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69-508: Since 2013, it has been edited by B. Ruby Rich . Working with her are associate editor Rebecca Prime, assistant editor Marc Francis, book reviews editor Carla Marcantonio, and Quorum editor Girish Shambu. Since 2015, Film Quarterly has received funding from the Ford Foundation's JustFilms initiative to "support the journal's work in advancing criticism, analysis, and reporting with particular attention to social justice documentary and

138-548: A House of Un-American Activities Committee hearing that Hollywood Quarterly had communist leanings, in 1951, the journal changed its name to Quarterly of Film, Radio, and Television . This name change inaugurated the journal's clear divorce from the Hollywood industry with which it had partnered for several years. The journal's turn towards "politically safe" work in the following years led to editorial discord and instability until August Frugé, then-director of UC Press, changed

207-518: A public company . Finally, Henry Ford II resigned from his trustee's role in a surprise move in December 1976. In his resignation letter, he cited his dissatisfaction with the foundation holding on to their old programs, large staff and what he saw as anti-capitalist undertones in the foundation's work. In February 2019, Henry Ford III was elected to the Foundation's Board of Trustees, becoming

276-613: A 1949 report by Horace Rowan Gaither . Since the middle of the 20th century, many of the Ford Foundation's programs have focused on increased under-represented or "minority" group representation in education, science and policy-making. For over eight decades their mission decisively advocates and supports the reduction of poverty and injustice among other values including the maintenance of democratic values, promoting engagement with other nations, and sustaining human progress and achievement at home and abroad. The Ford Foundation

345-825: A 2015, interview with The New York Times , Oppenheimer stated that the West shares "a great deal" of responsibility for the mass killings in Indonesia, noting in particular that "the United States provided the special radio system so the Army could coordinate the killings over the vast archipelago. A man named Bob Martens, who worked at the United States Embassy in Jakarta, was compiling lists of thousands of names of Indonesian public figures who might be opposed to

414-476: A member of the main competition jury for the 73rd Venice International Film Festival . In September 2017 he was the guest director for the Telluride Film Festival. In 2021, film production company Neon announced Oppenheimer would direct a narrative feature film , a post-apocalyptic musical titled The End . The film premiered at the 51st Telluride Film Festival on 31 August 2024, and

483-563: A part of its covert cultural war. John J. McCloy, serving as the chairman from 1958 to 1965, knowingly employed numerous US intelligence agents and, based on the premise that a relationship with the CIA was inevitable, set up a three-person committee responsible for dealing with its requests. Writer and activist Arundhati Roy connects the foundation, along with the Rockefeller Foundation , with supporting imperialist efforts by

552-417: A portion of the Ford Foundation's endowment came after self-initiated research into the Ford Foundation's history of support of Native and Indigenous artists and communities. The results of this research indicated "the inadequacy of philanthropic support for Native arts and artists", and related feedback from an unnamed Native leader that "once big foundations put the stuff in place for an Indian program, then it

621-563: A regular feature, "Films of the Quarter," appeared in which a group of well-known film critics— Dwight Macdonald , Stanley Kauffmann , Pauline Kael , Jonas Mekas , and Gavin Lambert —discussed what they viewed as the best films of the prior three months. In the Spring 1963 issue, Pauline Kael famously attacked Andrew Sarris ' auteur theory in her landmark article, "Circles and Squares." In

690-566: A separate corporate foundation that to this day serves as the philanthropic arm of the Ford Motor Company and is not associated with the foundation. The Ford Foundation makes grants through its headquarters and ten international field offices. For many years, the foundation's financial endowment was the largest private endowment in the world; it remains among the wealthiest . For fiscal year 2014, it reported assets of $ 12.4 billion and approved $ 507.9 million in grants. According to

759-579: A series of individual awards for people working in adult education to support training and field study experiences. The FAE also sponsored conferences on the topic of adult education, including the Bigwin Institute on Community Leadership in 1954 and the Mountain Plains Adult Education Conference in 1957. These conferences were open to academics, community organizers, and members of the public involved in

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828-425: A shifting digital media environment and a broadened view of cultural and critical approaches for both historical and contemporary work. Film Quarterly has emphasized the shifting forms and meanings the moving image has taken in the digital age and worked to expand its views of the field and the writers included in its pages. Special dossiers have focused on Joshua Oppenheimer 's ground-breaking The Act of Killing ,

897-555: A variety of ways involving social justice. In April 2011, the foundation announced that it will cease its funding for programs in Israel as of 2013. It has provided $ 40 million to nongovernmental organizations in Israel since 2003 exclusively through the New Israel Fund (NIF), in the areas of advancing civil and human rights, helping Arab citizens in Israel gain equality and promoting Israeli-Palestinian peace. The grants from

966-481: A year to support social justice work around the world. But last year, it also pledged to plow up to $ 1 billion of its overall $ 12.5 billion endowment over the next decade into impact investing via mission-related investments (MRIs) that generate both financial and social returns." Foundation President Darren Walker wrote in an op-ed in the New York Times that the grant-making philanthropy of institutions like

1035-750: Is Professor of Film at the University of Westminster . His first film The Entire History of the Louisiana Purchase (1997) won a Gold Hugo from the Chicago International Film Festival (1998). From 2004 to 2012, he produced a series of films in Indonesia . His debut feature film about the individuals who participated in the Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66 , The Act of Killing (2012), premiered at

1104-775: Is a companion piece to The Act of Killing . It was nominated for Best Documentary Feature at the 88th Academy Awards . It was screened in competition at the 71st Venice International Film Festival and won the Grand Jury Prize, the International Film Critics Award (FIPRESCI), the Italian online critics award (Mouse d'Oro), the European Film Critics Award (F.E.D.E.O.R.A.) for the Best Film of Venezia 71, as well as

1173-446: Is not usually funded very well. It lasts as long as the program officer who had an interest and then goes away" and recommended that an independent endowment be established and that "[n]ative leadership is crucial". John J. McCloy , the architect of Office of Strategic Services that would later become Central Intelligence Agency served as the chairman of the Ford Foundation. The CIA would channel its funds through Ford Foundation as

1242-486: Is one of the primary foundations offering grants that support and maintain diversity in higher education with fellowships for pre-doctoral, dissertation, and post-doctoral scholarship to increase diverse representation among Native Americans, African Americans, Latin Americans, and other under-represented Asian and Latino sub-groups throughout the U.S. academic labor market. The outcomes of scholarship by its grantees from

1311-425: The 2001 World Conference Against Racism . Under pressure by several members of Congress, chief among them Rep. Jerrold Nadler , the foundation apologized and then prohibited the promotion of "violence, terrorism, bigotry or the destruction of any state" among its grantees. This move itself sparked protest among university provosts and various non-profit groups on free speech issues. The foundation's partnership with

1380-580: The MacArthur fellowship . Oppenheimer was born to a Jewish family, in Austin, Texas , and grew up in and around Washington, D.C. , and Santa Fe, New Mexico . He received a Bachelor of Arts (BA) summa cum laude in film-making from Harvard University and a PhD from Central Saint Martins College of Art and Design , University of the Arts London , while studying on a Marshall Scholarship . He

1449-502: The New Israel Fund (NIF), which began in 2003, was criticized regarding its choice of mostly progressive grantees and causes. This criticism peaked after the 2001 World Conference Against Racism, where some nongovernmental organizations funded by the foundation backed resolutions equating Israeli policies with apartheid . In response, the Ford Foundation tightened its criteria for funding. In 2011, right wing Israeli politicians and organizations such as NGO Monitor and Im Tirtzu claimed

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1518-662: The OECD , the Ford Foundation provided $ 194 million for development in 2019, all of which related to its grant-making activities. After its establishment in 1936, the Ford Foundation shifted its focus from Michigan philanthropic support to five areas of action. In the 1950 Report of the Study of the Ford Foundation on Policy and Program , the trustees set forth five "areas of action," according to Richard Magat (2012): economic improvements, education, freedom and democracy, human behavior, and world peace. These areas of action were identified in

1587-681: The United Federation of Teachers . In 1976, the foundation helped launch the Grameen Bank , which offers small loans to the rural poor of Bangladesh. The Grameen Bank and its founder Muhammad Yunus were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2006 for pioneering microcredit . Between 1969 and 1978, the foundation was the biggest funder for research into in vitro fertilisation in the United Kingdom, which led to

1656-837: The 2012 Telluride Film Festival . It went on to win many prizes worldwide, including the European Film Award for Best Documentary, a Panorama Audience Award, and a Prize of the Ecumenical Jury from the 63rd Berlin International Film Festival . The film also received the Robert Award by the Film Academy of Denmark, a Bodil Award by Denmark's National Association of Film Critics, and the Aung San Suu Kyi Award at

1725-622: The British Film Institute's BFI Classics series, was in charge during 2006–2012. David Sterritt took over as guest editor for volume 66 in 2012–13. Immediately following its 40th anniversary, the University of California Press published a Film Quarterly anthology of its groundbreaking essays, co-edited by Brian Henderson and then-editor Ann Martin. Editorial board members Leo Baudry, Ernest Callenbach , Albert Johnson, Marsha Kinder , and Linda Williams all participated in

1794-686: The FAE, and educational television advocate C. Scott Fletcher served as its president. The foundation underwrote the Fund for the Republic in the 1950s. Throughout the 1950s, the foundation provided arts and humanities fellowships that supported the work of figures like Josef Albers , James Baldwin , Saul Bellow , Herbert Blau , E. E. Cummings , Anthony Hecht , Flannery O'Connor , Jacob Lawrence , Maurice Valency , Robert Lowell , and Margaret Mead . In 1961, Kofi Annan received an educational grant from

1863-617: The Fighting Group undertook a range of missions in the East Zone, ranging from intelligence gathering to sabotage. It was funded and controlled by the CIA. In 1950, the U.S. government decided that the Fighting Group needed to bolster its legitimacy as a credible independent organization, so the International Rescue Committee was recruited to act as its advocate. One component of this project was convincing

1932-447: The Ford Foundation "must not only be generosity, but justice." The Ford Foundation seeks to address "the underlying causes that perpetuate human suffering" to grapple with and intervene in " how and why " inequality persists. In 2007, the Ford Foundation co-founded the independent Native Arts and Cultures Foundation by providing a portion of the new foundation's endowment out of the Ford Foundation's own. This decision to repatriate

2001-411: The Ford Foundation to issue a grant to the Fighting Group. With the support of Eleanor Roosevelt, the Ford Foundation was persuaded to give the Fighting Group a grant of $ 150,000. A press release announcing the grant pointed to the assistance given by the Fighting Group to "carefully screened" defectors to come to the West. The National Committee for a Free Europe , a CIA proprietary, actually administered

2070-705: The Human Rights Human Dignity International Film Festival 2013. Oppenheimer appeared on The Daily Show on August 13, 2013, to talk about The Act of Killing . The Act of Killing won the BAFTA for Best Documentary, European Film Award for Best Documentary, the Asia Pacific Screen Award for Best Documentary, and was nominated for Best Documentary Feature at the 86th Academy Awards . Oppenheimer's next film, The Look of Silence (2014),

2139-481: The Human Rights Nights Award. Since then, it has gone on to win a further 70 international awards, including an Independent Spirit Award , an IDA Award for Best Documentary, a Gotham Award for Best Documentary, and three Cinema Eye Honors , including Best Film and Best Director. Cinema Eye Honors named him a decade-defining filmmaker in 2016, and both his films as decade-defining films. In

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2208-471: The International Rescue Committee and the CIA, M. E. Sharpe, 1995, Routledge, 2015. Joshua Oppenheimer Joshua Lincoln Oppenheimer (born September 23, 1974) is an American film director based in Copenhagen, Denmark . He is known for his Oscar -nominated films The Act of Killing (2012) and The Look of Silence (2014). Oppenheimer was a 1997 Marshall Scholar and a 2014 recipient of

2277-584: The NIF and other recipients of Ford Foundation grants supported the delegitimization of Israel. The Ford Foundation announced in October 2023 that it would no longer provide grants to Alliance for Global Justice, a charity in Arizona claimed by journalist Gabe Kaminsky in a Washington Examiner investigation to share Palestinian terrorism ties. "Ford has no plans to support any Alliance for Global Justice projects in

2346-644: The Revolution to the Modern Era ", alleges that Sommers "persistently misrepresents scholarly debate, [and] ignores evidence that contradicts her assertions" about a gender war against boys and men. Spanish judge Francisco Serrano Castro made similar claims to Sommers in his 2012 book The Dictatorship of Gender . In 2003, the foundation was critiqued by US news service Jewish Telegraphic Agency , among others, for supporting Palestinian nongovernmental organizations that were accused of promoting antisemitism at

2415-699: The Summer 1963 issue, Sarris responded to Kael's critique with his own article, "The Auteur Theory and the Perils of Pauline." Kael included many of her articles, film reviews, and other material published in FQ during 1961–65 in her first book, I Lost It at the Movies (1965). Ford Foundation The Ford Foundation is an American private foundation with the stated goal of advancing human welfare. Created in 1936 by Edsel Ford and his father Henry Ford , it

2484-746: The U.S. government during the Cold War . Roy links the Ford Foundation's establishment of an economics course at the Indonesian University with aligning students with the 1965 coup that installed Suharto as president. At the height of the Cold War, the Ford Foundation was involved in several sensitive covert operations. One of these involved the Fighting Group Against Inhumanity. Based in West Berlin,

2553-749: The United States for graduate study around the world. Fellows came from 22 countries in Africa, Asia, Latin America, Russia and the Palestinian Territories and studied a wide variety of fields. After IFP's early success with identifying candidates and selecting and placing Fellows, and the success of Fellows in completing their degrees, the foundation contributed an additional $ 75 million to IFP in 2006. IFP concluded operations in late 2013 when more than 80 percent of fellows had completed their studies. Fellows have been serving their home communities in

2622-546: The advancement of human welfare and "urged the foundation to focus on solving humankind's most pressing problems, whatever they might be, rather than work in any particular field...." The report was endorsed by the foundation's board of trustees, and they subsequently voted to move the foundation to New York City in 1953. The board of directors decided to diversify the foundation's portfolio and gradually divested itself of its substantial Ford Motor Company stock between 1955 and 1974. This divestiture allowed Ford Motor to become

2691-499: The air in 1952. These grants continued, and in 1969 the foundation gave $ 1 million to the Children's Television Workshop to help create and launch Sesame Street . Active from 1951 to 1961, this subsidiary of the Ford Foundation supported initiatives in the field of adult education , including educational television and public broadcasting . During its existence, the FAE spent over $ 47 million. Among its funding programs were

2760-509: The cinema of Richard Linklater , the significance of Brazilian documentarian Edouardo Coutinho , the legacy of Chantal Akerman , and a collection of Manifestos for the current era. Cover stories have focused on such films and television series as Melvin Van Peebles' The Watermelon Man , Louis Massiah's The Bombing of Osage Avenue , Jill Soloway 's Transparent , and Kenya Barris 's Black-ish . Film Quarterly aims to widens

2829-486: The conceptualization of the volume. In 2002, Ann Martin and Eric Smoodin (who was then the Film, Media, and Philosophy Acquisitions Editor at UC Press) co-edited a volume of highlights from the journal's Hollywood Quarterly ( 1945–1951) years. In 2013, film critic and historian B. Ruby Rich took over as editor for the journal. Rich's editorial vision has particularly emphasized work that engages with fresh approaches to film in

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2898-524: The direction of the journal. Frugé drew inspiration from the European film journals Sight and Sound and Cahiers du cinéma , noting in his book that, "there was no American review comparable to these two, intellectual but not academic and devoted to film as art and not as communication. By accident we found ourselves with the means to publish one—if we chose and if we knew how." Under the editorial guidance and visionary leadership of Ernest Callenbach ,

2967-675: The field of adult education. In addition to grantmaking to organizations and projects, the FAE established its own programs, including the Test Cities Project and the Experimental Discussion Project. The Experimental Discussion Project produced media that was distributed to local organizations to conduct viewing or listening and discussion sessions. Topics covered included international affairs , world cultures, and United States history. Educational theorist Robert Maynard Hutchins helped to found

3036-466: The fields of creative arts performance. In 2022, another 20 Disability Futures Fellows received awards. Ranked No. 24 on the Forbes 2018 World's Most Innovative Companies list, the Ford Foundation utilized its endowment to invest in innovative and sustainable change leadership shifting the model of grant-making in the 21st century. According to Forbes, "Ford spends between $ 500 million and $ 550 million

3105-690: The firm of Roche-Dinkeloo , the Ford Foundation Center for Social Justice in New York City (originally the Ford Foundation Building) was the first large-scale architectural building in the country to devote a substantial portion of its space to horticultural pursuits. Its atrium was designed with the notion of having urban greenspace accessible to all and is an example of the application in architecture of environmental psychology . The building, 321 E. 42nd St.,

3174-546: The first Ford family member to serve on the board since his grandfather resigned in 1976. For many years, the foundation topped annual lists compiled by the Foundation Center of US foundations with the most assets and the highest annual giving. The foundation has fallen a few places in those lists in recent years, especially with the establishment of the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation in 2000. As of May 4, 2013,

3243-466: The first baby, Louise Brown born from the technique. The Ford Foundation provided $ 1,170,194 towards the research. The foundation began awarding postdoctoral fellowships in 1980 to increase the diversity of the nation's academic faculties. In 1986, the foundation added predoctoral and dissertation fellowships to the program. The foundation awards 130 to 140 fellowships annually, and there are 4,132 living fellows. The University of California, Berkeley

3312-569: The first director of the British National Film and Television School . Ernest Callenbach remained Film Quarterly 's editor until the Fall 1991 issue; he had overseen the production of 133 issues by the end of his appointment. Ann Martin, who had worked as an editor at American Film and The New Yorker , and on various film and video productions, served as the editor of Film Quarterly during 1991–2006. Rob White, who had edited

3381-609: The foundation are roughly a third of NIF's donor-advised giving, which totals about $ 15 million a year. In June 2020, Ford Foundation decided to raise $ 1 billion through a combination of 30 and 50- year bonds. The main aim was to help nonprofits hit by the pandemic. In October 2020, Ford Foundation partnered with the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation to establish the Disability Future Fellowship, awarding $ 50,000 annually to disabled writers, actors, and directors in

3450-561: The foundation to finish his studies at Macalester College in St. Paul, Minnesota. Under its "Program for Playwrights", the foundation helped to support writers in professional regional theaters such as San Francisco's Actor's Workshop and offered similar help to Houston's Alley Theatre and Washington's Arena Stage . In the 1960s and 1970s, the foundation gave money to government and non-government contraceptive initiatives to support population control , peaking at an estimated $ 169 million in

3519-682: The foundation was second in terms of assets and tenth in terms of annual grant giving. In 2012, the foundation declared that it was not a research library and transferred its archives from New York City to the Rockefeller Archive Center in Sleepy Hollow, New York . In 1951, the foundation made its first grant to support the development of the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS), then known as National Educational Television (NET), which went on

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3588-585: The foundation. In 1974, the foundation contributed funds to the Southwest Voter Registration Education Project . In 1967 and 1968, the foundation provided financial support for decentralization and community control of public schools in New York City. Decentralization in Ocean Hill–Brownsville led to the firing of some white teachers and administrators, which provoked a citywide teachers' strike led by

3657-426: The future and it is not eligible for any other funding," Amanda Simon, a spokeswoman for the Ford Foundation, said at the time. Simon added, "We will not be funding them in the future." The allegations of terrorism links were proven false ; Alliance for Global Justice was found to be funding an organisation that attempts to secure the human rights of Palestinian prisoners held in Israel. Completed in 1968 by

3726-488: The grant (Chester, Covert Network, pp. 89–94). American author, philosopher, and critic of feminism Christina Hoff Sommers , criticized The Ford Foundation in her book The War Against Boys (2000) as well as other institutions in education and government. Sommers alleged that the Ford Foundation funded feminist ideologies that marginalize boys and men. A Washington Post book review by E. Anthony Rotundo, author of "American Manhood: Transformations in Masculinity from

3795-429: The interrogation of cinema practices across genres and platforms" with an emphasis on the representation of diversity and new voices. Film Quarterly was first published in 1945 as Hollywood Quarterly , was renamed The Quarterly of Film, Radio, and Television in 1951, and has operated under its current title since 1958. According to former Film Quarterly editorial board member Brian Henderson, " Hollywood Quarterly

3864-421: The journal rebranded itself to bridge film criticism and scholarship, and was renamed Film Quarterly in Fall 1958. Its initial advisory board was composed of, among others, film scholar Andries Deinum; Gavin Lambert , a former editor of Sight and Sound who was then a screenwriter in Hollywood; Albert Johnson, a Bay Area-based film programmer and critic; and Colin Young , who taught film at UCLA and later became

3933-474: The last 1960s. The foundation ended most support for contraception programs by the 1970s. The foundation remains supportive of access to abortion, granting funds to organizations that support reproductive rights . In 1968, the foundation began disbursing $ 12 million to persuade law schools to make "law school clinics" part of their curriculum. Clinics were intended to give practical experience in law practice while providing pro bono representation to

4002-415: The late 20th century through the 21st century have contributed to substantial data and scholarship including national surveys such as the Nelson Diversity Surveys in STEM. The foundation was established January 15, 1936, in Michigan by Edsel Ford (president of the Ford Motor Company ) and two other executives "to receive and administer funds for scientific, educational and charitable purposes, all for

4071-407: The new regime and handed these lists over to the Indonesian government." In 2014, after a screening of The Act of Killing for US Congress members, Oppenheimer called on the US to acknowledge its role in the killings. In October 2017, the U.S. government declassified thousands of files related to the killings, with officials citing the impact of Oppenheimer's films. In July 2016, he was named as

4140-452: The poor. Conservative critic Heather Mac Donald contends that the financial involvement of the foundation instead changed the clinics' focus from giving students practical experience to engaging in leftwing advocacy. Beginning in the late 1960s and continuing through the 1970s, the foundation expanded into civil rights litigation, granting $ 18 million to civil rights litigation groups. The Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund

4209-450: The presidency of the foundation fell to Edsel's eldest son, Henry Ford II . It quickly became clear that the foundation would become the largest philanthropic organization in the world. The board of trustees then commissioned the Gaither Study Committee to chart the foundation's future. The committee, headed by California attorney H. Rowan Gaither , recommended that the foundation become an international philanthropic organization dedicated to

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4278-417: The program. In 1987, the foundation began making grants to fight the AIDS epidemic and in 2010 made grant disbursements totaling $ 29,512,312. In 2001, the foundation launched the International Fellowships Program (IFP) with a 12-year, $ 280 million grant, the largest in its history. IFP identified approximately 4,300 emerging social justice leaders representing historically disadvantaged groups from outside

4347-423: The public welfare." It was a reaction to FDR 's 1935 tax reform introducing 70% tax on large inheritances . During its early years, the foundation operated in Michigan under the leadership of Ford family members and their associates and supported the Henry Ford Hospital and the Henry Ford Museum and Greenfield Village , among other organizations. After the deaths of Edsel Ford in 1943 and Henry Ford in 1947,

4416-449: The scope of voices published in its pages, creates a shared discourse for divergent platforms, and broadens the canon beyond traditional auteurism. For a brief time in the 1950s, Pauline Kael was considered for the role of editor. She was then a programmer at the Cinema Guild, a repertory movie house in Berkeley, CA. Frugé and Kael did not share the same vision so the position was subsequently offered to Callenbach instead. Beginning in 1961,

4485-419: Was affiliated with 346 fellows at the time of award, the most of any institution, followed by the University of California, Los Angeles at 205, Harvard University at 191, Stanford University at 190, and Yale University at 175. The 10-campus University of California system accounts for 947 fellows, and the Ivy League is affiliated with 726. In 2022, the foundation announced that it would be sunsetting

4554-452: Was incorporated in 1967 with a $ 2.2 million grant from the foundation. In the same year, the foundation funded the establishment of the Southwest Council of La Raza, the predecessor of the National Council of La Raza . In 1972, the foundation provided a three-year $ 1.2 million grant to the Native American Rights Fund . The same year, the Puerto Rican Legal Defense and Education Fund opened with funding from numerous organizations, including

4623-444: Was launched in 1945 as a joint venture of the Hollywood Writers Mobilization and the University of California Press. The association began as a wartime collaboration between educators and media workers in response to social needs occasioned by the war." Notable members of its first editorial board were playwright and screenwriter John Howard Lawson, psychologist Franklin Fearing, and writer-director Abraham Polonsky. After allegations in

4692-445: Was originally funded by a $ 25,000 (about $ 550,000 in 2023) gift from Edsel Ford . By 1947, after the death of the two founders, the foundation owned 90% of the non-voting shares of the Ford Motor Company . (The Ford family retained the voting shares. ) Between 1955 and 1974, the foundation sold its Ford Motor Company holdings and now plays no role in the automobile company. In 1949, Henry Ford II created § Ford Philanthropy ,

4761-401: Was recognized in 1968 by the Architectural Record as "a new kind of urban space". This design concept was used by others for many of the indoor shopping malls and skyscrapers built in subsequent decades. The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated the building a landmark in 1997. Source : History of Ford Foundation ° Eric Thomas Chester, Covert Network, Progressives,

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