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34-745: The First Bulgarian Legion (Първа българска легия) was established in 1862 by Georgi Stoykov Rakovski in agreement with the Serbian government. At the time Montenegro was at war with the Ottoman Empire and Serbia itself was planning to join the conflict. According to the initial plan, in case of war between Serbia and the Ottoman Empire , the Legion would cross the border and enter the Bulgarian lands, where it would instigate an uprising among

68-609: A bilingual newspaper, Badushtnost . Rakovski was a supporter of Romania 's reformist policies, and seeing potential, he began to support a union between Bulgaria and Romania . In Badushtnost , he appealed to good Bulgarian-Romanian relations and made reference to the Second Bulgarian Empire , in which both Bulgarians and Romanians lived together. Led by the belief that Ottoman power could be brought down only with armed action, he began organizing small groups of revolutionary fighters, called cheti . Their aim

102-469: A fertile valley along the river Stryama at the southern foot of the Balkan Mountains . It is administratively part of Plovdiv Province and has a population of about 19,373 (as of 2021 ), the mayor being Dr. Emil Kabaivanov. Karlovo is famous for the worldwide-known rose oil , which is grown there and used in producing perfume. In addition to this, Karlovo is the birthplace of Vasil Levski ,

136-651: A secret society of Bulgarians to assist the Russians in the Crimean War . While being deported to Istanbul, he escaped, and gathered together a group of rebels. In June 1854, he was transferred to Bulgaria . Between 1854 and 1860, Rakovski spent his time writing, publishing reviews, and avoiding arrest. He also issued his own magazine "Bulgarian ancient times" ("Българска старина") 1865, which managed only one edition. In his article in it Rakovski cited all his sources in original for he could speak more than 9 languages and

170-425: Is 0.1 °C (32.2 °F) (with an absolute minimum of −25.8 °C (−14.4 °F)). The average July temperature is 22.9 °C (73.2 °F) (with an absolute maximum of 39.6 °C (103.3 °F)). Average total annual rainfall is 694 mm (27 in), being highest in the summer 221 mm (9 in), and lowest in the winter 169 mm (7 in). Karlovo is located on the main road E 78, one of

204-530: Is located 140 kilometres (87 miles) east from the Bulgarian capital — Sofia , and 60 km (37 mi) north from Plovdiv , the second biggest Bulgarian city and the capital of the Plovdiv Province . The climate of the region is temperate continental, with mild and warm summers, refreshed by the wind coming down the Balkan Mountain, and snowy winters. The average January temperature

238-511: Is only 50 km (31 mi) away from the most important road in Bulgaria - Trakiya motorway , which is actually the main road between Sofia and Istanbul. The international road to Bucharest is also just 50 km (31 mi) away. Karlovo is the seat of Karlovo municipality (part of Plovdiv Province). The population of the Karlovo municipality is approximately 73,000 people. It includes

272-425: Is the oldest surviving building in the town, although today it is not in use. There was once a longstanding dispute on town limits between Karlıova and nearby Sopot . Matters came to a head in 1633, when Sultan Murad IV had to personally issue a firman (imperial decree) and dispatched officials from Eski Zağra ( Stara Zagora ) and Istanbul to determine the borders between the two towns. The territorial dispute

306-731: The South Shetland Islands , Antarctica is named after Georgi Sava Rakovski. Bolhrad High School is also named in his honor. An elementary school in Banja Luka , Republika Srpska , Bosnia and Herzegovina carries his name. Georgi Stoikov Rakovski Sarvodaya Kanya Vidyalaya in Defence Colony Delhi, a Government school in New Delhi, (India) also carries his name. 1 G. S. Rakovski street in Pliska, Bulgaria

340-489: The 13th-14th century and the likely capital of his brother despotēs Voysil's short-lived realm. The region became part of the Ottoman Empire in the late 14th century. The modern town originated in 1483 at the place of the village of Sushitsa (still today Sushitsa is one of Karlovo's districts) during the reign of Sultan Bayezit II , and was originally named Karlıova (Karlı's Plain) after its founder Karlızade Lala Ali Bey. The Kurshum Mosque (Leaden Mosque), built in 1485,

374-724: The Bulgarian diaspora in Romania. However, the expected war between the two countries never broke out due to the Ottoman authorities' engagement with the suppression of the Cretan Revolt (1866–1869) and reluctance to further complicate its relations with Serbia. Meanwhile, the government of Jovan Ristić , which opted for reconciliation with the Ottomans, came into office in Serbia. The Second Bulgarian Legion lost its usefulness to

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408-633: The Bulgarian people in their brave fight against the yoke. Rakovski left Gorski Patnik incomplete. Written in archaic language, it was difficult to read, but still had a great influence in society. 1861 saw him organizing a Bulgarian legion in Belgrade , where he met voivode Đuro Matanović to negotiate a simultaneous rebellion in Bulgaria, Bosnia-Herzegovina , and Albania , and travelling through Europe recruiting support for his country's cause. While his radical views often met opposition from more moderate minds, his writings incited youth to go against

442-548: The Crimean War (1853–56). Considered to be one of the first Bulgarian literary poems, it was not actually published until 1857. The published version differed from the first version, in that it had a clearer plot and improved style. The plot concerns a Bulgarian man who recruits a rebel group to mutiny against the Turks . Rakovski's aim in writing this was to awaken the people's spirit to fight for freedom and to take revenge on

476-577: The Legion was taken care of by the Serbian government. The members had to go through some military training so as to be able to participate in the future uprising and in the expected conflict between Serbia and the Ottoman Empire. According to Trotsky, when the Turkish forces entered Belgrade , the Bulgarian legion distinguished itself in the fighting. However the conflict ended swiftly and the subsequent Constantinople Conference decided that not all Ottoman troops should withdraw from Serbia. Due to pressure from

510-479: The Ottoman Empire the Serbian authorities requested the Legion to be disbanded. As a result, on 21 September 1862 the participants were expelled from Belgrade. The Second Bulgarian Legion (Втора българска легия) was founded in 1867, as relations between Serbia and the Ottoman Empire once again worsened and the Serbian authorities began preparing for war and organizing the First Balkan Alliance . This

544-675: The Ottoman forces, but did not manage to fulfill their goals. Led by Hadzhi Dimitar and Stefan Karadzha , 120 chetnitsi entered Bulgaria in 1868 and fought their way to Stara Planina before being surrounded by the Ottomans. Some of the fighters, including Stefan Karadzha, were wounded, captured and later executed. The remaining men under the leadership of Hadzhi Dimitar were crushed at Buzludzha Peak in Stara Planina. Georgi Rakovski died of tuberculosis in Bucharest on October 9, 1867. Rakovski Nunatak on Livingston Island in

578-638: The Serbians as a result of this. It was disbanded in April 1868 despite the opposition of the Russian diplomats, its members being expelled from Serbia. The experience of the two Legions showed the Bulgarian Legionnaires that the formation of an insurrectionary centre to manage the Bulgarian liberational movement from the outside and particularly the binding of the national uprising's task with

612-520: The Turks for their cruelty. The novel opens with the main character admiring the beauty of nature on the Bosporus . A preoccupation with national problems and lack of freedom clouds his mind, and he encourages others to join him in a revolt. As the insurgents travel toward Bulgaria, the reader takes in their courage and trials of the journey. The work is said to “unite all the ideology, hopes and beliefs” of

646-565: The Turks, but thanks to a Greek friend,he managed to escape to Marseille . A year-and-a-half later, he returned to Kotel, only to be arrested again in 1845 and sent to Istanbul for seven years of solitary confinement. He was released in May 1848. He decided to remain in Istanbul, where he worked as a lawyer and tradesman, and took part in campaigns for a Bulgarian national church . Rakovski was soon arrested once more, this time due to his creation of

680-634: The Turks. It was in this year that he wrote his Plan for the Liberation of Bulgaria . Many young people rallied under his flag to fight the Ottomans alongside the Serbs. However the conflict between Serbia and the Ottoman Empire was soon resolved and the legion was dissolved. During raids and recruiting G.S Rakovski stayed hidden at many addresses throughout the southern regions of Bulgaria. Rakovski moved to Bucharest , where he continued his journalistic and revolutionary activities. Once there, he published

714-507: The first Thracian capital, which was situated near Karlovo in Bulgaria. Many polished ceramic artifacts (pieces of roof-tiles and Greek-like vases) were discovered revealing the fortune of the town. The Bulgarian Ministry of Culture declared its support to the excavations. Karlovo is a successor of the medieval fortress of Kopsis (Копсис in Bulgarian, Kωψίς or Κόψη in Byzantine Greek ), a feudal possession of Smilets of Bulgaria in

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748-529: The following 27 towns and villages (towns in bold): It is located right below the Karlovo water-power station, on the left tributary of Stryama River - Stara Reka, taking its sources from the two tributaries – the Malkata Reka springing South of the peaks of Ambaritsa and Malak Kupen and Golyamata River – springing South below the peak of Zhultets. With its number of rapids, small pools and chutes above Karlovo, Stara Reka descends from 15 metres (49 feet) in

782-635: The most distinguished Bulgarian to start preparing the national liberation from the Ottoman rule in the late 19th century. There is a museum and large monument dedicated to him. Karlovo is also a popular location for tourism in the region. During the 2000s, Bulgarian archaeologists made discoveries in Central Bulgaria which were summarized as 'The Valley of the Thracian Kings'. On 19 August 2005, some archaeologists announced they had found

816-476: The politics of other states would always be exposed to danger. Nevertheless, the Legions were an excellent school that prepared a large number of the future Bulgarian leaders. Georgi Stoykov Rakovski Georgi Stoykov Rakovski ( Bulgarian : Георги Стойков Раковски ) (1821 – 9 October 1867), known also Georgi Sava Rakovski ( Георги Сава Раковски ), born Sabi Stoykov Popovich ( Съби Стойков Попович ),

850-603: The population. In order to sustain direct contact with the Serbian government, the so-called Provisional Bulgarian Command was established on the initiative of Rakovski. His Plan for the Liberation of Bulgaria inspired Bulgarians and some six hundred young people responded to his appeal to create the Legion, many of them emigrants and refugees in Romania . Among them were Vasil Levski , Stefan Karadzha , Vasil Drumev , Dimitar Obshti , Matey Preobrazhenski and other figures that later came into national prominence. The support of

884-594: The summer and autumn of 1877, the town was subject to a 5-month reign of terror by the Ottoman authorities and Circassian paramilitaries, which resulted in the death of 288 citizens and the capture and imprisonment of more than 500 additional town notables, many of whom were eventually hanged. In the following year, by virtue of the Treaty of Berlin (1878) , Karlıova was incorporated into the newly-established autonomous province of Eastern Rumelia and renamed Karlovo after five centuries of Ottoman rule. From 1953 until 1962,

918-478: The town was called Levskigrad . Karlovo lies at 42°38′N 24°48′E  /  42.633°N 24.800°E  / 42.633; 24.800 , 386 metres (1,266 feet) above sea level . It is located in the Valley of Roses , known for the large-scale production of roses. Stara Planina mountain lies above the town. The highest peak of this mountain range — Botev , 2376m — is close to Karlovo. The town

952-461: The two roads which connect the capital Sofia to the southern part of the Black Sea . The town is an important point on the railway between Sofia and the commercially important Black Sea port of Burgas. There are frequent trains to the second biggest railway station in the country — Plovdiv. The total road length on the territory of Karlovo municipality is 301.4 km (187.3 mi). Karlovo

986-763: Was a 19th-century Bulgarian revolutionary, freemason , writer and an important figure of the Bulgarian National Revival and resistance against Ottoman rule . He was born in Kotel to a wealthy and patriotic family. He attended monastery schools in his hometown and in Karlovo , and in 1837, went to study in the Greek Orthodox College in Istanbul . In 1841, he was sentenced to death whilst involved in revolutionary plans against

1020-557: Was decided in favour of Karlıova. The town grew in importance in the 19th century as a centre of Bulgarian culture and revolutionary activity. In 1869 the first chitalishte was opened. In 1876 Lady Strangford arrived from Britain with relief for the people of Bulgaria following the massacres that followed the April Uprising . She built a hospital at Batak and eventually other hospitals were built at Radilovo , Panagiurishte , Perushtitsa , Petrich and here at Karlovo. In

1054-479: Was named after Georgi Rakovski because it was considered a place of historical importance. It is believed that many plots were created in the goat shed which stood at the location prior to construction in 1933. The Georgi Rakovski Military Academy in Sofia is named after him. Karlovo Karlovo ( Bulgarian : Карлово [ˈkarɫovo] ) is a historically important town in central Bulgaria located in

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1088-570: Was the first European who translated the old vedic texts in Bulgarian. His wide interests and profound knowledge made him a really versatile rennaissane personality of the Bulgarian National Revival Movement in the mid 19th century. He penned his best-known work, Gorski Patnik (translated as A Traveller in the Woods or Forest Wanderer ), while hiding from Turkish authorities near the bulgarian city of Kotel during

1122-740: Was to instigate unrest in Bulgaria, thus motivating the population to fight the Ottomans . For the purpose of coordinating the armed resistance Rakovski and his followers founded the Bulgarian Revolutionary Central Committee - an organization which was yet to feature in the Bulgarian Liberation movement. In 1867 the Committee equipped two bands ( cheti ) who penetrated Bulgaria led by Panayot Hitov and Filip Totyu . They fought battles with

1156-555: Was used by the Band of Virtues (Добродетелна дружина), who concluded an agreement with Serbia to establish a Bulgarian military school in Belgrade to instruct military leaders for a future uprising in Bulgaria. This time the expenditures were paid by Russia , the volunteers being trained by Serbian officers. The surviving rebels from the bands of Panayot Hitov and Filip Totyu joined the Legion, as well as young people from Bulgaria and

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