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49-741: White Finland was established as a provisional government on November 27, 1917 following the October Revolution , leading to the total collapse of the Personal Union between Finland and the Russian Republic . Following the establishment of the Soviet Russia , and with the recognition of Vladimir Lenin and other prominent Bolshevik officials in Russia, Finland was officially granted independence . This Government

98-446: A humid continental climate of the warm-summer type ( Köppen : Dfb ). The summers are longer, although rarely hot, and usually warm. Some of the warmest summers in the country can be found here, due to its orientation: southern but inland. Being in an eastern part of Finland , the winters are often harsh but still mild compared to areas further east. Anchorage has some similarities by being of marine influence of hot currents and at

147-544: A 30-day season ticket (travel zones A-D) or a value tickets, which works also in other finnish cities which do have the Waltti-ticket system. Other ways to buy a ticket in Jouko-buses are single tickets (payment with cash or credit card), mobile-tickets (PayIQ, etc.) and 24-hour ticket. Jouko has also own route-guide ( https://lappeenranta.digitransit.fi/ ), where you can plan a route, see timetables and also see all

196-884: A convention of delegates from 13 British colonies on the east coast of North America became the provisional government of the United States in 1776, during the American Revolutionary War . The government shed its provisional status in 1781, following ratification of the Articles of Confederation , and continued in existence as the Congress of the Confederation until it was supplanted by the United States Congress in 1789. The practice of using "provisional government" as part of

245-739: A formal name can be traced to Talleyrand 's government in France in 1814. In 1843, American pioneers in the Oregon Country , in the Pacific Northwest region of North America established the Provisional Government of Oregon —as the U.S. federal government had not yet extended its jurisdiction over the region—which existed until March 1849. The numerous provisional governments during the Revolutions of 1848 gave

294-468: A row. Lappeenranta is connected to neighbouring cities and municipalities by road. The city is located 215 kilometres (134 mi) from Helsinki and 195 kilometres (121 mi) from St. Petersburg . From Lappeenranta, the distance to Joensuu , the capital of North Karelia , is 233 kilometres (145 mi) along Highway 6 . There are multiple daily train departures to destinations within Finland from

343-705: Is a basketball team playing in the third highest level in I-division B and have won two championships in 2005 and 2006. NST plays floorball in the Salibandyliiga and Rajaritarit is an American football team in the Vaahteraliiga . Lappeenrannan Veiterä, or just Veiterä , plays in Bandyliiga and has been Finnish champions five times, including in 2017. They have been the champions for women and for girls born in 1995 and 1998. The city hosted

392-405: Is a temporary government formed to manage a period of transition, often following state collapse , revolution , civil war , or some combination thereof. Provisional governments generally come to power in connection with a grave crisis that has caused the previous government to suddenly and irreversibly collapse, such as economic collapse , civil war , defeat in a foreign war , revolution , or

441-412: Is an ice hockey team playing in the highest level in Finland, SM-liiga . SaiPa was fourth in the national Ice hockey league in the season of 2013–2014. 2014 IIHF Ice Hockey U18 World Championship - Tournament was played Kisapuisto Ice Hall, Lappeenranta & Imatra Ice Hall during 17–27 April 2014. United States won the tournament, Czech Republic was second and Canada was the third. Lappeenrannan NMKY

490-553: Is frequently tied to the implementation of transitional justice . Provisional governments may be responsible for implementing transitional justice measures as part of the path to establishing a permanent government structure. The early provisional governments were created to prepare for the return of royal rule. Irregularly convened assemblies during the English Revolution , such as Confederate Ireland (1641–49), were described as "provisional". The Continental Congress ,

539-495: Is known as an international university city in Finland with LUT University and LAB University of Applied Sciences which together have approximately 13,000 students from 68 countries. Lappeenranta is also a commercial centre of South-East Finland and the meeting point of the EU and Russia, 215 kilometres (134 mi) from both Helsinki and St. Petersburg . Lappeenranta has numerous schools at almost all levels of education, including

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588-657: Is located west of the city center. The airport predominantly serves charter flights to southern Europe, the Canary Islands and Madeira , as well as regularly scheduled flights on Irish airline Ryanair to Italy . The public transport is by bus and is called Jouko. The Jouko-buses are pink-colored and they serve 18 sub-urban lines (1, 1X, 2, 2H, 3, 3K, 4, 5, 7, 8, 12, 14, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25 and 26) and 21 regional lines (100, 101, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 120, 121, 130, 131, 200, 201, 300, 301, 500, 601, 602, 603, 610, 620). Jouko has Waltti-travel card, to which you can charge

637-509: Is the 13th most populous municipality in Finland, and the 11th most populous urban area in the country. Lappeenranta is located on the shore of Lake Saimaa , 30 kilometres (19 miles) from the Russian border and 64 kilometres (40 mi) from the city of Vyborg . Lappeenranta is one of the most important urban centres in the entire Saimaa region, together with the cities of Imatra , Mikkeli and Savonlinna . Lappeenranta incorporated

686-580: The Eduskunta (parliament) and returning to the Rule of Law . The provisional head of state of White Finland was Pehr Evind Svinhufvud , chairman of the senate at the time, and its military was commanded by Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim . The Conservative Senate government was supported by the remnants of the Finnish Legion stationed along the eastern front. The main fighting force of the 'White Army'

735-631: The Allies . As of 2024 in Europe, only Belarus , South Ossetia , and the Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine have provisional governments. The former two were established by the opposition in parallel with the government of the Republic of South Ossetia–State of Alania and the government of the Republic of Belarus , while the latter exists as a Russian puppet government in opposition to

784-738: The Lappeenranta and Joutseno stations and to Russia from Vainikkala station. The Allegro train service operating between Helsinki and St. Petersburg stops in Vainikkala , a village in Lappeenranta. The journey time to Helsinki is about 2 hours and St. Petersburg about 1.5 hours. During the summer, when Lake Saimaa and the Saimaa Canal are accessible by water, there is a visa-free connection by ship from Lappeenranta to Vyborg , Russia. The regionally owned Lappeenranta Airport

833-626: The Satakunta Group  [ fi ] . The Whites also found sympathy from the Poles and Estonians , who also served as volunteers in combat. The Whites' campaign was initially challenged by the goal of capturing the Varkaus industrial center. The around 1,200 Red guardsmen who were controlling the city finally surrendered after the White troops secured the surrounding areas. This battle

882-624: The State of Palestine under both Fatah (detailed above) and Hamas , Syria , and Yemen currently have provisional governments. The Syrian provisional governments are opposition groups in rebellion against their internationally recognized government. Afghanistan's provisional government is unrecognized, but is de facto the country's sole governing body. Myanmar and Yemen have both ruling and opposition provisional governments. Provisional governments were also established throughout Europe as occupied nations were liberated from Nazi occupation by

931-543: The government of Ukraine . Lappeenranta Lappeenranta ( Finnish: [ˈlɑpːeːnˌrɑntɑ] ; Swedish : Villmanstrand ) is a city in Finland and the regional capital of South Karelia . It is located in the southeastern interior of the country and in the Finnish Lakeland . The population of Lappeenranta is approximately 73,000, while the sub-region has a population of approximately 89,000. It

980-592: The hundred Lapvesi . The Swedish name Villmanstrand contains the words vildman meaning "wild man" and strand also meaning "shore". A wild man is depicted on Lappeenranta's coat of arms. Located on the southern shore of Lake Saimaa , Lappeenranta's neighboring municipalities on the Finnish side are Imatra, Lemi , Luumäki , Miehikkälä , Ruokolahti and Taipalsaari , and on the Russian side, neighbors include Svetogorsk and Kamennogorsk . Lappeenranta has

1029-460: The Jouko-buses in the map. You can also view delays, exceptions, and other releases. Jouko sub-urban transport is operated by Savonlinja and V-S Bussipalvelut. Regional lines are operated by Savonlinja, Soisalon Liikenne, V-S Bussipalvelut, Vento and Mikkonen. The bus fleet consists of low-floor city buses, and the bus models are Scania Citywide II Electric , Volvo 8900LE and Scania Citywide LE Suburban (two of them are CNG-buses ). Lappeenranta

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1078-699: The Red zone. With the assistance of the Germans under General Rüdiger von der Goltz , the Whites were able to capture Helsinki and Tampere until the Reds finally fled to Soviet Russia in April, and the victors inherited the borders of the former Grand Duchy. The initial frontlines were established rather quickly, and over the course of the war, Whites reclaimed all Finnish territory. The Finnish constitution of 1919 established

1127-507: The Russian border is increasingly evident in the number of Russian tourists visiting the city. In fact, Lappeenranta is closer to Saint Petersburg (195 km or 121 miles) than it is to Helsinki , the capital of Finland (220 km or 140 miles). The presence of Russian tourists is noticeable by the many Russian registered cars on the streets and the use of Cyrillic letters in signs of some shops. Lappeenranta has several sports teams playing in top levels of Finnish sports leagues. SaiPa

1176-524: The city centre, is Finland's oldest operating airport. The village of Kauskila, located about eight kilometers to the south of downtown Lappeenranta, was among the most significant Karelian population centers in South Karelia during the Middle Ages . Kauskila has been continuously inhabited for approximately 2,000 years. Lappeenranta's original core settlement, Lapvesi , later Lappee ,

1225-476: The city is again among the best 45 cities in the world in the WWF City Challenge 2016. One of the goals is to reduce carbon dioxide by 30% by 2020 and zero emissions by 2050. According to the 1961-1990 climate norms, the climate of Lappeenranta was a climate of continental subarctic zone ( Köppen : Dfc ) closely bordering on the humid continental climate ( Köppen : Dfb ). Compared to decades ago,

1274-472: The death of a long-serving authoritarian ruler. Questions of democratic transition and state-building are often fundamental to the formation and policies of such governments. Provisional governments maintain power until a new government can be appointed by a regular political process, which is generally an election . They may be involved with defining the legal structure of subsequent regimes, guidelines related to human rights and political freedoms ,

1323-399: The existing constitutional framework and most countries tightly circumscribe their authority, in contrast to provisional governments, which often operate in the absence of any elected legislature and usually enjoy expansive, if temporary, powers. In opinion of Yossi Shain and Juan J. Linz, provisional governments can be classified to four groups: The establishment of provisional governments

1372-406: The first ever Women's Bandy World Championship in 2004 and in 2014 the tournament was again played in Lappeenranta. The Old Boys World Cup is annually hosted in town, in 2017 for the seventh time. In women's sports Catz Lappeenranta plays basketball and Pesä Ysit plays Finnish baseball , both in the top leagues of the nation. Catz has won Finnish national basketball championship four times in

1421-403: The first half of the twentieth century the days above 24 °C changed from rare to occasional in the second half to regular in the present century. There was also a 17.5 decrease in temperature below −1 °C for the same comparison period. 2015 was the hottest year since 1900, having one of the less than 50 days with freezing days. Work to reduce the temperature increase has been carried out;

1470-489: The frontline troops. The Jägers were recruited by Imperial Germany between 1914 and 1917 for military training , even participating alongside their German benefactors, in combat against the Russian forces on the Eastern Front , before returning to Finland for the upcoming civil war. Because Russia did not draft Finns for combat duties, their experience as First World War veterans had significant impact during

1519-418: The late municipalities of Lappee and Lauritsala in 1967, Nuijamaa in 1989, Joutseno in 2009 and Ylämaa in 2010. Lappeenranta, the region's tourism centre, is the second most visited city in Finland by Russian tourists after Helsinki and competes with Helsinki for the largest share of tax-free sales in Finland. Lappeenranta is a model for renewable energy and a clean living environment. Lappeenranta

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1568-454: The modern Republic of Finland , and the Treaty of Tartu between Finland and Russia (1920) confirmed the outcome. Thus, the Republic of Finland is the sole successor of White Finland. Provisional government List of forms of government A provisional government , also called an interim government , an emergency government , a transitional government or provisional leadership ,

1617-399: The neighbouring municipalities of Lappee and Lauritsala on 1 January 1967, Nuijamaa on 1 January 1989, Joutseno on 1 January 2009, and Ylämaa on 1 January 2010. The name Lappeenranta consists of the genitive of Lappee (the name of the original core town) and the common noun ranta which means " shore ". The history of Lappeenranta includes the rural municipality of Lappee and

1666-455: The population. As English and Swedish are compulsory school subjects, functional bilingualism or trilingualism acquired through language studies is not uncommon. At least 50 different languages are spoken in Lappeenranta. The most commonly spoken foreign languages are Russian (4.6%), English (0.5%), Chinese (0.4%) and Estonian (0.3%). As of 2023 , there were 7,357 persons with a migrant background living in Lappeenranta, or 10.1% of

1715-471: The population. The number of residents who were born abroad was 6,983, or 9.6% of the population. The number of persons with foreign citizenship living in Lappeenranta was 4,621 Most foreign-born citizens came from the former Soviet Union , Russia , China and India . The relative share of immigrants in Lappeenranta's population is the same as to the national average. Moreover, the city's new residents are increasingly of foreign origin. This will increase

1764-583: The proportion of foreign residents in the coming years. In 2023, the Evangelical Lutheran Church was the largest religious group with 66.8% of the population of Lappeenranta. Other religious groups accounted for 2.6% of the population. 30.5% of the population had no religious affiliation. The city's main employers are the: Lappeenranta is known as a summer city, mostly due to its closeness to Lake Saimaa , Europe's 4th largest lake. The eponymous GoSaimaa (www.gosaimaa.com) provides all

1813-542: The provincial chancellery were burnt and the ecclesiastical archives damaged. The remaining portion of Old Finland still belonging to Sweden, including Lappeenranta, was ceded by Sweden to Russia per the Treaty of Turku . Following the creation of the Grand Duchy of Finland in 1809, Old Finland was joined to the Grand Duchy in 1812 as a gesture of goodwill by Alexander I of Russia . Lappeenranta incorporated

1862-446: The same time of the marginal continentality. But Lappeenranta is still able to receive heat waves that cross Central Europe in a warmer climate than cool. Between 2000 and 2017 the temperature change was greater than the whole previous century, with +1.2 °C (higher values than Helsinki or Oulu ). Since 2000 the number of warm days (> 24 °C) has become 2 per year, while the 1900 data indicates only 2 days per decade. From

1911-406: The structure of the economy , government institutions , and international alignment. Provisional governments differ from caretaker governments , which are responsible for governing within an established parliamentary system and serve temporarily after an election, vote of no confidence or cabinet crisis , until a new government can be appointed. Caretaker governments operate entirely within

1960-502: The total amount of precipitation has also increased somewhat. The city of Lappeenranta has 73,481 inhabitants, making it the 13th most populous municipality in Finland. The Lappeenranta region has a population of 88,511. In Lappeenranta, 10.1% of the population has a foreign background, which is the same as the national average. Population by mother tongue (2023) Lappeenranta is a monolingual Finnish-speaking municipality. There are 121 Swedish speakers in Lappeenranta, or 0.2% of

2009-429: The touristic activities in the area. In addition, its inland location means that summers tend to be warmer and winters colder than along the coastal areas. Lappeenranta has a healthy winter tourism industry. Various cabins around Lake Saimaa, as well as numerous snowmobiles, Nordic skating, floating in the river, reindeer rides, paragliding, skiing and sledding tracks draw a fair number of winter visitors. The proximity of

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2058-618: The war. They received arms and equipment matching those of regular German troops, and sporadic further military support from the German Empire. The White Army did not only just consist of Finnish men, however they also gained the support of foreign groups and voluntary military organizations, such as the ' Friends of Finland' group in Sweden , which organized and equipped Swedish volunteers to fight in Finland, this came with Swedish officers such as Ernst Linder , who came to command

2107-554: The word its modern meaning: A liberal government established to prepare for elections. Numerous provisional governments have been established since the 1850s. As of 2024, seven African countries currently have provisional governments: Libya , Sudan , Burkina Faso , Guinea , Mali , Niger and Gabon . As of 2024 in the Americas, only Haiti has a provisional government. As of 2024 in Asia, Afghanistan , Bangladesh , Myanmar ,

2156-641: Was an important port for tar . Between 1721 and 1743, Lappeenranta was the capital of Kymmenegård and Nyslott County and during this period the Swedes built the fortress out in stages. In 1741, the Battle of Villmanstrand was fought between the Swedish and Russian armies in the Russo-Swedish War of 1741–1743 . The battle ended in a Russian victory. The town was pillaged, wooden structures including

2205-408: Was one of the turning points of the civil war since it gave the Whites control of the northern part of Finland. The success of the campaign is attributed to the White's better equipment, organization, and unity. By February 1917, Finland was already divided with the Whites controlling the area north of Pori , Tampere , Lahti , Lappeenranta , and Viipuri while the urban areas to the south were under

2254-458: Was originally formed around a headland jutting into Lake Saimaa , the site of the present fortress. The public market was established here, which became so important as a trading place that general Governor Count Per Brahe the Younger proposed that the Swedish government should grant town privileges to Lapvesi. The town was chartered in 1649 by Queen Christina of Sweden . At the time, Lapvesi

2303-463: Was ruled from Vaasa from 29. January – 3. May 1918, and the Senate was moved there, as Helsinki had been captured by the Reds. The Whites had no clear political aims in common, other than stopping the communist revolutionary Reds from taking power and returning to constitutional rule by a Senate (the government of the Grand Duchy of Finland ) which was formed by the non-socialist parties of

2352-492: Was the Protection Corps , which was a volunteer army mostly made up of the rural peasant and lower classes, as they made up around 77% of the entire protection corps fighting units. The Protection Corps had around 15,000 men in their ranks, and with conscription enforced, the numbers of the 'White Army' rose to around 60,000 men in total, with the conscription numbers, the working class become to consist of around 25% of

2401-448: Was the only Finnish city among the 14 finalists of the international Earth Hour City Challenge 2014 organised by WWF. In 2009, Lappeenranta was ranked fourth in the comparison of the largest Finnish cities, while in the 2008 survey the city was ranked fifth. In a survey conducted among business representatives in 2011, Lappeenranta was ranked 17th among Finnish cities in terms of image. Lappeenranta Airport , opened in 1918 and located in

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