara as Lisbeth Salander , it follows Blomkvist's investigation to solve what happened to a woman from a wealthy family who disappeared four decades ago. To maintain the novel's setting, the film was primarily shot in Sweden. The soundtrack, composed by collaborators Trent Reznor and Atticus Ross,
28908-416: The novelty and excitement that comes with befriending Tyler. The Narrator is comfortable being personally connected to Tyler, but becomes jealous when Tyler becomes sexually involved with Marla. When the Narrator argues with Tyler about their friendship, Tyler tells him that being friends is secondary to pursuing the philosophy they have been exploring. When Tyler implies that Marla is a risk they should remove,
29106-415: The one detail that was missed. He knows more than anybody." Producer Laura Ziskin said of him, "He's just scary smart, sort of smarter than everyone else in the room." He approaches editing like "intricate mathematical problems". Long-time collaborator Angus Wall said that editing Zodiac was like "putting together a Swiss watch ... all the pieces are so beautifully machined". He elaborated, "[Fincher]
29304-454: The only direction he gave was to make the music sound as great as the score from The Graduate (1967). Nine Inch Nails members Trent Reznor and Atticus Ross composed the music for The Social Network , The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo , Gone Girl , Mank , and The Killer . The musicians describe their working relationship as "collaborative, respectful, and inspiring" although quipped that it "hasn't gotten any easier". Many years before
29502-412: The opening weekend. The film ranked first at the weekend box office, beating Double Jeopardy and The Story of Us , a fellow weekend opener. Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B−" on an A+ to F scale. The gender mix of audiences for Fight Club , argued to be "the ultimate anti-date flick", was 61% male and 39% female; 58% of audiences were below the age of 21. Despite
29700-494: The packaging for two months. The two-disc special edition DVD was packaged to look covered in brown cardboard wrapper. The title "Fight Club" was labeled diagonally across the front, and packaging appeared tied with twine. Markell said, "We wanted the package to be simple on the outside, so that there would be a dichotomy between the simplicity of brown paper wrapping and the intensity and chaos of what's inside." Deborah Mitchell, 20th Century Fox's vice president of marketing, described
29898-557: The previsualization, is the most exciting part of the whole. —Fincher on serendipity during filmmaking. Fincher's filmmaking process always begins with extensive research and preparation, although he has said the process is different every time: "I enjoy reading a script that you can see in your head, and then I enjoy the casting and I enjoy the rehearsal, and I enjoy all the meetings about what it should be, what it could be, what it might be." He has admitted to having autocratic tendencies and prefers to micromanage every aspect of
30096-435: The project. As of 2019, Fincher serves as an executive producer for Love, Death & Robots , an animated science-fiction web series for Netflix. In July 2019, Fincher signed on to direct Mank , a biopic about Citizen Kane screenwriter Herman J. Mankiewicz . Mank received a limited theatrical release on November 13, 2020, and was made available on Netflix on December 4. Gary Oldman portrayed Mankiewicz, and
30294-492: The projected budget escalated to $ 67 million. New Regency's head and Fight Club executive producer Arnon Milchan petitioned Fincher to reduce costs by at least $ 5 million. Fincher refused, so Milchan threatened Mechanic that New Regency would withdraw financing. Mechanic sought to restore Milchan's support by sending him tapes of dailies from Fight Club . After seeing three weeks of filming, Milchan reinstated New Regency's financial backing. The final production budget
30492-402: The reader discouraged it. McCormick then forwarded the proof to producers Lawrence Bender and Art Linson , who also rejected it. Producers Josh Donen and Ross Bell saw potential and expressed interest. They arranged unpaid screen readings with actors to determine the script's length, and an initial reading lasted six hours. The producers cut out sections to reduce the running time, and they used
30690-489: The relationship between 20th Century Fox's studio head Bill Mechanic and media executive Rupert Murdoch , which contributed to Mechanic's resignation in June 2000. The British Board of Film Classification reviewed Fight Club for its November 12, 1999 release in the United Kingdom and removed two scenes involving "an indulgence in the excitement of beating a (defenseless) man's face into a pulp". The board assigned
30888-512: The responsibility of owning their own car. People are allowed to drive at age 15 in Idaho and Montana. At 16, people are also legally allowed to donate blood and work in most establishments. In spite of this, it is not until the age of 18 that a person is legally considered an adult and can vote and join the military (age 17 with parental consent). The legal age for purchasing and consuming alcohol, tobacco, and recreational marijuana (in states where it
31086-513: The rest of my life. As a teenager, Fincher moved to Ashland, Oregon , where he attended Ashland High School . He directed plays and designed sets and lighting after school, was a non-union projectionist at Varsity Theatre, and worked as a production assistant at the KOBI news station in Medford . He supported himself by working as a busboy, dishwasher, and fry cook. While establishing himself in
31284-638: The revised version, so New Line Cinema agreed to keep the original ending. Starring Brad Pitt , Morgan Freeman , Gwyneth Paltrow , R. Lee Ermey , and Kevin Spacey , it tells the story of two detectives who attempt to identify a serial killer who bases his murders on the Christian seven deadly sins . Seven was positively received by film critics and was one of the highest-earning films of 1995, grossing more than $ 320 million worldwide. Writing for Sight and Sound , John Wrathall said it "stands as
31482-508: The rights himself, talked with Ziskin about directing the film. He hesitated to accept the assignment with 20th Century Fox at first because he had an unpleasant experience directing the 1992 film Alien 3 for the studio. To repair his relationship with the studio, he met with Ziskin and studio head Bill Mechanic . In August 1997, 20th Century Fox announced that Fincher would direct the film adaptation of Fight Club . Producer Ross Bell met with actor Russell Crowe to discuss his candidacy for
31680-451: The role of Marla Singer was Janeane Garofalo . While Fincher initially stated that she turned it down because she objected to the film's sexual content, in an interview in 2020, Garofalo revealed that she did accept the role, but was dropped because Norton believed she was poorly suited to it. Fincher pitched the role to Julia Louis-Dreyfus . The filmmakers considered Courtney Love and Winona Ryder as early candidates. Love claimed that she
31878-454: The role of Tyler Durden. Producer Art Linson, who joined the project late, met with Pitt regarding the same role. Linson was the senior producer of the two, so the studio sought to cast Pitt instead of Crowe. Pitt was looking for a new film after the domestic failure of his 1998 film Meet Joe Black , and the studio believed Fight Club would be more commercially successful with a major star. The studio signed Pitt for US$ 17.5 million. For
32076-404: The role of the unnamed Narrator, the studio desired a "sexier marquee name" such as Matt Damon to increase the film's commercial prospects; it also considered Sean Penn . Fincher instead considered Norton based on his performance in the 1996 film The People vs. Larry Flynt . Other studios were approaching Norton for leading roles in developing films like The Talented Mr. Ripley and Man on
32274-408: The same groups. The Narrator cannot present his fabricated struggles as genuine, or divert his attention from her presence as an impostor, causing his sleeplessness to return. He arranges for them to attend different sessions to regain his ability to sleep and, under certain circumstances, to exchange contact information, to which she reluctantly agrees. On a return flight from work, the Narrator meets
32472-689: The script. His next project was The Curious Case of Benjamin Button (2008), an adaptation of F. Scott Fitzgerald 's eponymous 1923 short story , about a man who is born as a seventy-year-old baby and ages in reverse. The romantic-drama marked Fincher's third collaboration with Brad Pitt, who stars opposite Cate Blanchett . The budget for the film was estimated to be $ 167 million, with very expensive visual effects utilized for Pitt's character. Filming started in November 2006 in New Orleans , taking advantage of Louisiana's film incentive. The film
32670-539: The seal of the Holy Spirit . In some Christian denominations, the confirmand (now an adult in the eyes of the Church) takes a Saint 's name as a confirmation name. In Christian denominations that practice Believer's Baptism (baptism by voluntary decision, as opposed to baptism in early infancy), it is normatively carried out after the age of accountability has arrived, as with many Anabaptist denominations, such as
32868-436: The shorter script to record its dialogue. Bell sent the recording to Laura Ziskin , head of the division Fox 2000 , who listened to the tape and purchased the rights to Fight Club from Palahniuk for $ 10,000. Ziskin initially considered hiring Buck Henry to write the adaptation, finding Fight Club similar to the 1967 film The Graduate , which Henry had adapted. When a new screenwriter, Jim Uhls, lobbied Donen and Bell for
33066-444: The shots' backgrounds. The crew also embraced fluorescent lighting at other practical locations to maintain an element of reality and to light the prostheses depicting the characters' injuries. On the other hand, Fincher also ensured that scenes were not so strongly lit so the characters' eyes were less visible, citing cinematographer Gordon Willis ' technique as the influence. Fight Club was filmed mostly at night, and Fincher filmed
33264-559: The song " Where Is My Mind? " by Pixies . Filming concluded in December 1998, and Fincher edited the footage in early 1999 to prepare Fight Club for a screening with senior executives. They did not receive the film positively and were concerned that there would not be an audience for the film. Executive producer Art Linson, who supported the film, recalled the response, "So many incidences of Fight Club were alarming, no group of executives could narrow them down." Nevertheless, Fight Club
33462-401: The studio's expectations at the box office and received polarized reactions from critics. It was ranked as one of the most controversial and talked-about films of the 1990s . However, Fight Club later found commercial success with its home video release, establishing it as a cult classic and causing media to revisit the film. In 2009, on its tenth anniversary, The New York Times dubbed it
33660-486: The targeted buildings collapse. We're designed to be hunters and we're in a society of shopping. There's nothing to kill anymore, there's nothing to fight, nothing to overcome, nothing to explore. In that societal emasculation this everyman [the Narrator] is created. —David Fincher Fincher said Fight Club was a coming of age film, like the 1967 film The Graduate but for people in their 30s. Fincher described
33858-503: The technical command of image, sound and production design for which Fincher is justly famous is here as well." Gone Girl garnered awards and nominations in a various categories ; Pike earned an Academy Award nomination for Best Actress and Fincher received his third Golden Globe nomination for Best Director. Between 2016 and 2019, Fincher directed, produced and served as showrunner for another series, Mindhunter , starring Holt McCallany and Jonathan Groff . The series, based on
34056-527: The thought processes initiated by his fear impulse. The sequence, designed in part by Fincher, was budgeted separately from the rest of the film at first, but the sequence was awarded by the studio in January 1999. Fincher hired Digital Domain and its visual effects supervisor Kevin Mack , who won an Academy Award for Visual Effects for the 1998 film What Dreams May Come , for the sequence. The company mapped
34254-406: The title "Fight Club" embossed on it as the film's main marketing image; the proposal was considered "a bad joke" by Fox executives. Fincher also released two early trailers in the form of fake public service announcements presented by Pitt and Norton; the studio did not think the trailers marketed the film appropriately. Instead, the studio financed a $ 20 million large-scale campaign to provide
34452-499: The tradition was simply lost. In 2002, conscription was abolished in Spain in favor of an all-professional military . As a result, the quintos disappeared except for a few rural areas where it is kept as a coming of age traditional party without further consequences. In the United States, people are allowed to drive at 16 in all states, with the exception of New Jersey, which requires drivers to be 17 and older, and sometimes receive
34650-445: The train. It never occurred to me that there were hours between each of these shots. The actual circus of it was invisible, as it should be, but in seeing that I became obsessed with the idea of "How?" It was the ultimate magic trick. The notion that 24 still photographs are shown in such quick succession that movement is imparted from it—wow! And I thought that there would never be anything that would be as interesting as that to do with
34848-403: The value conflicts of Generation X as the first generation raised on television: this generation had "its value system largely dictated to it by advertising culture", and was told one could achieve "spiritual happiness through home furnishing". His character walks through his apartment while visual effects identify his many IKEA possessions. Fincher described the Narrator's immersion, "It was just
35046-459: The video for the song " Love Is Strong " by the Rolling Stones in 1994, which won the Grammy Award for Best Music Video . Shortly, Fincher decided to make a foray back into film. He read Andrew Kevin Walker 's original screenplay for Seven (1995), which had been revised by Jeremiah Chechik , the director attached to the project at one point. Fincher expressed no interest in directing
35244-450: The village that reached the age of eligibility for military service (18 years), thus forming the quinta of a year. In rural Spain, the mili was the first and sometimes the only experience of life away from family. In the days before their departure, the quintos knocked on every door to ask for food and drink. They held a common festive meal with what they gathered and sometimes painted some graffiti reading " Vivan los quintos del año " as
35442-434: The visual effects artists and experts to different facilities that each addressed different types of visual effects: CG modeling, animation, compositing, and scanning. Haug explained, "We selected the best people for each aspect of the effects work, then coordinated their efforts. In this way, we never had to play to a facility's weakness." Fincher visualized the Narrator's perspective through a " mind's eye " view and structured
35640-492: The wider themes of good and evil, his characters are usually troubled, discontented, and flawed; they are often unable to socialize and suffer from loneliness. In Seven , Zodiac , and The Social Network , themes of pressure and obsession are explored, leading to the character's downfall. Quoting historian Frank Krutnik, the writer Piers McCarthy argues that "the protagonists of these films are not totally in control of their actions but are subject to darker, inner impulses". In
35838-408: The world that the characters are in. In The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo , Fincher uses heavy desaturation for certain scenes, and increases or decreases the effect based on the story or characters' emotions. Erik Messerschmidt , cinematographer for Mindhunter , explained the color palette: "The show has a desaturated green-yellow look... [it] helps give the show its period feel." He states the effect
36036-411: Was optioned by Fox 2000 Pictures producer Laura Ziskin , who hired Jim Uhls to write the film adaptation. Fincher was selected because of his enthusiasm for the story. He developed the script with Uhls and sought screenwriting advice from the cast and others in the film industry. It was filmed in and around Los Angeles from July to December 1998. He and the cast compared the film to Rebel Without
36234-432: Was $ 63–65 million. The fight scenes were heavily choreographed, but the actors were required to "go full out" to capture realistic effects such as having the wind knocked out of them. Makeup artist Julie Pearce, who had worked for Fincher on the 1997 film The Game , studied mixed martial arts and pay-per-view boxing to portray the fighters accurately. She designed an extra's ear to have cartilage missing, inspired by
36432-406: Was an author from Oklahoma who worked as a reporter and bureau chief for Life magazine . When Fincher was two years old, the family moved to San Anselmo, California , where he counted filmmaker George Lucas among his neighbors. He became fascinated with filmmaking at the age of eight and began making films on an 8mm camera . In a 2012 interview, he said: I was eight years old and I saw
36630-408: Was cast as Marla Singer, but was fired after she rejected Pitt's pitch for a film about her late husband, Kurt Cobain . The studio wanted to cast Reese Witherspoon , but Fincher felt she was too young. Sarah Michelle Gellar turned it down due to scheduling conflicts with Buffy The Vampire Slayer . Finally, Fincher chose to cast Bonham Carter based on her performance in the 1997 film The Wings of
36828-492: Was described by A. O. Scott of The New York Times as, "unnerving and powerful". Upon the film's release in December, reviews were generally favorable, according to review aggregator Metacritic . Scott adds, "Mr. Fincher creates a persuasive ambience of political menace and moral despair". Philip French of The Guardian praises the "authentic, quirky detail" and faithful adaptation. The film received five Academy Award nominations, including Best Actress for Mara, and won
37026-460: Was enrolled as a citizen on the census , and soon began his military service. Traditionally, the ceremony was held on the Liberalia , the festival in honor of the god Liber , who embodied both political and sexual liberty, but other dates could be chosen for individual reasons. Rome lacked the elaborate female puberty rituals of ancient Greece, and for girls, the wedding ceremony was in part
37224-603: Was far too much transportation going on." Fincher used the Super 35 format to film Fight Club since it gave him maximum flexibility to compose shots. He hired Jeff Cronenweth as cinematographer; Cronenweth's father Jordan Cronenweth had been cinematographer for Fincher's 1992 film Alien 3, but left midway through production due to Parkinson's disease . Fincher explored visual styles in his previous films Seven and The Game , and he and Cronenweth drew elements from these styles for Fight Club . Fincher and Cronenweth applied
37422-825: Was interested in working on an American adaptation of the popular Korean series Squid Game and was developing it alongside a Chinatown prequel miniseries that he co-wrote with the late Robert Towne . It was confirmed in October 2024 that he would develop and work on the Squid Game adaptation for 2025. Fincher did not attend film school. He has listed filmmakers George Roy Hill , Alfred Hitchcock , Stanley Kubrick , Alan J. Pakula , Ridley Scott , and Martin Scorsese as his major influences. His personal favorite films include Rear Window (1954), Lawrence of Arabia (1962), The Graduate (1967), Paper Moon (1973), American Graffiti (1973), Jaws (1975), All
37620-484: Was intrigued by the story due to his childhood personal experience. "The highway patrol had been following our school buses", he recalled. His father told him, "There's a serial killer who has killed four or five people... who's threatened to... shoot the children as they come off the bus." After extensive research on the case with fellow producers, Fincher formed a principal cast of Jake Gyllenhaal , Mark Ruffalo , Robert Downey Jr. , Anthony Edwards and Brian Cox . It
37818-625: Was originally slated to be released in July 1999, but was later changed to August 6, 1999. The studio further delayed the film's release, this time to autumn, citing a crowded summer schedule and a hurried post-production process. Outsiders attributed the delays to the Columbine High School massacre earlier in the year. Marketing executives at Fox Searchlight Pictures faced difficulties in marketing Fight Club and at one point considered marketing it as an art film . They considered that
38016-474: Was recovering from the stress of promoting their 1997 album OK Computer . Fincher instead commissioned the breakbeat producing duo Dust Brothers , who created a post-modern score encompassing drum loops, electronic scratches, and computerized samples. Dust Brothers performer Michael Simpson explained the setup, "Fincher wanted to break new ground with everything about the movie, and a nontraditional score helped achieve that." The climax and end credits feature
38214-583: Was released on October 31, 2000, as a part of 20th Century Fox's "Premiere Series" line. It includes a featurette after the film, "Behind the Brawl". Fight Club was released in the Blu-ray Disc format in the United States on November 17, 2009. Five graffiti artists were commissioned to create 30 pieces of art for the packaging, encompassing urban aesthetics found on the East Coast and West Coast of
38412-409: Was reported that Fincher would direct an adaptation of the graphic novel The Killer for Netflix, with Andrew Kevin Walker writing the screenplay and Michael Fassbender attached to star. It premiered at the 80th Venice International Film Festival . It began a limited theatrical release in October 2023 and was subsequently released on Netflix on 10 November. In 2024, it was reported that Fincher
38610-454: Was the first of Fincher's films to be shot in digital , with a Thomson Viper FilmStream HD camera . However, high-speed film cameras were used for particular murder scenes. Zodiac was well received, appearing in more than two hundred top ten lists (only No Country for Old Men and There Will Be Blood appeared in more). However, the film struggled at the United States box office, earning $ 33 million, but did better overseas with
38808-623: Was theatrically released on December 25, 2008, in the United States to a commercial success and warm reception. Writing for the USA Today , Claudia Puig praises the "graceful and poignant" tale despite it being "overlong and not as emotionally involving as it could be". The film received thirteen Academy Award nominations, including Best Picture , Best Director for Fincher, Best Actor for Pitt, and Best Supporting Actress for Taraji P. Henson , and won three, for Best Art Direction , Best Makeup , and Best Visual Effects . Fincher directed
39006-429: Was to be untied only by her husband, but the cingulum also symbolized that the bridegroom "was belted and bound" to his wife. The bride's hair was ritually styled in "six tresses" (seni crines) , and she was veiled until uncovered by her husband at the end of the ceremony, a ritual of surrendering her virginity to him. The legal age of majority is 18 in most Anglo-Celtic cultures (such as Australia , New Zealand ,
39204-403: Was too one-dimensional. Fincher sought the advice of writer-director Cameron Crowe , who suggested giving the character more ambiguity. Fincher also hired screenwriter Andrew Kevin Walker for assistance. He invited Pitt and Norton to help revise the script, and the group drafted five revisions in the course of a year. Palahniuk praised the faithful film adaptation of his novel and applauded how
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