114-577: The Financial Administration Act ( French : Loi sur la gestion des finances publiques ) is legislation enacted by the Parliament of Canada , governing financial administration of the government, public assets, the estimates process, the Department of Finance , the Treasury Board of Canada and Crown Corporations . The Government of Canada has described the act as the "cornerstone of
228-733: A standing committee is a permanent committee established by Standing Orders in the House of Commons or the Senate . It may study matters referred to it by special order or, within its area of responsibility in the Standing Orders, may undertake studies on its own initiative. There are currently 23 standing committees (including two standing joint committees ) in the House and 20 in the Senate, many with particular responsibilities to examine
342-744: A French official to teachers in the department of Finistère , in western Brittany, included the following: "And remember, Gents: you were given your position in order to kill the Breton language". The prefect of Basses-Pyrénées in the French Basque Country wrote in 1846: "Our schools in the Basque Country are particularly meant to replace the Basque language with French..." Students were taught that their ancestral languages were inferior and they should be ashamed of them; this process
456-403: A clause declaring that payments are subject to parliamentary approval of spending for that purpose in each fiscal year covered by the contract. The act also allows the government to prohibit through regulation fees paid to those governed by the lobbying act , those convicted of corruption or fraud, or providing defective goods to the government in the past. Each department in the government
570-431: A comprehensive academic study entitled "The World's 10 most influential languages". In the article, Weber ranked French as, after English, the second-most influential language of the world, ahead of Spanish. His criteria were the numbers of native speakers, the number of secondary speakers (especially high for French among fellow world languages), the number of countries using the language and their respective populations,
684-555: A foreign language. Due to the rise of French in Africa, the total French-speaking population worldwide is expected to reach 700 million people in 2050. French is the fastest growing language on the continent (in terms of either official or foreign languages). French is increasingly being spoken as a native language in Francophone Africa, especially in regions like Ivory Coast , Cameroon , Gabon, Madagascar , and
798-705: A period of prosperity and prominence among European nations. Richelieu established the Académie française to protect the French language. By the early 1800s, Parisian French had become the primary language of the aristocracy in France. Near the beginning of the 19th century, the French government began to pursue policies with the end goal of eradicating the many minorities and regional languages ( patois ) spoken in France. This began in 1794 with Henri Grégoire 's "Report on
912-528: A relevant minister. The Act has over one hundred regulations and orders, with most of them being special purpose regulations. Notable general purpose regulations that engage with statutory language that invites their creation include those on debt write-offs, general crown corporation regulations, a regulation governing corporate plans, interest and administrative charges regulations, and others. The act receives occasional media coverage due to its influence on government practices. In some cases, it can be due to
1026-494: A relic of the old nominal case system of Latin longer than most other Romance languages (with the notable exception of Romanian which still currently maintains a case distinction), differentiating between an oblique case and a nominative case. The phonology was characterized by heavy syllabic stress, which led to the emergence of various complicated diphthongs such as -eau which would later be leveled to monophthongs. The earliest evidence of what became Old French can be seen in
1140-587: A second language. French is the second most taught foreign language in the EU. All institutions of the EU use French as a working language along with English and German ; in some institutions, French is the sole working language (e.g. at the Court of Justice of the European Union ). French is also the 16th most natively spoken language in the world, the sixth most spoken language by total number of speakers , and
1254-526: A second language. However it has also become a native language in a number of urban areas, especially in regions like Ivory Coast , Cameroon , Gabon, Madagascar , and the Democratic Republic of the Congo . In some North African countries, though not having official status, it is also a first language among some upper classes of the population alongside indigenous languages, but only
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#17327720668831368-941: A second one among the general population. In 2015, approximately 40% of the Francophone population (including L2 and partial speakers) lived in Europe, 36% in sub-Saharan Africa and the Indian Ocean, 15% in North Africa and the Middle East, 8% in the Americas, and 1% in Asia and Oceania. French is the second most widely spoken mother tongue in the European Union . Of Europeans who speak other languages natively, approximately one-fifth are able to speak French as
1482-632: A small change under Part VI of the legislation. At the same time that the bill was being amended, the Financial Administration Act was invoked as something that should have led to parliamentary oversight of the privatisation of de Havilland Canada , which the government rejected, and did not succeed. It received a series of technical amendments in 1990 centred around accountability of Crown Corporations, and speed of government payments to vendors. The Act has since seen multiple changes every calendar year from 2003 to 2023. Part I of
1596-547: A variant of Canadian French , is spoken in parts of New England . Missouri French was historically spoken in Missouri and Illinois (formerly known as Upper Louisiana ), but is nearly extinct today. French also survived in isolated pockets along the Gulf Coast of what was previously French Lower Louisiana , such as Mon Louis Island , Alabama and DeLisle, Mississippi (the latter only being discovered by linguists in
1710-437: Is 95%, and in the French collectivity of Wallis and Futuna , it is 84%. In French Polynesia and to a lesser extent Wallis and Futuna, where oral and written knowledge of the French language has become almost universal (95% and 84% respectively), French increasingly tends to displace the native Polynesian languages as the language most spoken at home. In French Polynesia, the percentage of the population who reported that French
1824-779: Is a Romance language of the Indo-European family . Like all other Romance languages, it descended from the Vulgar Latin of the Roman Empire . French evolved from Gallo-Romance , the Latin spoken in Gaul , and more specifically in Northern Gaul. Its closest relatives are the other langues d'oïl —languages historically spoken in northern France and in southern Belgium, which French ( Francien ) largely supplanted. French
1938-472: Is a widespread second language among the Lebanese people , and is taught in many schools along with Arabic and English. French is used on Lebanese pound banknotes, on road signs, on Lebanese license plates , and on official buildings (alongside Arabic). Today, French and English are secondary languages of Lebanon , with about 40% of the population being Francophone and 40% Anglophone. The use of English
2052-489: Is also a working language in nonprofit organisations such as the Red Cross (alongside English, German, Spanish, Portuguese, Arabic and Russian), Amnesty International (alongside 32 other languages of which English is the most used, followed by Spanish, Portuguese, German, and Italian), Médecins sans Frontières (used alongside English, Spanish, Portuguese and Arabic), and Médecins du Monde (used alongside English). Given
2166-430: Is among the top five most studied languages worldwide, with about 120 million learners as of 2017. As a result of French and Belgian colonialism from the 16th century onward, French was introduced to new territories in the Americas, Africa, and Asia. French has a long history as an international language of literature and scientific standards and is a primary or second language of many international organisations including
2280-462: Is an official language in 27 countries , as well as one of the most geographically widespread languages in the world, with about 50 countries and territories having it as a de jure or de facto official, administrative, or cultural language. Most of these countries are members of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie (OIF), the community of 54 member states which share
2394-652: Is enacted only in New Brunswick, where about one third of the population is Francophone. French is also an official language of all of the territories ( Northwest Territories , Nunavut , and Yukon ). Out of the three, Yukon has the most French speakers, making up just under 4% of the population. Furthermore, while French is not an official language in Ontario , the French Language Services Act ensures that provincial services are available in
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#17327720668832508-503: Is growing in the business and media environment. Out of about 900,000 students, about 500,000 are enrolled in Francophone schools, public or private, in which the teaching of mathematics and scientific subjects is provided in French. Actual usage of French varies depending on the region and social status. One-third of high school students educated in French go on to pursue higher education in English-speaking institutions. English
2622-404: Is known as Old French. The period of Old French spanned between the 8th and 14th centuries. Old French shared many characteristics with Latin. For example, Old French made use of different possible word orders just as Latin did because it had a case system that retained the difference between nominative subjects and oblique non-subjects . The period is marked by a heavy superstrate influence from
2736-539: Is made for governmental departments spending revenues that it generates, but that parliament may optionally choose to designate through an appropriation act that revenues should count against the budget of that department. In case of an election period and up to sixty days after, the Governor General, acting on advice of the Prime Minister, may approve special warrants (approvals of spending), if there
2850-493: Is mandated by the act to carry out reviews every five years on the effectiveness of each of its programs, except for those exempted by the Treasury Board, which currently exempts programs spending less than $ 5 million per year, or spending on memberships or contributions to international organizations. The act provides that debts can only be incurred by the government when authorized by law, and may also only occur through
2964-469: Is often considered to be a useful skill by business owners in the United Kingdom; a 2014 study found that 50% of British managers considered French to be a valuable asset for their business, thus ranking French as the most sought-after foreign language there, ahead of German (49%) and Spanish (44%). MIT economist Albert Saiz calculated a 2.3% premium for those who have French as a foreign language in
3078-828: Is one of the official languages of such major international and regional courts, tribunals, and dispute-settlement bodies as the African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights , the Caribbean Court of Justice , the Court of Justice for the Economic Community of West African States , the Inter-American Court of Human Rights , the International Court of Justice , the International Criminal Tribunal for
3192-560: Is special need. The act establishes conditions that must be met by contractors prior to disbursement of funding, namely that the minister or their designate confirms the expenditure is deemed reasonable for the services rendered, or that a pre-existing contract has been signed setting the price. Disbursements must be paid out of the consolidated revenue fund and authorized by the Receiver General. Part III also governs government contracts. The act necessitates each contract to have
3306-576: Is taught in universities around the world, and is one of the world's most influential languages because of its wide use in the worlds of journalism, jurisprudence , education, and diplomacy. In diplomacy, French is one of the six official languages of the United Nations (and one of the UN Secretariat 's only two working languages ), one of twenty official and three procedural languages of the European Union , an official language of NATO ,
3420-553: Is the language of business and communication, with French being an element of social distinction, chosen for its emotional value. French is an official language of the Pacific Island nation of Vanuatu , where 31% of the population was estimated to speak it in 2023. In the French special collectivity of New Caledonia , 97% of the population can speak, read and write French while in French Polynesia this figure
3534-483: Is the native language of about 23% of the Swiss population, and is spoken by 50% of the population. Along with Luxembourgish and German, French is one of the three official languages of Luxembourg , where it is generally the preferred language of business as well as of the different public administrations. It is also the official language of Monaco . At a regional level, French is acknowledged as an official language in
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3648-492: Is the second-most spoken language (after English) in the states of Maine and New Hampshire . In Louisiana , it is tied with Spanish for second-most spoken if Louisiana French and all creoles such as Haitian are included. French is the third most spoken language (after English and Spanish) in the states of Connecticut , Rhode Island , and New Hampshire . Louisiana is home to many distinct French dialects, collectively known as Louisiana French . New England French , essentially
3762-424: Is the sole official language in the province of Quebec , where some 80% of the population speak it as a native language and 95% are capable of conducting a conversation in it. Quebec is also home to the city of Montreal , which is the world's fourth-largest French-speaking city, by number of first language speakers. New Brunswick and Manitoba are the only officially bilingual provinces, though full bilingualism
3876-764: The Aosta Valley region of Italy where it is the first language of approximately 50% of the population, while French dialects remain spoken by minorities on the Channel Islands . It is also spoken in Andorra and is the main language after Catalan in El Pas de la Casa . The language is taught as the primary second language in the German state of Saarland , with French being taught from pre-school and over 43% of citizens being able to speak French. The majority of
3990-462: The Aosta Valley region of Italy; and various communities elsewhere. French is estimated to have about 310 million speakers, of which about 80 million are native speakers. According to the OIF, approximately 321 million people worldwide are "able to speak the language" as of 2022, without specifying the criteria for this estimation or whom it encompasses. In Francophone Africa, it is spoken mainly as
4104-641: The Auditor General of Canada , unless the Auditor General waives their first right to appointment. There is also a requirement that the Boards of Directors to form an audit committee to receive and action the auditor's report. Part XI, which deals with miscellaneous parts of the act, deals with cases of minor amounts owing to the government, and permits the Receiver General to recover outstanding debts, or for debts to be waived with permission of
4218-539: The Democratic Republic of Congo . There is not a single African French , but multiple forms that diverged through contact with various indigenous African languages . Sub-Saharan Africa is the region where the French language is most likely to expand, because of the expansion of education and rapid population growth. It is also where the language has evolved the most in recent years. Some vernacular forms of French in Africa can be difficult to understand for French speakers from other countries, but written forms of
4332-468: The Department of Finance , the role of the minister , and the role of the Deputy Minister of Finance. The act provides the responsibilities of deputy heads of departments to provide financial accountability for public funds, including through internal audit , efficient deployment of resources and implementation of accounting controls and practices. The act establishes the responsibility of
4446-485: The European Union , French was the dominant language within all institutions until the 1990s. After several enlargements of the EU (1995, 2004), French significantly lost ground in favour of English, which is more widely spoken and taught in most EU countries. French currently remains one of the three working languages, or "procedural languages", of the EU, along with English and German. It is the second-most widely used language within EU institutions after English, but remains
4560-554: The Federal Real Property and Federal Immovables Act , that the Treasury Board may regulate property in line with that act, and that deputy ministers are responsible with upholding treasury board regulations. The act governs the Public Accounts of Canada, which are mandatory records kept by the Receiver General that show actual expenditures against each appropriation, revenues, and other transactions related to
4674-559: The Francien dialect is one that not only continued but also thrived during the Middle French period (14th–17th centuries). Modern French grew out of this Francien dialect. Grammatically, during the period of Middle French, noun declensions were lost and there began to be standardized rules. Robert Estienne published the first Latin-French dictionary, which included information about phonetics, etymology, and grammar. Politically,
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4788-877: The International Olympic Committee , the Council of Europe , the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development , Organization of American States (alongside Spanish, Portuguese and English), the Eurovision Song Contest , one of eighteen official languages of the European Space Agency , World Trade Organization and the least used of the three official languages in the North American Free Trade Agreement countries. It
4902-626: The Oaths of Strasbourg and the Sequence of Saint Eulalia , while Old French literature began to be produced in the eleventh century, with major early works often focusing on the lives of saints (such as the Vie de Saint Alexis ), or wars and royal courts, notably including the Chanson de Roland , epic cycles focused on King Arthur and his court , as well as a cycle focused on William of Orange . It
5016-433: The Parliament of Canada House of Commons Access to Information, Privacy and Ethics Agriculture and Agri-Food Canadian Heritage Citizenship and Immigration Environment and Sustainable Development Finance Fisheries and Oceans Foreign Affairs and International Development Government Operations and Estimates Health Human Resources, Skills and Social Development and
5130-472: The Receiver General for Canada as the sole recipient of Canadian public moneys, its responsibility to record keep, and its ability to contract agents with a legal obligation to remit collected funds to the Receiver General. The act also establishes that the Treasury Board may establish financial procedures governing the Receiver General. The act establishes the consolidated revenue fund, under
5244-1012: The United Nations , the European Union, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization , the World Trade Organization , the International Olympic Committee , the General Conference on Weights and Measures , and the International Committee of the Red Cross . French is a Romance language (meaning that it is descended primarily from Vulgar Latin ) that evolved out of the Gallo-Romance dialects spoken in northern France. The language's early forms include Old French and Middle French . Due to Roman rule, Latin
5358-822: The administration , policy development, and budgetary estimates of certain government departments and agencies . Certain standing committees are also given mandates to examine matters that have government-wide implications (e.g. official languages policy, multiculturalism policy) or that may not relate to a particular department (e.g. procedure of the House of Commons). House of Commons Joint Senate Access to Information, Privacy and Ethics Agriculture and Agri-Food Canadian Heritage Citizenship and Immigration Environment and Sustainable Development Finance Fisheries and Oceans Foreign Affairs and International Development Government Operations and Estimates Health Human Resources, Skills and Social Development and
5472-491: The governor-in-council then authorizing the Minister of Finance to borrow the funds. It provides that the parliament should establish each year a maximum borrowing limit that the Minister of Finance may not exceed. The act does not limit the debt instruments nor currency used to raise funds. There is a minor exemption that was made during 2020 until September 2020 that the Minister could make any payments required to stabilize
5586-506: The 1990s) but these varieties are severely endangered or presumed extinct. French is one of two official languages in Haiti alongside Haitian Creole . It is the principal language of education, administration, business, and public signage and is spoken by all educated Haitians. It is also used for ceremonial events such as weddings, graduations, and church masses. The vast majority of the population speaks Haitian Creole as their first language;
5700-836: The 20th century, when it was replaced by English as the United States became the dominant global power following the Second World War . Stanley Meisler of the Los Angeles Times said that the fact that the Treaty of Versailles was written in English as well as French was the "first diplomatic blow" against the language. During the Grand Siècle (17th century), France, under the rule of powerful leaders such as Cardinal Richelieu and Louis XIV , enjoyed
5814-510: The Canadian capital, is also effectively bilingual, as it has a large population of federal government workers, who are required to offer services in both French and English, and is just across the river from the Quebecois city of Gatineau . According to the United States Census Bureau (2011), French is the fourth most spoken language in the United States after English, Spanish, and Chinese, when all forms of French are considered together and all dialects of Chinese are similarly combined. French
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#17327720668835928-614: The Caribbean that are collectively referred to as the French West Indies , namely Guadeloupe , Saint Barthélemy , Saint Martin , and Martinique . French is the official language of both French Guiana on the South American continent, and of Saint Pierre and Miquelon , an archipelago off the coast of Newfoundland in North America. French was the official language of the colony of French Indochina , comprising modern-day Vietnam , Laos , and Cambodia . It continues to be an administrative language in Laos and Cambodia, although its influence has waned in recent decades. In colonial Vietnam,
6042-424: The Criminal Code, actions are rarely taken to use this criminal authority under this act. The act establishes the structure for Crown Corporations, which are owned by the Crown, and wholly-owned crown subsidiaries, which are owned by crown corporations. Each corporation is responsible to parliament through individual ministerial responsibility through their respective minister, who can issue directives which direct
6156-499: The Department of Finance and Treasury Board Act, acts related to Crown Corporations, and the Consolidated Revenue and Audit Act which originated in 1878 and had a substantial update in 1931 but in the opinion of a legislator had no substantial updates since. The legislation was also characterized as highly technical Some remnants of the Department of Finance and Treasury Board Act remained after consolidation. The act had multiple stated objectives, with one heavily featured in debated being
6270-408: The Empire, this local elite had been slowly abandoning Gaulish entirely, but the rural and lower class populations remained Gaulish speakers who could sometimes also speak Latin or Greek. The final language shift from Gaulish to Vulgar Latin among rural and lower class populations occurred later, when both they and the incoming Frankish ruler/military class adopted the Gallo-Roman Vulgar Latin speech of
6384-703: The Environment and Natural Resources Fisheries and Oceans Foreign Affairs and International Trade Human Rights Internal Economy, Budgets and Administration Legal and Constitutional Affairs National Finance National Security and Defence ( Veterans Affairs ) Official Languages Rules, Procedures and the Rights of Parliament Selection Social Affairs, Science and Technology Transport and Communication Joint Library of Parliament Scrutiny of Regulations Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standing_committee_(Canada)&oldid=1245106273 " Category : Standing committees of
6498-420: The Environment and Natural Resources Fisheries and Oceans Foreign Affairs and International Trade Human Rights Internal Economy, Budgets, and Administration Diversity subcommittee Human Resources subcommittee Senate Estimates subcommittee Legal and Constitutional Affairs National Finance National Security and Defence Official Languages Rules, Procedure and
6612-416: The Germanic Frankish language , which non-exhaustively included the use in upper-class speech and higher registers of V2 word order , a large percentage of the vocabulary (now at around 15% of modern French vocabulary ) including the impersonal singular pronoun on (a calque of Germanic man ), and the name of the language itself. Up until its later stages, Old French , alongside Old Occitan , maintained
6726-858: The Rights of Parliament Selection Committee Social Affairs, Science and Technology Transport and Communication See also [ edit ] Standing committee References [ edit ] ^ "Chapter 13 Standing Orders - House of Commons" . www.ourcommons.ca . House of Commons . Retrieved 16 April 2020 . ^ Canada, Senate of (15 December 2016). "Senate of Canada - Chapter Twelve: Committees" . Senate of Canada . Senate of Canada . Retrieved 16 April 2020 . ^ "List of Committees" . www.ourcommons.ca . Retrieved 16 April 2020 . ^ Canada, Senate of (11 April 2016). "Senate of Canada - Committees" . Senate of Canada . Senate of Canada . Retrieved 16 April 2020 . v t e Standing committees of
6840-644: The Status of Persons with Disabilities Indigenous and Northern Affairs Industry, Science and Technology International Trade Justice and Human Rights National Defence Natural Resources Official Languages Procedure and House Affairs Public Accounts Public Safety and National Security Status of Women Transport, Infrastructure and Communities Veterans Affairs Library of Parliament Scrutiny of Regulations Aboriginal Peoples Agriculture and Forestry Banking, Trade, and Commerce Ethics and Conflict of Interest for Senators Energy,
6954-584: The Status of Persons with Disabilities Indigenous and Northern Affairs Industry, Science and Technology International Trade Justice and Human Rights National Defence Natural Resources Official Languages Procedure and House Affairs Public Accounts Public Safety and National Security Status of Women Transport, Infrastructure and Communities Veterans Affairs Senate Aboriginal Peoples Agriculture and Forestry Banking, Trade and Commerce Conflict of Interest for Senators Energy,
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#17327720668837068-419: The act establishes the Treasury Board , and the departments of the Treasury Board Secretariat . The Treasury Board is set at a size of five members of the Privy Council for Canada , and chaired by the President of the Treasury Board, and shall also consist of the Minister of Finance. It also establishes the Deputy Minister of the department, styled as the "Secretary of the Treasury Board", as well as designating
7182-411: The act to borrow, with the permission of the Minister of Finance. If surpluses are recorded, they may be transmitted to the Receiver General and treated as governmental revenues. Each corporation is required to maintain internal records and audits, as well as quarterly financial reports. There is also a requirement to have an external auditor for each crown corporation and subsidiary, and it is by default
7296-412: The action of the Crown Corporation, and which the Crown Corporation is obligated to carry out. Crown Corporations can be authorized by law to be considered an agent of the Crown, capable of entering into contracts on behalf of the government. These corporations have limitations on disposing of assets, with many kinds requiring governor-in-council approval first. This also includes selling-off of shares or
7410-413: The bill that night, and third reading was agreed to without amendment the following day. The Financial Administration Act received a minor update and a redesignation as the 1985 Act under the Mulroney government in the 33rd Parliament , as a part of a larger omnibus change to the Income Tax Act , pension legislation , unemployment insurance legislation and gas revenue legislation. The act received only
7524-412: The cabinet retains the power to delegate other powers to the board. The act also gives the Treasury Board powers related to government pension plans, namely police, military and the public service. It also establishes that for each pension plan, the Treasury Board may establish a corporation governing each, and the formula for the composition of the Board of Directors The act also lays out limitations on
7638-457: The consolidated revenue fund. Records are to be made in Canadian dollars, and reports are to be made quarterly. Crown debt can not be assigned (transferred) from one person to another unless explicitly permitted by law. The act also provides for the authorization of some transfers provided notice is provided, but this may not extend to amounts related to pay, as well as allowing the government to make regulations related to transferability. Where
7752-535: The corporation and sit as fiduciaries appointed by the governor-in-council. Boards of directors can make by-laws for the corporation, which can be repealed or otherwise altered by the governor-in-council. Directors have a heightened duty to not defraud the government, and are subject to up to fourteen years imprisonment if convicted of an offence. The corporation's board of directors is responsible for preparing annual financial statements and corporate plans for their relevant minister. Corporations are permitted by
7866-872: The country near French-speaking Quebec, however, it is the foreign language more commonly taught. Vowel phonemes in French Canadian Senate Standing Committee on Banking, Trade and Commerce (Redirected from Canadian Senate Standing Committee on Banking, Trade and Commerce ) In Canada, permanent government committee established by Standing Orders [REDACTED] This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Standing committee" Canada – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( June 2019 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) In Canada ,
7980-609: The crown holds a payment bond to ensure the completion of a work, subcontractors of the contractor are entitled to claim against that bond if the contractor does not pay them what they are entitled to, thereby decreasing the total amount that may be given to the contractor at the completion of their work. Part IX of the act establishes that if a minister or the Receiver General believes a corporation or person has inappropriately received public moneys, they or their estate may be forced to remit that money, plus interest. Public officials who receive kickbacks , commit financial fraud against
8094-404: The demographic prospects of the French-speaking nations of Africa, researcher Pascal-Emmanuel Gobry wrote in 2014 that French "could be the language of the future". However, some African countries such as Algeria intermittently attempted to eradicate the use of French, and as of 2024 it was removed as an official language in Mali and Burkina Faso . Significant as a judicial language, French
8208-787: The department as the structure that houses the Chief Information Officer of Canada , and the Comptroller General of Canada , both to be appointed by orders-in-council . Part I also lays out the responsibilities of the Treasury Board, including allowing it, non-exclusively and on behalf of the cabinet, to set administrative policy for the government, manage the estimates process, manage the negotiation of government contracts, conduct program reviews of other departments' programs, manage capital assets, manage human resources and human resources procedures, and to conduct internal audits. Beyond these core responsibilities,
8322-448: The economic power of the countries using the language, the number of major areas in which the language is used, and the linguistic prestige associated with the mastery of the language (Weber highlighted that French in particular enjoys considerable linguistic prestige). In a 2008 reassessment of his article, Weber concluded that his findings were still correct since "the situation among the top ten remains unchanged." Knowledge of French
8436-594: The elites primarily spoke French, while many servants who worked in French households spoke a French pidgin known as " Tây Bồi " (now extinct). After French rule ended, South Vietnam continued to use French in administration, education, and trade. However, since the Fall of Saigon and the opening of a unified Vietnam's economy, French has gradually been effectively displaced as the first foreign language of choice by English in Vietnam. Nevertheless, it continues to be taught as
8550-608: The entire corporation. There are some Crown Corporations to which some of the act does not apply, notably the Canada Pension Plan Investment Board and the Bank of Canada . Each Crown Corporation requires a chief executive , who sits on the Board of Directors. The act also establishes the four-year maximum term of the other directors, which is renewable.The Board of Directors is responsible for managing
8664-479: The financial system of Canada. It also establishes mandatory reporting of the minister to parliament of how they plan to manage the debt. The act permits the Minister of Finance, operating with governor-in-council approval, to stabilize the financial system of Canada, including through purchase, holding or sale of private securities, offering loans or lines of credit, issuing loan guarantees, or providing insurance on financial instruments. There are exemptions, including
8778-516: The first government authority to adopt Modern French as official was the Aosta Valley in 1536, while the Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts (1539) named French the language of law in the Kingdom of France . During the 17th century, French replaced Latin as the most important language of diplomacy and international relations ( lingua franca ). It retained this role until approximately the middle of
8892-915: The former Yugoslavia , International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda , the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea the International Criminal Court and the World Trade Organization Appellate Body . It is the sole internal working language of the Court of Justice of the European Union , and makes with English the European Court of Human Rights 's two working languages. In 1997, George Weber published, in Language Today ,
9006-407: The future, and modernization of the Treasury Board. Some changes may also have stemmed from recommendations made by the auditor general Robert Sellar , possibly made in private correspondence to a single member. One such recommendation seemed to be whether the auditor general should be permitted to serve as auditor for Crown Corporations. The bill received both debate when notice was given for
9120-829: The gender of the corresponding word in Gaulish. The estimated number of French words that can be attributed to Gaulish is placed at 154 by the Petit Robert , which is often viewed as representing standardized French, while if non-standard dialects are included, the number increases to 240. Known Gaulish loans are skewed toward certain semantic fields, such as plant life ( chêne , bille , etc.), animals ( mouton , cheval , etc.), nature ( boue , etc.), domestic activities (ex. berceau ), farming and rural units of measure ( arpent , lieue , borne , boisseau ), weapons, and products traded regionally rather than further afield. This semantic distribution has been attributed to peasants being
9234-431: The government, deliberately misrecord records, obscure fraud or extorts money using their position are guilty of an indictable offence and can be imprisoned for up to five years if convicted. If the amount of financial gain was over five thousand dollars, they can be fined an amount equal to the financial gain, or in the case of bribery, up to three times the amount of the bribe. In general, due to duplicate provisions under
9348-647: The human resources power of the Board, specifically, the act does not extend to powers otherwise delegated by legislation to the Public Service Commission or the Commissioner of the RCMP . The act also establishes some powers which remain with the deputy ministers of other government departments, including setting departmental training regimens, discipline (including dismissal) and awarding of merit awards to their employees. Part I also establishes
9462-563: The inability of the government to hold shares in any federally regulated bank, trust or loan company, or insurance company. The government is also authorized to create corporations held by the Minister of Finance , provide directives to that corporation, and provide funding to that corporation, but that the corporation is not necessarily an extension of the legal person of the Canadian Crown. The act establishes that rules governing leases or transfers of federal property are governed by
9576-406: The intent was for the minister to introduce the legislation, but he was out of the country at the time, occupied with duties related to the then-nascent NATO . The bill followed a failed attempt at the same legislation in the fourth legislation that died on the order paper when parliament prorogued. The legislation was intended as a consolidation of multiple pieces of existing legislation, including
9690-519: The language are very closely related to those of the rest of the French-speaking world. French is the second most commonly spoken language in Canada and one of two federal official languages alongside English. As of the 2021 Canadian census , it was the native language of 7.7 million people (21% of the population) and the second language of 2.9 million (8% of the population). French
9804-479: The language, although it has now given way to Tamil and English. A former French mandate , Lebanon designates Arabic as the sole official language, while a special law regulates cases when French can be publicly used. Article 11 of Lebanon's Constitution states that "Arabic is the official national language. A law determines the cases in which the French language is to be used". The French language in Lebanon
9918-612: The language. The Act applies to areas of the province where there are significant Francophone communities, namely Eastern Ontario and Northern Ontario . Elsewhere, sizable French-speaking minorities are found in southern Manitoba, Nova Scotia , Prince Edward Island and the Port au Port Peninsula in Newfoundland and Labrador, where the unique Newfoundland French dialect was historically spoken. Smaller pockets of French speakers exist in all other provinces. The Ontarian city of Ottawa ,
10032-479: The last to hold onto Gaulish. The beginning of French in Gaul was greatly influenced by Germanic invasions into the country. These invasions had the greatest impact on the northern part of the country and on the language there. A language divide began to grow across the country. The population in the north spoke langue d'oïl while the population in the south spoke langue d'oc . Langue d'oïl grew into what
10146-455: The legal framework for general financial management and accountability of public service organizations and Crown corporations." The first version of the act was moved as Bill 25 in 1951 by member of parliament and government house leader Alphonse Fournier on behalf of the Minister of Finance , Douglas Abbott during the 5th session of the 21st Canadian Parliament . According to Fournier,
10260-475: The motion for the bill to be read a first time, by Fournier, and debate at first reading, which contrasts with modern practice. The bill was read for a first time on November 22nd. Some Crown Corporations were exempted from the act, either deliberately or due to the fact crown corporations had not yet been incorporated. One major innovation in this act was the development of the modern estimates process statutorily centred in treasury board and its secretariat that
10374-420: The necessity and means to annihilate the patois and to universalize the use of the French language". When public education was made compulsory , only French was taught and the use of any other ( patois ) language was punished. The goals of the public school system were made especially clear to the French-speaking teachers sent to teach students in regions such as Occitania and Brittany . Instructions given by
10488-589: The official use or teaching of French. It is spoken as a first language (in descending order of the number of speakers) in France; Canada (especially in the provinces of Quebec, Ontario, and New Brunswick); Belgium ( Wallonia and the Brussels-Capital Region ); western Switzerland (specifically the cantons forming the Romandy region); parts of Luxembourg; parts of the United States (the states of Louisiana, Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont); Monaco;
10602-534: The other main foreign language in the Vietnamese educational system and is regarded as a cultural language. All three countries are full members of La Francophonie (OIF). French was the official language of French India , consisting of the geographically separate enclaves referred to as Puducherry . It continued to be an official language of the territory even after its cession to India in 1956 until 1965. A small number of older locals still retain knowledge of
10716-673: The practices of crown corporations and government's treatment of them. For example in 2022, a reclassification of the Trans Mountain Corporation, the crown corporation responsible for the Trans Mountain Pipeline , gave it more license to conduct borrowing without government oversight, which was criticized by the NDP opposition party. A similar move exempting the Canada Growth Fund from oversight
10830-471: The preferred language of certain institutions or administrations such as the Court of Justice of the European Union , where it is the sole internal working language, or the Directorate-General for Agriculture . Since 2016, Brexit has rekindled discussions on whether or not French should again hold greater role within the institutions of the European Union. A leading world language , French
10944-415: The public accounts committee, despite it being characterized as not having substantial organizational bandwidth to conduct the study. The report of the committee was considered section by section and passed third reading on December 15th, and after receiving Senate approval, received Royal Assent on December 21st, but has been at time categorized as either the Financial Administration Act of 1951 or 1952, as it
11058-458: The regularization of the relationship between the government and Canadian Crown Corporations . However, the act was also intended to update and consolidate the government's procedures related to public borrowing , debt management , the comptroller general , to provide general debt relief on all debts incurred to the government before 1940, changing accounting practices with regard to government inventory, regularizing debt forgiveness procedures for
11172-500: The responsibility of the Minister of Finance, and that the consolidated revenue fund is to be used to pay out debts outstanding against the government. Part III of the act establishes that payments out of the consolidated revenue fund may not be conducted without parliamentary approval. This may occur through parliamentary approval of the estimates, a parliamentary approved contractual guarantee, or through parliamentary passage of legislation with mandated legislated spending. An exception
11286-471: The rest largely speak French as a first language. As a French Creole language , Haitian Creole draws the large majority of its vocabulary from French, with influences from West African languages, as well as several European languages. It is closely related to Louisiana Creole and the creole from the Lesser Antilles . French is the sole official language of all the overseas territories of France in
11400-466: The total number of French speakers will reach approximately 500 million in 2025 and 650 million by 2050, largely due to rapid population growth in sub-Saharan Africa . OIF estimates 700 million French speakers by 2050, 80% of whom will be in Africa. In a study published in March 2014 by Forbes , the investment bank Natixis said that French could become the world's most spoken language by 2050. In
11514-679: The two official languages—along with Dutch —of the Brussels-Capital Region , where it is spoken by the majority of the population (approx. 80%), often as their primary language. French is one of the four official languages of Switzerland, along with German, Italian, and Romansh , and is spoken in the western part of Switzerland, called Romandy , of which Geneva is the largest city. The language divisions in Switzerland do not coincide with political subdivisions, and some cantons have bilingual status: for example, cities such as Biel/Bienne and cantons such as Valais , Fribourg and Bern . French
11628-508: The urban intellectual elite. The Gaulish language likely survived into the sixth century in France despite considerable Romanization . Coexisting with Latin, Gaulish helped shape the Vulgar Latin dialects that developed into French contributing loanwords and calques (including oui , the word for "yes"), sound changes shaped by Gaulish influence, and influences in conjugation and word order. Recent computational studies suggest that early gender shifts may have been motivated by
11742-485: The use of French in official government publications, public education except in specific cases, and legal contracts; advertisements must bear a translation of foreign words. In Belgium, French is an official language at the federal level along with Dutch and German. At the regional level, French is the sole official language of Wallonia (excluding a part of the East Cantons , which are German-speaking ) and one of
11856-536: The workplace. In 2011, Bloomberg Businessweek ranked French the third most useful language for business, after English and Standard Mandarin Chinese . In English-speaking Canada, the United Kingdom, and Ireland, French is the first foreign language taught and in number of pupils is far ahead of other languages. In the United States, French is the second-most commonly taught foreign language in schools and universities, although well behind Spanish. In some areas of
11970-402: The world's French-speaking population lives in Africa. According to a 2023 estimate from the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie , an estimated 167 million African people spread across 35 countries and territories can speak French as either a first or a second language . This number does not include the people living in non-Francophone African countries who have learned French as
12084-413: Was absent in the act in 1869, which was formerly centred instead at the cabinet level. Inaccuracies in estimations offered by the government had led to a larger than expected surplus in 1952, an item criticized by opposition leader George Drew, instigating interest in a more accurate estimates to avoid overtaxation without parliamentary approval. After debate the bill was read a second time and referred to
12198-417: Was also influenced by native Celtic languages of Northern Roman Gaul like Gallia Belgica and by the ( Germanic ) Frankish language of the post-Roman Frankish invaders. Today, owing to the French colonial empire , there are numerous French-based creole languages , most notably Haitian Creole . A French-speaking person or nation may be referred to as Francophone in both English and French. French
12312-559: Was also criticized in 2022. In some cases, controversy may be linked to borrowing. In 2020, as part of its response to the COVID-19 pandemic , the government proposed spending and borrowing power without explicit parliamentary approval for a period of 21 months, a proposal which quickly was pushed back on and revised to only apply for only a few months. French language French ( français [fʁɑ̃sɛ] or langue française [lɑ̃ɡ fʁɑ̃sɛːz] )
12426-819: Was during the period of the Crusades in which French became so dominant in the Mediterranean Sea that became a lingua franca ("Frankish language"), and because of increased contact with the Arabs during the Crusades who referred to them as Franj , numerous Arabic loanwords entered French, such as amiral (admiral), alcool (alcohol), coton (cotton) and sirop (syrop), as well as scientific terms such as algébre (algebra), alchimie (alchemy) and zéro (zero). Within Old French many dialects emerged but
12540-400: Was gradually adopted by the inhabitants of Gaul. As the language was learned by the common people, it developed a distinct local character, with grammatical differences from Latin as spoken elsewhere, some of which is attested in graffiti. This local variety evolved into the Gallo-Romance tongues, which include French and its closest relatives, such as Arpitan . The evolution of Latin in Gaul
12654-652: Was known in the Occitan-speaking region as Vergonha . Spoken by 19.71% of the European Union's population, French is the third most widely spoken language in the EU, after English and German and the second-most-widely taught language after English. Under the Constitution of France , French has been the official language of the Republic since 1992, although the Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts made it mandatory for legal documents in 1539. France mandates
12768-490: Was proclaimed and entered into force on October 1st, 1952. Senate approval was without major incident, was sponsored by Senator The Honourable Wishart McLea Robertson , leader of the government in the Senate for first reading on December 17th. The second reading was moved by Senator Salter Hayden , with short debate and passed, also on December 17th, and referred to the Banking and Commerce Committee . The committee considered
12882-594: Was shaped by its coexistence for over half a millennium beside the native Celtic Gaulish language , which did not go extinct until the late sixth century, long after the fall of the Western Roman Empire . The population remained 90% indigenous in origin; the Romanizing class were the local native elite (not Roman settlers), whose children learned Latin in Roman schools. At the time of the collapse of
12996-570: Was the language they use the most at home rose from 67% at the 2007 census to 74% at the 2017 census. In Wallis and Futuna, the percentage of the population who reported that French was the language they use the most at home rose from 10% at the 2008 census to 13% at the 2018 census. According to a demographic projection led by the Université Laval and the Réseau Démographie de l'Agence universitaire de la Francophonie ,
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