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20-646: Despite being the most elevated , prominent and isolated mountain of both the Bernese Alps and the canton of Bern , the Finsteraarhorn is less known and frequented than the nearby Jungfrau and Eiger . This is due to its location in one of the most remote areas in the Alps , completely surrounded by un-inhabited glacial valleys. To its west lies the Fiescher Glacier , the second longest in

40-540: A 7-foot pyramid to anchor a flagpole. Hugi stayed behind somewhat above the saddle not daring to cross a steep slope, partly because he had twisted an ankle four weeks earlier. On the way back Hugi's ankle played up and Leuthold, Währen and Joseph Zemt took turns carrying him down the glacier. Hugi's account makes no mention of evidence of an earlier ascent. In articles of 1881 and 1908, the mountaineers and leading historians of Alpine exploration Gottlieb Studer and W.A.B. Coolidge , respectively, declared to be convinced that

60-627: Is developing a 3D Elevation Program (3DEP) to keep up with growing needs for high quality topographic data. 3DEP is a collection of enhanced elevation data in the form of high quality LiDAR data over the conterminous United States, Hawaii, and the U.S. territories. There are three bare earth DEM layers in 3DEP which are nationally seamless at the resolution of 1/3, 1, and 2 arcseconds. Gottlieb Samuel Studer Gottlieb Samuel Studer (5 August 1804 in Langnau im Emmental – 22 December 1890 in Vienna )

80-490: Is mainly used when referring to points on the Earth's surface, while altitude or geopotential height is used for points above the surface, such as an aircraft in flight or a spacecraft in orbit, and depth is used for points below the surface. Elevation is not to be confused with the distance from the center of the Earth. Due to the equatorial bulge , the summits of Mount Everest and Chimborazo have, respectively,

100-621: Is split between the municipalities of Fieschertal (Valais) and Guttannen (Bern). The Valais–Bern border is also the watershed between the Rhône ( Mediterranean Sea ) and Rhine ( North Sea ) rivers. The Finsteraarhorn is the culminating point of the Rhine drainage basin . The Finsteraarhorn was dethroned by Monte Rosa as the highest summit of Switzerland when Valais joined the Swiss Confederation in 1815. The Finsteraarhorn

120-765: Is the culminating point of the Aarmassif , a geologic crystalline massif which crops out in the eastern Bernese Alps and Urner Alps . The massif belongs to the Helvetic zone and consists of rocks from the European continent, mainly granites and gneisses . The summit itself is composed of amphibolites . The tectonic uplift of the massif occurred late in the alpine orogeny, during the Oligocene , 30 to 40 million years ago. The inelastic deformation of rocks led to many fractures and formation of hydrothermal crystals by

140-615: The Alpine Club . The most difficult route to the summit, the north-east face, was opened on 16 July 1904 by G. Hasler and his guide F. Amatter. The ascent marked the beginning of the épopée of the great north faces in the Bernese Alps. In fact the north-east face of the Finsteraarhorn was climbed only 11 times between 1904 and 1977. A third ascent was made on 3 September 1930 by Miriam O'Brien Underhill with guides A. and F. Rubi. She relates this dangerous ascent in her book Give Me

160-687: The Bernese Alps . Together with the geologist Theodor Simler and Dr Melchior Ulrich, Studer was inspired by the establishment of the British Alpine Club in 1857 to form a Swiss counterpart. This led to the founding on 19 April 1863 of the Swiss Alpine Club (SAC) at a meeting in the Bahnhofbuffet Olten , the railway restaurant in the Swiss town of Olten . The club was 'a broader and more democratic association than

180-529: The Jungfrau the previous year. They approached the mountain via the Oberaarjoch, Studer glacier, and south-east ridge, which is a more difficult and longer route than the current normal route over the north-west ridge. Meyer became exhausted and remained behind after reaching the ridge, perhaps near P. 3883 ( Meyer's Peak ). Huber kept him company, while the three other guides went on and purportedly reached

200-649: The Alpine Club'. Studer was president of the Bern section of the SAC from 1863–1873, and he was honorary president from 1873 to his death. In 1866 Studer left the service of the state and dedicated himself to the history of Alpine exploration. The years 1869–1871 were spent writing Über Eis und Schnee , a three-volume history of the climbing of the Swiss Alps . Over the course of 60 years Studer climbed 650 summits, in

220-729: The Alps, and to the east lie the Great Aar Glaciers . The smaller Lower Grindelwald Glacier lies north of the massif. The Finsteraarhorn is surrounded by the summits of the Schreckhorn and Lauteraarhorn to the north, the Gross Fiescherhorn , Grünhorn and Gross Wannenhorn to the west and the Oberaarhorn to the east. The summit lies on the border between the cantons of Valais and Bern . Politically, it

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240-754: The Hills . The normal route starts at the Finsteraarhorn Hut (3,046 m) and goes over the south-west flank of the mountain up to the Hugisattel, then follows the north-west rocky ridge to the summit. Elevation The elevation of a geographic location is its height above or below a fixed reference point, most commonly a reference geoid , a mathematical model of the Earth 's sea level as an equipotential gravitational surface (see Geodetic datum § Vertical datum ). The term elevation

260-730: The Meyer expedition had been successful. However, John Percy Farrar concluded in 1913 in an article in the Alpine Journal that the guides in 1812 must have reached the 4,167 m high shoulder 200 m south of the true summit, which he considered nevertheless a feat half a century ahead of its time. The fifth ascent took place on August 13, 1857. It was the first British ascent, made by John Frederick Hardy, William Mathews , Benjamin St John Attwood-Mathews, John Clough Williams-Ellis and Edward Shirley Kennedy , accompanied by

280-453: The deposition of the saturated water flowing inside. The first ascent was long a controversial matter. The first attempt was made on 16 August 1812 by the Aargau merchant Rudolph Meyer  [ de ] , guided by the locals Kaspar Huber, Arnold Abbühl, Joseph Bortes and Aloys Volker. Bortes and Volker, guiding Meyer's father  [ de ] and uncle, had been the first to climb

300-560: The guides Auguste Simond and Jean Baptiste Croz from Chamonix, Johann Jaun the Elder from Meiringen, Aloys Bortis from Fiesch and the porter Alexander Guntern from Biel in Goms. They left Konkordiaplatz at 2:30 pm, reaching the summit at exactly 11:53 pm. Before ascending the mountain, Mathews already mentioned his idea of a club for alpinists. On the summit of the Finsteraarhorn the climbers decided to found such an association, which would be named

320-582: The landscape at different scales. Tools inside the GIS allow for manipulation of data for spatial analysis or cartography. A topographical map is the main type of map used to depict elevation, often through contour lines . In a Geographic Information System (GIS), digital elevation models (DEM) are commonly used to represent the surface (topography) of a place, through a raster (grid) dataset of elevations. Digital terrain models are another way to represent terrain in GIS. USGS (United States Geologic Survey)

340-621: The largest elevation and the largest geocentric distance. In aviation, the term elevation or aerodrome elevation is defined by the ICAO as the highest point of the landing area. It is often measured in feet and can be found in approach charts of the aerodrome. It is not to be confused with terms such as the altitude or height. GIS or geographic information system is a computer system that allows for visualizing, manipulating, capturing, and storage of data with associated attributes. GIS offers better understanding of patterns and relationships of

360-404: The north-west ridge, but had to retreat because of bad weather after Hugi and one of the guides (Arnold Dändler) nearly had fallen off the ridge. The next year Hugi organized another expedition via the same route. While an attempt on the 3rd of August faltered, on 10 August 1829 two of his guides, Jakob Leuthold and Johann Währen were able to reach the summit, where they spent three hours building

380-490: The summit after three hours. On 19 August 1828, Franz Joseph Hugi , a geologist from Solothurn , made another attempt with seven local climbers. Among these was Arnold Abbühl, who told Hugi about his ascent 16 years earlier, but Hugi scoffingly dismissed his account, partly because Abbühl misidentified the peak in the beginning of their approach. The group reached a ca. 4,080-metre (13,390-foot) saddle (the Hugisattel ) on

400-511: Was a Swiss mountaineer , notary public and draughtsman . Studer was the son of Sigmund Gottlieb Studer. After the death of his father, the Studer family moved to Bern , where Studer was secretary to the cantonal justice and police department, later becoming prefect ( Regierungsstatthalter ) of the city of Bern. In September 1843 he made the first ascent of the Wildhorn (3,248 m) in

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