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44-639: Fingallian or the Fingal dialect is an extinct Anglic language formerly spoken in Fingal , Ireland. It is thought to have been an offshoot of Middle English , which was brought to Ireland during the Norman invasion , and was extinct by the mid-19th century. Although little is known of Fingallian, it is thought to have been similar to the Forth and Bargy dialect of County Wexford . The surviving literature of Fingallian consists of two satirical or humorous poems,

88-424: A corpus of literature or liturgy that remained in widespread use (see corpus language ), as is the case with Old English or Old High German relative to their contemporary descendants, English and German. Some degree of misunderstanding can result from designating languages such as Old English and Old High German as extinct, or Latin dead, while ignoring their evolution as a language or as many languages. This

132-434: A vernacular language . The revival of Hebrew has been largely successful due to extraordinarily favourable conditions, notably the creation of a nation state (modern Israel in 1948) in which it became the official language, as well as Eliezer Ben-Yehuda 's extreme dedication to the revival of the language, by creating new words for the modern terms Hebrew lacked. Revival attempts for minor extinct languages with no status as

176-412: A book trader and publisher offer information to book historians dealing with the period. Important titles are here his Religio bibliopolae in imitation of Dr. Browns Religio medici (1691), his The Dublin scuffle being a challenge sent by John Dunton, citizen of London (1699) and his Life and Errors of John Dunton (1705). His letters from New England were published in the U.S. in 1867. He also wrote

220-414: A foreign lingua franca , largely those of European countries. As of the 2000s, a total of roughly 7,000 natively spoken languages existed worldwide. Most of these are minor languages in danger of extinction; one estimate published in 2004 expected that some 90% of the currently spoken languages will have become extinct by 2050. Normally the transition from a spoken to an extinct language occurs when

264-452: A language is Latin , and comparable cases are found throughout world history due to the universal tendency to retain a historical stage of a language as the liturgical language . In a view that prioritizes written representation over natural language acquisition and evolution, historical languages with living descendants that have undergone significant language change may be considered "extinct", especially in cases where they did not leave

308-689: A language undergoes language death by being directly replaced by a different one. For example, many Native American languages were replaced by Dutch , English , French , Portuguese , or Spanish as a result of European colonization of the Americas . In contrast to an extinct language, which no longer has any speakers, or any written use, a historical language may remain in use as a literary or liturgical language long after it ceases to be spoken natively. Such languages are sometimes also referred to as "dead languages", but more typically as classical languages . The most prominent Western example of such

352-462: A large suburb of Dublin), Skerries, Rush, Lusk, Donabate, Garristown, Oldtown, Balrothery, Portrane and Naul. Major sources for these include glossaries in an article in the folklore Journal Béaloideas by J. J. Hogan and Patrick O'Neill and a book on Fingal lore entitled Fair Fingall by Patrick Archer. Examples from Archer's Glossary include: Examples from Hogan and O'Neill's Glossary include: Extinct language An extinct language

396-509: A liturgical language typically have more modest results. The Cornish language revival has proven at least partially successful: after a century of effort there are 3,500 claimed native speakers, enough for UNESCO to change its classification from "extinct" to "critically endangered". A Livonian language revival movement to promote the use of the Livonian language has managed to train a few hundred people to have some knowledge of it. This

440-518: A new generation of native speakers. The optimistic neologism " sleeping beauty languages" has been used to express such a hope, though scholars usually refer to such languages as dormant. In practice, this has only happened on a large scale successfully once: the revival of the Hebrew language . Hebrew had survived for millennia since the Babylonian exile as a liturgical language, but not as

484-688: A petticoat, here used to mean a vulva), and abateing for " abutting , bordering on". The Fingallian Dance c.1650 On a day in the Spring, As I went to bolring To view the jolly Daunciers, They did trip it so high (Be me shole!) I did spee [By my soul, I did spy] Six Cunts abateing Seav'n hairs. But wondering on 'ame, Fat make 'em so tame [docile, tractable], Fen de catch at their plack-keet, The maids of y-yore Wou'd y-cree, and y-rore, And y-make o foul Rac-keet. But fire take 'ame, [to hell with them!] They made me ashame, And when I went home to me weef And told her

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528-672: A poet, not made, not form'd by industry' but also criticized him as 'a hardened impudent rake ' when Dunton mistakenly thought Ward ridiculed him in print. He gave an account of his travels around Ireland in Teague Land: or A Merry Ramble to the Wild Irish (1698) . He gave an interesting view of the workings of the Irish Courts and brief sketches of the Irish judges, whom he praised in general as "men of whom no one complains". He

572-401: A process of revitalisation . Languages that have first-language speakers are known as modern or living languages to contrast them with dead languages, especially in educational contexts. In the modern period , languages have typically become extinct as a result of the process of cultural assimilation leading to language shift , and the gradual abandonment of a native language in favor of

616-710: A reference to a Norse settlement in the area. The linguist Alf Sommerfelt proposed Old Norse influence on the Fingallian dialect, but later scholars have found no evidence of such a connection. Like the Yola dialect of Forth and Bargy in County Wexford , Fingallian is thought to have derived from Middle English , which was introduced by " West Saxon Old English " settlers after the Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland in 1169, and Leinster Irish . Middle English

660-421: A second time; but a quarrel about property led to a separation; and being incapable of managing his own affairs, he spent the last years of his life in great poverty. Dunton received a rather backhanded compliment from Jonathan Swift in the latter's A Tale of A Tub (see p. 38 of text in 1st edition of 1704). Dunton both complimented and derided his contemporary Ned Ward , praising him as 'truly born

704-416: A substantial trace as a substrate in the language that replaces it. There have, however, also been cases where the language of higher prestige did not displace the native language but left a superstrate influence. The French language for example shows evidence both of a Celtic substrate and a Frankish superstrate. Institutions such as the education system, as well as (often global) forms of media such as

748-620: A time at Salem and Wenham , and returned to England in the autumn of 1686. Dunton had become security for his brother's debts, and to escape the creditors he made a short excursion to Holland . On his return to England, he opened a new shop in London in the Poultry, in the hope of better times. Here, he founded in 1691 a new kind of journal, The Athenian Gazette / The Athenian Mercury , with anonymous questions-and-answers, powered by his Athenian Society . His wife died in 1697, and he married

792-579: A whiteen Reddy tha taakle Gather tha baarnacks Drink a grote at Nauny Hapennys This is roughly translated as: Robin my love Robin my dear Thou wast good for land, strand and mountain Good with a tool and [at] roast[ing] a whiting Ready the tackle Gather the bannocks Drink a groat at Nanny Halfpenny's [alehouse] Although Fingallian is no longer spoken, a large number of dialect words unique to Fingal have survived, especially in traditional Fingal towns and villages such as Swords (now

836-452: Is a language with no living descendants that no longer has any first-language or second-language speakers. In contrast, a dead language is a language that no longer has any first-language speakers, but does have second-language speakers or is used fluently in written form, such as Latin . A dormant language is a dead language that still serves as a symbol of ethnic identity to an ethnic group ; these languages are often undergoing

880-404: Is a list of languages reported as having become extinct since 2010. For a more complete list, see Lists of extinct languages . John Dunton His father, grandfather and great-grandfather were all clergymen. He was born at Graffham, Huntingdonshire , where his father John was rector. The family shortly moved to Ireland , when John Dunton senior became chaplain to Sir Henry Ingoldsby . At

924-407: Is a mildly indecent poem about a man going to see dancers at a bullring ( bull fighting was practised in 17th century Ireland). Although the poem is likely to have been standardised when written down, it gives a flavour of Fingallian, particularly forms like fat for "what" or fen for "when". Other words that need explanation are ame for "them", plack-keet for " placket " (a slit at the top of

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968-658: Is expressed in the apparent paradox "Latin is a dead language, but Latin never died." A language such as Etruscan , for example, can be said to be both extinct and dead: inscriptions are ill understood even by the most knowledgeable scholars, and the language ceased to be used in any form long ago, so that there have been no speakers, native or non-native, for many centuries. In contrast, Old English, Old High German and Latin never ceased evolving as living languages, thus they did not become extinct as Etruscan did. Through time Latin underwent both common and divergent changes in phonology, morphology, syntax, and lexicon, and continues today as

1012-501: The "kill the Indian, save the man" policy of American Indian boarding schools and other measures was to prevent Native Americans from transmitting their native language to the next generation and to punish children who spoke the language of their culture of origin. The French vergonha policy likewise had the aim of eradicating minority languages. Language revival is the attempt to re-introduce an extinct language in everyday use by

1056-478: The 'flame' or venereal disease. A few features need explanation: 'V' is used instead of 'W' in Fingallian; ' suggam ' is a kind of straw rope'; 'Ful dea ro' is derived from Irish fuil Dé, a rogha 'God's blood, my sweetheart': Nees continues with an attempt to sweet talk Dydys and asks her for a 'pogue', but his fears are justified and Dydy is having none of it. She tells him that if he think he can have another 'bout' with her, he can think again – after he has play'd

1100-644: The Chaunce [chance, here meaning "account"] Of the Maids in the Daunce, 'Peace thy prateing', say'd shee, 'for dee [thy] Leef!' ["Keep quiet, for goodness' sake!"] The Purgatorium Hibernicum is a humorous and bawdy burlesque or travesty on the Roman poet Virgil 's Aeneid . It exists in three versions: the original manuscript ( Purgatoriam Hibernicum ), another manuscript entitled The Fingallian Travesty:

1144-464: The English". Dunton gives a sample of the language: a lamentation that a mother made over the grave of her son, who was a keen fisher and hunter. Note that a roon and moorneeng are from the Irish a rúin "(secret) love" (vocative) and múirnín "love" (lit. "little trust"): Ribbeen a roon Ribbeen moorneeng Thoo ware good for loand stroand and mounteen For rig a tool and roast

1188-468: The Internet, television, and print media play a significant role in the process of language loss. For example, when people migrate to a new country, their children attend school in the country, and the schools are likely to teach them in the majority language of the country rather than their parents' native language. Language death can also be the explicit goal of government policy. For example, part of

1232-534: The Royal Exchange, and married Elizabeth Annesley, daughter of Samuel Annesley , whose sister married Samuel Wesley . His wife managed his business so that he was left free in a great measure to follow his own eccentric devices. He had early success with Thomas Doolittle 's The Lord's last-sufferings , the topical Stephen Jay's Daniel in the Den , and a sermon by John Shower . In 1686, probably because he

1276-610: The Sixt Book of Virgill's Aenoeids a la mode de Fingaule (1670–5), and a printed version called The Irish Hudibras or The Fingallian Burlesque (1689). Virgil's prince Aeneas and his noble lover Dido are transformed into a bumbling young Fingallian called 'Prince' Nees and a coarse ex-nun Dydy. The names of all the characters are converted into mock 'Irish' forms and the places mentioned in Virgil's text become places in Fingal. Part of

1320-626: The age of fifteen John the son was apprenticed to Thomas Parkhurst , bookseller, at the sign of the Bible and Three Crowns, Cheapside , London . Dunton ran away at once, but was soon brought back, and began to love books. During the struggle which led to the Glorious Revolution of 1688, Dunton was the treasurer of the Whig apprentices. He became a bookseller at the sign of the Raven, near

1364-496: The dominant lingua francas of world commerce: English, Mandarin Chinese , Spanish, and French. In their study of contact-induced language change, American linguists Sarah Grey Thomason and Terrence Kaufman (1991) stated that in situations of cultural pressure (where populations are forced to speak a dominant language), three linguistic outcomes may occur: first – and most commonly – a subordinate population may shift abruptly to

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1408-453: The dominant language, leaving the native language to a sudden linguistic death. Second, the more gradual process of language death may occur over several generations. The third and most rare outcome is for the pressured group to maintain as much of its native language as possible, while borrowing elements of the dominant language's grammar (replacing all, or portions of, the grammar of the original language). A now disappeared language may leave

1452-552: The humour for the Anglo-Irish readers of the poem is that Nees and Dydy converse with each other in broad Fingallian. Although the intention is supposedly to mock their speech, it is rendered with such vitality and wit that the effect is actually to give the reader an appreciation of its richness. The short extract below provides a good example of Fingallian. In it Nees encounters Dydy again and seeing her look pale and unwell realises that he may have been responsible for giving her

1496-548: The language in question must be conceptualized as frozen in time at a particular state of its history. This is accomplished by periodizing English and German as Old; for Latin, an apt clarifying adjective is Classical, which also normally includes designation of high or formal register . Minor languages are endangered mostly due to economic and cultural globalization , cultural assimilation, and development. With increasing economic integration on national and regional scales, people find it easier to communicate and conduct business in

1540-462: The man in the moon giving a full and pleasant account of the arraignment, tryal, and condemnation of all those grand and bitter enemies that disturb and molest all kingdoms and states throughout the Christian world (1689) to his Bumography: or, A touch at the lady's tails, being a lampoon (privately) dispers'd at Tunbridge-Wells, in the year 1707. By a water-drinker. With the names and characters of

1584-437: The most noted water-drinkers. Also, a merry elegy upon Mother Jefferies, the antient water-dipper (1707). 19th- and 20th-century criticism neglected Dunton because of his tendency to use the public for his private businesses. Both his quarrels as a publisher and as a husband were more than reflected in his publications. He would thus offer Reflections on Mr. Dunton's leaving his wife. In a letter to himself. (1700?) followed by

1628-420: The native language of hundreds of millions of people, renamed as different Romance languages and dialects (French, Italian, Spanish, Corsican , Asturian , Ladin , etc.). Similarly, Old English and Old High German never died, but developed into various forms of modern English and German, as well as other related tongues still spoken (e.g. Scots from Old English and Yiddish from Old High German). With regard to

1672-459: The public proclamation of his reunion with his wife, while at the same moment he would portray himself as a lover of privacy with his The art of living incognito being a thousand letters on as many uncommon subjects, written by John Dunton during his retreat from the world, and sent to that honourable lady to whom he address'd his conversation in Ireland (1700). His accounts of quarrels he had as

1716-539: The short "Fingallian Dance" and the much longer Purgatorium Hibernicum . Both poems are anonymous and are thought to be humorous parodies of Fingallian. Fingallian was spoken in the region of Fingal , traditionally the part of County Dublin north of the River Tolka . It was spoken in the area near the northern border. The name "Fingal" is from the Irish Fine Gall , or "territory of foreigners", probably

1760-403: The vagge (been a wag) with her and given her the bagge (rejected her) she will vatch de vales ('watch the walls', be on guard) and foil his plan: Then Dydy goes on her way in high dudgeon. In John Dunton 's Letters from Ireland (1698) he writes that in Fingal "they have a sort of jargon speech peculiar to themselves, and understand not one word of Irish , and are as little understood by

1804-492: The written language, skills in reading or writing Etruscan are all but non-existent, but trained people can understand and write Old English, Old High German, and Latin. Latin differs from the Germanic counterparts in that an approximation of its ancient form is still employed to some extent liturgically. This last observation illustrates that for Latin, Old English, or Old High German to be described accurately as dead or extinct,

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1848-551: Was concerned in the Monmouth Rebellion , he visited New England , where he stayed eight months selling books and observing with interest the new country and its inhabitants. He sailed from Gravesend in October 1685, and reached Boston after a four months' voyage. He sold his books, and visited Cambridge . In Roxbury he saw the missionary John Eliot and learnt something of Native American customs. He stayed for

1892-455: Was impressed by their learning: in particular, he thought that Sir Henry Echlin was one of the great book lovers of his time, owning a "very large and curious library". He had an equally high opinion of Echlin's colleague Thomas Coote , another noted bibliophile . He wrote several books whose titles are today among specialists better known than their contents, ranging from The informer's doom, or, An unseasonable letter from Utopia directed to

1936-480: Was well established in southeastern Ireland until the 14th century, when the area was re- Gaelicized and English was displaced. As such, the Yola and Fingal dialects would have been the only attested relicts of this original English variety in Ireland. The poem most likely to have been composed by a native speaker of Fingallian is The Fingallian Dance, a brief, three-stanza poem written between about 1650 and 1660. It

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