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77-577: First Canadian Place is named for Canada's first bank, the Bank of Montreal. Designed by B+H Architects with Edward Durell Stone as a design consultant, First Canadian Place was constructed in 1975 and originally named First Bank Building . The tower and associated buildings occupy a block once home to two major newspapers, the Toronto Star’s Toronto Star Building and The Globe and Mail ' s William H. Wright Building . The site

154-567: A biomaterial , which is a material made to become a part of, or to come into intimate contact with, one or more living organisms. Molten soda-lime-silica glass can be "poured into water to obtain a frit", which is then ground to a powder. These powders can be used as "scaffolds for bone substitutions". Also, certain frits can be added to high-tech ceramics: such frits are made by milling zinc oxide (ZnO) and boric acid (H 3 BO 3 ) with zirconium (Zr) beads, then heating this mixture to 1100 °C, quenching it, and grinding it. This frit

231-456: A "frit" would constitute. Finally, Tite et al. report that frits, unusually colored blue by cobalt, found in "fritting pans" at Amarna have compositions and microstructures similar to that of vitreous faience, a higher-temperature form of Egyptian faience that incorporated cobalt into its body. In their reconstruction of the manufacture of vitreous faience, Tite et al. propose that the initial firing of raw materials at 1100–1200 °C produces

308-492: A "fritting pan fragment" kept in the Petrie Museum "shows numerous white flecks of unreacted silica and a large number of vesicles where gases had formed". The process was known to ancient writers Pliny and Theophilus . But whether this "fritting" was done in antiquity as a deliberate step in the manufacture of raw glass remains questionable. The compositions of frits and glasses recovered from Amarna do not agree in

385-517: A better Canada. Under Atkinson, the Star launched several other media initiatives, including a weekend supplemental magazine, the Star Weekly , from 1910 to 1973. From 1922 to 1933, the Star was also a radio broadcaster on its station CFCA , broadcasting on a wavelength of 400 metres (749.48 kHz); its coverage was complementary to the paper's reporting. The station was closed following

462-479: A cobalt-blue frit, which is then ground, molded, and glazed. In general, frits, glasses and faience are similar materials: they are all silica-based but have different concentrations of alkali, copper and lime. However, as Nicholson states, they are distinct materials because "it would not be possible to turn faience into frit or frit into glass simply by further, or higher temperature, heating". The use of frit as pigments and as entire objects does give credence to

539-421: A crucible to make glass". Nowadays, the unheated raw materials of glass making are more commonly called "glass batch". In antiquity, frit could be crushed to make pigments or shaped to create objects. It may also have served as an intermediate material in the manufacture of raw glass . The definition of frit tends to be variable and has proved a thorny issue for scholars. In recent centuries, frits have taken on

616-415: A decline in circulation . Its total circulation dropped by 22 percent to 318,763 copies daily from 2009 to 2015. The Toronto Star has been located at several addresses since 1892. Frit A frit is a ceramic composition that has been fused, quenched , and granulated. Frits form an important part of the batches used in compounding enamels and ceramic glazes ; the purpose of this pre-fusion

693-587: A digital subscription could access 10 articles a month. The Star removed its paywall on April 1, 2015, and revived it in 2018. On September 15, 2015, the Toronto Star released the Star Touch tablet app, which was a free interactive news app with interactive advertisements. It was discontinued in 2017. At launch, it was only available for the iPad , which uses iOS . Based on a similar app for Montreal-based La Presse released in 2013, Star Touch

770-483: A glaze. The reason for their addition would have been to release alkali into the matrix on firing, which would "accelerate vitrification at a relatively low firing temperature, and thus increase the hardness and density of the [ceramic] body". Whether these "relict glass fragments" are actually "frit" in the more ancient sense remains to be seen. Iznik pottery was produced in Ottoman Turkey as early as

847-460: A good and smokeless fire burning until the 'metal' [molten glass] becomes fritted. You take it out and allow it to cool off. The steps that follow involve reheating, regrinding and finally gathering the powder in a pan. Following the Nineveh recipe, Brill was able to produce a "high quality" glass. He deduced that the frit intermediate is necessary so that gases will evolve during this stage and

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924-651: A modern International-style office tower at One Yonge Street by Queens Quay . The original Star building at 80 King Street West was demolished to make room for First Canadian Place . The Star expanded during the 1970s with the introduction of a Sunday edition in 1973 and a morning edition in 1981. In 1992, its printing plant was moved to the Toronto Star Press Centre at the Highway 407 & 400 interchange in Vaughan . In September 2002,

1001-599: A multi-faceted rejuvenation program, including "upgrades to the building's mechanical, electrical, and lighting systems that will redefine the standard for enhanced performance, comfort, and greening". FCP's common areas including upper and lower level entrance and elevator lobbies, the retail concourse and Market Place were to also undergo renovation, with new natural stone flooring, fritted glass accents, brushed metal handrails, landscaping, and water features. The rejuvenation program design architects were Moed de Armas & Shannon Architects and Bregman + Hamann Architects were

1078-538: A number of roles, such as biomaterials and additives to microwave dielectric ceramics. Frit in the form of alumino-silicate can be used in glaze-free continuous casting refractories. Archaeologists have found evidence of frit in Egypt , Mesopotamia , Europe , and the Mediterranean . The definition of frit as a sintered , polycrystalline, unglazed material can be applied to these archaeological contexts. It

1155-459: A social conscience. He championed many causes that would come to be associated with the modern welfare state : old age pensions , unemployment insurance , and health care . The Government of Canada Digital Collections website describes Atkinson as: a "radical" in the best sense of that term.... The Star was unique among North American newspapers in its consistent, ongoing advocacy of the interests of ordinary people. The friendship of Atkinson,

1232-505: A spatial confirmation of these potential relationships, as the frit, glass and faience industries there were located "in close proximity" to one another. Fritware refers to a type of pottery which was first developed in the Near East, where production is dated to the late first millennium AD through the second millennium AD. Frit was a significant ingredient. A recipe for "fritware" dating to c. 1300 AD written by Abu’l Qasim reports that

1309-406: A temperature of 1050 °C. On some ancient Egyptian wall paintings, pigments that were originally blue are now green: the blue frit can "devitrify" so that the "copper wollastonite predominates over the lesser component of cuprorivaite". As with blue frit, Hatton, Shortland, and Tite have analyzed evidence for green frit at Amarna in the form of cakes, powders, and one vessel fragment and inferred

1386-515: A way that would imply frits were the immediate precursors of glasses: the frits have lower concentrations of soda and lime and higher concentrations of cobalt and alumina than the glasses have. Scholars have suggested several potential connections between frit and faience . Kühne proposes that frit may have acted as the "binding agent for faience" and suggests that this binder was composed predominantly of silica, alkali and copper with minor concentrations of alkali earths and tin . But analysis of

1463-433: A wide array of Egyptian frits contradicts the binder composition that Kühne offers. Vandiver and Kingery argue that one method of producing a faience glaze was to "frit or melt the glaze constituents to form a glass", then grind the glass and form a slurry in water, and finally apply the glaze "by dipping or painting." However, their use of "frit" as virtually synonymous with "melt" represents yet another unique take on what

1540-416: Is also published online. The Star states that it favours an inclusive, " big tent " approach, not wishing to attract one group of readers at the expense of others. It publishes regular features on real estate (including condominiums), individual neighbourhoods (and street name etymologies), shopping, cooking, dining, alcoholic beverages (right down to having an exclusive on the anti-competitive practices of

1617-563: Is characterised by its thinness, slightly iridescent surface and that the body is formulated with a significant proportion of frit. A small manufacturing cluster of fritware exists around Jaipur , Rajasthan in India, where it is known as 'Blue Pottery' due its most popular glaze. The technique may have arrived in India with the Mughals, with production in Jaipur dating to at least as early as

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1694-464: Is generally centrist and centre-left , and is more socially liberal than The Globe and Mail . The paper has aligned itself over the years with the progressive "Atkinson principles" named for publisher Joseph E. Atkinson , who was editor and publisher of the paper for 50 years. These principles included social justice and social welfare provision , as well as individual rights and civil liberties . In 1984, scholar Wilfred H. Kesterton described

1771-620: Is owned by Toronto Star Newspapers Limited, a subsidiary of Torstar Corporation and part of Torstar's Daily News Brands division. The newspaper was established in 1892 as the Evening Star and was later renamed the Toronto Daily Star in 1900, under Joseph E. Atkinson . Atkinson was a major influence in shaping the editorial stance of the paper, with the paper reflecting his principles until his death in 1948. His son-in-law, Harry C. Hindmarsh , shared those principles as

1848-607: Is the first such app for any English-language news organization, quality-wise. In slightly over 50 days since launch, the app had reached the 100,000-download milestone. The Android version was launched on December 1, 2015. The iOS version is rated 12+ by Apple's App Store guidelines and the Android version is rated Mature 17+ by the Entertainment Software Rating Board (ESRB). The Toronto Star has seen, like most Canadian daily newspapers ,

1925-443: Is then added to a lithium titanate (Li 2 TiO 3 ) ceramic powder, which enables the ceramic to sinter at a lower temperature while still keeping its “microwave dielectric properties." In laboratory and industrial chemical process equipment, the term frit denotes a filter made by the sintering-together of glass particles to produce a piece of known porosity referred to as fritted glass . Automotive windshields incorporate

2002-472: Is to render any soluble and/or toxic components insoluble by causing them to combine with silica and other added oxides. However, not all glass that is fused and quenched in water is frit, as this method of cooling down very hot glass is also widely used in glass manufacture. According to the OED , the origin of the word "frit" dates back to 1662 and is "a calcinated mixture of sand and fluxes ready to be melted in

2079-558: Is typically colored blue or green. Blue frit, also known as Egyptian blue , was made from quartz , lime , a copper compound, and an alkali flux , all heated to a temperature between 850 and 1000 °C. Quartz sand may have been used to contribute silica to the frit. The copper content must be greater than the lime content in order to create a blue frit. Ultimately the frit consists of cuprorivaite (CaCuSi 4 O 10 ) crystals and "partially reacted quartz particles bonded together" by interstitial glass. Despite an argument to

2156-566: The 2015 election , the Star endorsed the Liberal Party under Justin Trudeau , and did so again in the 2019 federal election . In Toronto's non-partisan mayoral elections, the Star endorsed George Smitherman in 2010 and John Tory in 2014 and 2018. The Star is one of the few Canadian newspapers that employs a " public editor " ( ombudsman ) and was the first to do so. Its newsroom policy and journalistic standards guide

2233-581: The Late Middle Bronze Age . While the glass phase is present in blue frits from Egypt, scientists have not detected it in blue frits from the Near East , Europe, and the Aegean . Natural weathering , which is also responsible for the corrosion of glasses and glazes from these three regions, is the likely reason for this absence. At Amarna , archaeologists have found blue frit in

2310-568: The Ontario Lottery and Gaming Corporation (OLG). On May 28, 2007, the Star unveiled a redesigned paper that featured larger type, narrower pages, fewer and shorter articles, renamed sections, a more prominent focus on local news, and less focus on international news, columnists, and opinion pieces. However, on January 1, 2009, the Star reverted to its previous format. Star P.M. , a free newspaper in PDF format that could be downloaded from

2387-404: The Star as "perpetually indignant" because of its social consciousness. When Atkinson's son Joseph Story Atkinson became president of the Star in 1957, he said, "From its inception in 1892, the Star has been a champion of social and economic reform, a defender of minority rights, a foe of discrimination, a friend of organized labour and a staunch advocate of Canadian nationhood." Another of

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2464-422: The Star to be sold. Atkinson's will had directed that profits from the paper's operations were "for the promotion and maintenance of social, scientific and economic reforms which are charitable in nature, for the benefit of the people of the province of Ontario" and it stipulated that the paper could be sold only to people who shared his social views. The five trustees of the charitable organization circumvented

2541-467: The Star to the Riordon family. After an extensive fundraising campaign among the Star staff, Maclean agreed to sell his interest to Hocken. The paper did poorly in its first few years. Hocken sold out within the year, and several owners followed in succession until railway entrepreneur William Mackenzie bought it in 1896. Its new editors, Edmund E. Sheppard and Frederic Thomas Nicholls , moved

2618-557: The Star . The Star was frequently criticized for practising the yellow journalism of its era. For decades, the paper included heavy doses of crime and sensationalism , along with advocating social change. Atkinson was the Star ' s editor from 1899 until his death in 1948. The newspaper's early opposition and criticism of the Nazi regime saw it become one of the first North American papers to be banned in Germany . Atkinson had

2695-536: The Toronto Star was less "Toronto-centric" than its rival, The Globe and Mail , writing that the Star "consciously reports for and from Canada's most multicultural city" and catered to a diverse readership. The advent of the National Post in 1998 shook up the Toronto newspaper market. In the upheaval that followed, editorial spending increased and there was much turnover of editors and publishers. In

2772-442: The drilling of limestone , combined with a minor concentration of alkali, may have been used to produce blue frits. The powders owe their copper content to the erosion of the copper tubular drills used in the drilling process. However, the archaeological record has not yet confirmed such a relationship between these two technologies. Evidence of the use of green frit is so far confined to Egypt. Alongside malachite , green frit

2849-576: The "Atkinson principles" has been a "strong, united and independent Canada"; in a 1927 editorial, the paper wrote, "We believe in the British connection as much as anybody does but on a self-respecting basis of equality, of citizenship, and not on the old basis of one country belonging to the other." The paper was historically wary of American influence, and during the debates over the North American Free Trade Agreement ,

2926-411: The 15th century AD. It consists of a body, slip , and glaze, where the body and glaze are "quartz-frit". The "frits" in both cases "are unusual in that they contain lead oxide as well as soda "; the lead oxide would help reduce the thermal expansion coefficient of the ceramic. Microscopic analysis reveals that the material that has been labeled "frit" is "interstitial glass" which serves to connect

3003-490: The 17th century. Frits are indispensable constituents of most industrial ceramic glazes which mature at temperatures below 1150 °C. Frits are typically intermediates in the production of raw glass, as opposed to pigments and shaped objects, but they can be used as laboratory equipment in a number of high-tech contexts. Frits made predominantly of silica, diboron trioxide (B 2 O 3 ) and soda are used as enamels on steel pipes . Another type of frit can be used as

3080-419: The 3rd-floor mezzanine roof below, causing authorities to close surrounding streets as a precaution. In late 2009, owner Brookfield Properties announced it would follow the example of Aon Center and, over three years, replace the tower's 45,000 marble panels with new ones in glass, those on the main expanses with a white ceramic frit and the corners in a bronze tint. Brookfield and the co-owners also launched

3157-677: The 50 years to 1972, the Star endorsed the Liberal Party in each federal general election . In the fifteen federal elections between 1968 and 2019, the Star has endorsed the Liberal Party eleven times, the New Democratic Party twice, and the Progressive Conservative Party twice. Elections in which the Star did not endorse the Liberals took place in 1972 and 1974 (when it endorsed

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3234-716: The Act by buying the paper themselves and swearing before the Supreme Court of Ontario to continue what became known as the "Atkinson Principles": These principles continue to affect the Star ' s editorial stances. In February 2006, Star media columnist Antonia Zerbisias wrote on her blog: Besides, we are the Star which means we all have the Atkinson Principles—and its multi-culti values—tattooed on our butts. Fine with me. At least we are upfront about our values, and they almost always work in favour of building

3311-574: The Beer Store that led to major reforms on the sale of alcohol in Ontario grocery stores in 2015 by Premier Kathleen Wynne and Ed Clark ), automobiles (as Wheels), and travel destinations. The Star launched its website in 1996. In October 2012, the Star announced its intention to implement a paywall on its website, thestar.com, effective August 13, 2013. Readers with daily home delivery had free access to all digital content. Those without

3388-612: The Greater Toronto area (VA3XPR) has its antennas mounted just above the broadcast antennas on the radio mast. There are also other analog ham repeaters on the building. According to the First Canadian Place website, the lower floors of the building, as part of the Toronto Path system , feature: Toronto Star The Toronto Star is a Canadian English-language broadsheet daily newspaper . It

3465-572: The Ice Age by Canadian New Wave band Martha and the Muffins and also their 7" single " Women Around the World at Work ". The album featured two photos which were taken from the same place but at different times by Muffins guitarist Mark Gane using a time-lapse camera and features the building at midday and dusk. The 7" cover again features the same photo but has 9 small images taken at various times of

3542-694: The Progressive Conservatives), and 1979 and 2011 (when it endorsed the NDP). In the 2011 election, the Star endorsed the NDP under Jack Layton , but to avoid vote splitting that could inadvertently help the Conservatives under Stephen Harper , which it saw as the worst outcome for the country, the paper also recommended Canadians vote strategically by voting for "the progressive candidate best placed to win" in certain ridings. For

3619-716: The architects of record. The entire project, completed in 2012, cost was in excess of CA$ 100 million, paid by the owner. This extensive capital improvement project was intended to provide a new exterior for FCP and eliminate the maintenance costs associated with marble upkeep. The following Toronto-area broadcasters have their transmitters atop First Canadian Place: # backup transmitter; main transmitter on CN Tower + synchronous transmitter; provides supplementary coverage to primary transmitter in Ajax * fill-in transmitter; serves downtown core and surrounding inner-city neighbourhoods An amateur Radio digital mobile radio repeater for

3696-525: The building was nearly identical in appearance to Stone's Standard Oil Building in Chicago , Illinois ; completed two years previous, the Chicago tower is of the same floor plan and clad in the same marble, the only overtly visible difference being the vertical orientation of the windows, as opposed to the horizontal run of those on First Canadian Place. First Canadian Place was the 6th tallest building in

3773-407: The closure was effected so it could better focus on its digital outlets. In February 2018, the Toronto Star suspended its internship program indefinitely to cut its costs. Long a source of Canada's next generation of journalists, the paid positions were seen by journalists and program alumni as a vital part of the national industry, and their suspension, a sign of its continuing decline. In 2020,

3850-458: The contrary, scientists have found that, regardless of alkali content, the cuprorivaite crystals develop by "nucleation or growth within a liquid or glass phase". However, alkali content—and the coarseness of the cuprorivaite crystals—contribute to the shade of blue in the frit. High alkali content will yield "a large proportion of glass". thereby diluting the cuprorivaite crystals and producing lighter shades of blue. Regrinding and re sintering

3927-525: The day and night. The same white Carrara marble used on Aon Center was employed as an exterior cladding and interior finish for First Canadian Place, with approximately 45,000 marble panels weighing around 200 to 300 lb (91 to 136 kg) each. Foreshadowing what would take place with First Canadian Place in 2007, one of the marble slabs of Aon Center, when it was named the Standard Oil Building, detached in 1974, falling and penetrating

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4004-482: The end of 2020. Canadian Modern Media Holdings made an offer of $ 58   million on July 9, 2020; NordStar subsequently increased its offer to $ 60   million, effectively ending the bidding war. A vast majority of shareholders subsequently voted in favour of the deal. The takeover was approved by an Ontario judge on July 27, 2020. An appeal of the judgement by another prospective purchaser failed on July 31 when Ontario Superior Court Justice Michael Penny dismissed

4081-416: The end product will be virtually free of bubbles . Furthermore, grinding the frit actually expedites the "second part of the process, which is to ... reduce the system to a glass". Moorey has defined this intermediate step as "fritting", "a process in which the soluble salts are made insoluble by breaking down the carbonates , etc. and forming a complex mass of sintered silicates". A frit preserved in

4158-399: The entire Star operation into the same building used by the magazine Saturday Night . Joseph E. "Holy Joe" Atkinson , backed by funds raised by supporters of Prime Minister Wilfrid Laurier , bought the paper on December 13, 1899. The supporters included Senator George Cox , William Mulock , Peter Charles Larkin and Timothy Eaton . Atkinson became the controlling shareholder of

4235-585: The establishment of the Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission (CRBC) and the introduction of a government policy that, in essence, restricted private stations to an effective radiated power of 100 watts . The Star would continue to supply sponsored content to the CRBC's CRCT station—which later became CBC station CBL —an arrangement that lasted until 1946. In 1971, the newspaper was renamed The Toronto Star and moved to

4312-490: The first century BC writer Vitruvius reports the production of 'caeruleum' (a blue pigment) at Pozzuoli , made by a method used in Alexandria , Egypt. Vitruvius lists the raw materials for caeruleum as sand, copper filings, and 'nitrum' (soda). In fact, analysis of some frits that date to the time of Thutmose III and later show the use of bronze filings instead of copper ore . Stocks suggests that waste powders from

4389-421: The form of circular cakes, powder residues, and vessel fragments. Analysis of the microstructures and crystal sizes of these frits has allowed Hatton, Shortland, and Tite to deduce the connection among the three materials. The cakes were produced by heating the raw materials for frit, then they were ground to make powders, and finally, the powders were molded and refired to create vessels. In On Architecture ,

4466-651: The frit will create finer cuprorivaite crystals, also producing lighter shades. The earliest appearance of blue frit is as a pigment on a tomb painting at Saqqara dated to 2900 BC, though its use became more popular in Egypt around 2600 BC. Blue frit has also been uncovered in the royal tombs at Ur from the Early Dynastic III period. Its use in the Mediterranean dates to the Thera frescoes from

4543-457: The idea that frit-making was, to some extent, a "specialized" industry. Indeed, scientists have determined that frit objects, such as amulets , beads and vessels, have chemical compositions similar to those of powder frits designed for use as pigments. Nevertheless, determining the exact technical relationships among the frit, glass and faience industries is an area of current and, likely, future scholarly interest. The excavations at Amarna offer

4620-427: The internship program returned. In April 2018, the Toronto Star expanded its local coverage of Vancouver, Calgary, Edmonton and Halifax with rebranded daily newspapers, previously known as Metro , as StarMetro , which was a joint venture between Torstar (90%) and Swedish media company Metro International (10%). In October 2018, the Toronto Star acquired iPolitics , a political news outlet. It ceased to own

4697-472: The logo was changed, and "The" was dropped from the masthead. During the 2003 Northeast blackout , the Star printed the paper at a press in Welland , Ontario. The newspaper's former printing plant was housed at One Yonge Street until the Toronto Star Press Centre opened. Until the mid-2000s, the front page of the Toronto Star had no third-party advertising aside from upcoming lottery jackpot estimates from

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4774-485: The motion. The deal was expected to close during the following week. In November 2022, the newspaper moved its headquarters from the Toronto Star Building located on Yonge Street to a new location on Spadina Avenue at Front Street. Like its competitor The Globe and Mail , the Star covers "a spectrum of opinion that is best described as urban and Central Canadian " in character. The Star

4851-404: The newspaper's founder, along with another future mayor, Jimmy Simpson . The Star was first printed on Toronto World presses, and at its formation, The World owned a 51 percent interest in it as a silent partner . That arrangement only lasted for two months, during which time it was rumoured that William Findlay "Billy" Maclean , The World ' s proprietor, was considering selling

4928-530: The newspaper's website each weekday afternoon, was discontinued in October 2007, thirteen months after its launch. On January 15, 2016, Torstar confirmed the closure of its Vaughan printing presses and indicated that it would outsource printing to Transcontinental Printing , leading to the layoff of all 285 staff at the plant, as Transcontinental had its own existing facility, also in Vaughan. The newspaper said

5005-587: The paper was frequently critical of free trade and expressed concerns about Canadian sovereignty. The paper has been traditionally supportive of official bilingualism and maintaining Canadian unity in opposition to Quebec separatism . In the 1980s, Michael Farber wrote in the Montreal Gazette that the Star ' s coverage was Toronto-centric to the point that any story was said to carry an explanation as to "What it means to Metro ." Conversely, Canadian sociologist Elke Winter wrote in 2011 that

5082-406: The paper's longtime managing editor while also helping to build circulation with sensational stories, bold headlines and dramatic photos. The paper was renamed the Toronto Star in 1971 and introduced a Sunday edition in 1977. The Star was created in 1892 by striking Toronto News printers and writers, led by future mayor of Toronto and social reformer Horatio Clarence Hocken , who became

5159-464: The property in 2022. On December 20, 2019, all StarMetro editions ceased publication amid the popularity and resultant growth of news apps on mobile devices. The newspaper was acquired by NordStar Capital on May 26, 2020, after the board of Torstar voted to sell the company to the investment firm for CA$ 52   million —making Torstar a privately held company . The deal was expected to be approved by Torstar's shareholders and to close by

5236-619: The publisher, with Mackenzie King , the prime minister , was a major influence on the development of Canadian social policy. Shortly before his death in 1948, Joseph E. Atkinson transferred ownership of the paper to a charitable organization given the mandate of continuing the paper's liberal tradition. In 1949, the Province of Ontario passed the Charitable Gifts Act , barring charitable organizations from owning large parts of profit-making businesses, that effectively required

5313-574: The quartz particles. Tite argues that this glass was added as frit and that the interstitial glass formed on firing. Frit was also a significant component in some early European porcelains. Famous manufacturers of the 18th century included Sèvres in France, and at Chelsea, Derby, Bow, Worcester and Longton Hall in England. Frit porcelain is produced at Belleek , County Fermanagh , Northern Ireland . This factory, established in 1857, produces ware that

5390-414: The range of 950 to 1100 °C. The ultimate product is composed of copper- wollastonite ([Ca,Cu] 3 Si 3 O 9 ) crystals and a "glassy phase rich in copper, sodium, and potassium chlorides". In certain circumstances (the use of a two-step heating process, the presence of hematite ), scientists were able to make a cuprorivaite-based blue frit that later became a copper-wollastonite-based green frit at

5467-503: The ratio of quartz to "frit-glass" to white clay is 10:1:1. This type of pottery has also been referred to as "stonepaste" and "faience" among other names. A ninth-century corpus of "proto-stonepaste" from Baghdad has "relict glass fragments" in its fabric. The glass is alkali-lime-lead-silica and, when the paste was fired or cooled, wollastonite and diopside crystals formed within the glass fragments. The lack of "inclusions of crushed pottery " suggests these fragments did not come from

5544-422: The roof of a neighbouring building, resulting in an eventual recladding of the entire Aon Center in white granite between 1992 and 1994. This problem would surface at First Canadian Place as well, during an intense storm on the evening of 15 May 2007, a 1 by 1.2 m (3 ft 3 in by 3 ft 11 in), 140 kg (310 lb) white marble panel fell from the 60th storey of the tower's southern face onto

5621-431: The sequential production of the three types of artifacts. An Akkadian text from Assurbanipal 's library at Nineveh suggests that a frit-like substance was an intermediate material in the production of raw glass. This intermediate step would have followed the grinding and mixing of the raw materials used to make glass. An excerpt of Oppenheim 's translation of Tablet A, Section 1 of the Nineveh text reads: You keep

5698-400: The sign atop CITIC Plaza in 1997. The roof is still the location of a number of antennas used for radio and television broadcasting. The structure contains 29 elevators , and is one of only a few buildings in the world that uses the double-decked variety , and is connected to the underground PATH system. The building was pictured on the front and rear cover of the 1981 album This Is

5775-596: The world to structural top (currently 103rd ) and the tallest building overall outside of Chicago and New York when completed in 1975. It was also the tallest building in the Commonwealth of Nations until the completion of the Petronas Towers in Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia , in 1998. The Bank of Montreal "M-bar" logo at the top of the building was the highest sign in the world from 1975 until overtaken by

5852-426: Was the last of the corners at King and Bay to be redeveloped in the 1960s and 1970s, and a major bidding war began over the property. The then-little-known firm of Olympia and York eventually obtained nearly the whole city block, but the election of reformist mayor David Crombie led to new rules banning skyscrapers. It took three years of lobbying before permission for First Canadian Place was granted. When completed,

5929-503: Was usually employed as a green pigment. Its earliest occurrence is in tomb paintings of the 18th dynasty , but its use extends at least to the Roman period . The manufacture of green and blue frit relies on the same raw materials, but in different proportions. To produce green frit, the lime concentration must outweigh the copper concentration. The firing temperature required for green frit may be slightly higher than that of blue frit, in

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