The First Latvian National Awakening or the First Awakening ( Latvian : Pirmā atmoda ) was a cultural and national revival movement between 1850 and 1880 among the Young Latvians , a group of well-educated Latvians , who, opposed to the Baltic German dominance in Livonia and Courland Governorates , created the basis for the modern Latvian nation state. It was influenced by the European romantic nationalism movements of Young Germans and Czech National Revival . Most of their efforts were spent on educating Latvians, criticizing Germans and removing the stigma from Latvian language, traditions and culture.
48-583: The movement started after 1850 in the University of Tartu , which then was the highest place of education in Livonian Governorate and was attended by around 30 ethnic Latvian students. Krišjānis Valdemārs , a student from Courland, posted in his dorm room a note identifying himself as a Latvian, which was unheard of at the time. Very soon a group of 10-13 students grew around him; they organized “Latvian evenings”, during which they debated about
96-611: A decade after being reconstituted, as a result of the coalition against Sweden (Russia, Denmark-Norway , and Saxony-Poland-Lithuania) and the Great Famine of 1695–1697 , the university moved from Tartu to Pärnu . Eventually, Academia Gustavo-Carolina, which had opened in Pärnu on 28 August 1699, was closed as a result of the surrender of Pärnu to Russian forces on 12 August 1710 during the Great Northern War . According to
144-575: A half-German university ceased with the rise of nationalist tendencies in Russia, which held homogenization more important than retaining a bilingual university. Between 1882 and 1898, russification in language, appointments, etc., was imposed, with some exceptions (such as the Divinity School, which the state feared would be used by the Orthodox clergy to teach dangerous Protestant views and
192-533: A number of venture capital money raised by the unicorn startups founded by its alumni. According to the university, as of 2016, Tartu alumni account for 100% of Estonian judges; 99% of Estonian doctors, dentists, and pharmacists; 95% of Estonian judicial prosecutors; 87% of members of the Estonian Bar Association; 60% of the ministers in the Estonian government ; and 40% of the members of
240-727: A part of the university family. Of course, the story consists of an imaginary tale, as Tiksu can speak and communicate with humans, but easily gets the message of the university across: the interest of their students for knowledge and life. The university was originally founded as the Academia Gustaviana in the Swedish province of Livonia . It was the second university founded in the Swedish Empire , following Uppsala University (in Uppsala , Sweden proper) and preceding
288-400: A thirst for learning new things. In this way, it symbolizes knowledge and intelligence. Later on, Tiksu is said to have met an ornithologist who also gave lectures at a university. Thus, one day the little bird followed his new friend to the place where he worked and managed to get inside a classroom. There he listened to lectures and learnt new information about birds. After some time, he became
336-429: A virtual dressing room, was originally developed in cooperation with researchers of UT Institute of Technology. UT encourages its students and scholars to develop an entrepreneurial mindset and apply their knowledge to the economy. The university has set a goal to integrate entrepreneurship courses into every curriculum. "The UT's academic structure consists of the institutes and colleges of four faculties (valdkond) and
384-505: Is a public research university located in the city of Tartu , Estonia . It is the national university of Estonia. It is also the largest and oldest university in the country. The university was founded under the name of Academia Gustaviana in 1632 by Baron Johan Skytte , the Governor-General of Swedish Livonia , Ingria , and Karelia , with the required ratification provided by King Gustavus Adolphus , shortly before
432-514: Is better reserved for the stattholder , the representative of the Swedish monarch in Norway when that neighboring country was in personal union with Sweden , as it concerns a whole kingdom, and notably in the several cases where the incumbent was no lesser than the Swedish crown prince. Governors-general could also be appointed over parts of Sweden proper , today's Sweden and Finland , and usually consisting of several counties in that part of
480-443: Is not complete. Some of those listed held the title of governor, not governor-general. The following were the governors-general of Finland : The following were the governors-general of Ingria : The following were the governors-general of Estonia : The following were the governors-general of Livonia : The following were the governors-general of Karelia : The Scanian Dominion ( Swedish : Skånska Generalguvernementet ),
528-542: The Academy of Åbo (in Turku , Finland ). A precursor to the academy had been a Jesuit grammar school Gymnasium Dorpatense , founded by Stefan Batory (then king of Poland–Lithuania ) in 1583 and existing to 1601, when Tartu (Dorpat) was under Polish–Lithuanian rule. The first students matriculated between 20 and 21 April 1632. The opening ceremony of Academia Dorpatensis (Academia Gustaviana) took place on 15 October in
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#1732772340941576-656: The Riigikogu (Estonian Parliament). The University of Tartu has around 1,800 international students from 90 countries. The vast majority come from Ukraine, Russia, and Finland. In the Erasmus programme for student exchange, the University of Tartu cooperates with more than 800 universities. The university has also received good reviews from foreign students and an International Student Satisfaction Award based on student feedback. The University of Tartu participates in
624-693: The Soviet occupation . During Soviet rule, although Estonian remained the principal language of instruction, some courses were taught in Russian, with several Russian curricula. Estonia regained independence in 1991, and the full recovery of academic autonomy of the university can be dated to 1992 with the introduction of financial and academic strategic planning. Presently, no courses are taught in Russian. The last decade has been marked by organizational and structural changes, as well as adaptations to various university models (American, Scandinavian, German) against
672-410: The 17th century to the early 19th century, when constitutional changes made the office obsolete. A governor-general was always appointed as the highest representative of the Swedish monarch in the dominions ruled, or the possessions governed, by Sweden. Conquered, and unintegrated, territories were apart from this, more or less allowed to retain their internal political structure. The term viceroy
720-497: The 30 German-language universities, of which 23 were inside the German Empire , Dorpat was the 11th in size. In teaching, the university educated the local Baltic German leadership and professional classes, as well as staff, especially for the administration and health system of the entire Russian Empire . In scholarship, it was an international university; the time between 1860 and 1880 was its "golden age". The freedom to be
768-810: The Estonian Marine Institute are located in the Estonian capital. Nearly a quarter of the whole Estonian university student population studies at the University of Tartu. While most of the curricula are taught in Estonian, a number of degree programmes have English as a medium of instruction. About 35% of UT's study courses are offered partly or fully online – as web-based courses in Moodle, video lectures, webinars, e-portfolios, and massive open online courses. Some 61 bachelor's and 86 master's programmes are available, including 30 programmes in English. The university offers 61 different curricula on
816-611: The LERU-CE7 (LERU and a group of Central-European universities), the European University Association EUA, Coimbra Group , The Guild of European Research Intensive Universities, and the Utrecht Network . It has signed bilateral co-operation agreements with about 70 universities. A statue of the formal founder of the University, King Gustav II Adolf of Sweden (also known as Gustavus Adolphus)
864-598: The Latvian language by creating many new words. In 1868, initially, as a charity organization for helping victims of Estonian crop failure, the Riga Latvian Society was established, which organized Latvian cultural life in Riga and regions. The first Latvian theatre troupe led by Ādolfs Alunāns was established here, which led to the birth of playwriting in Latvian. In 1873, the first Latvian singing festival
912-473: The Scanian governors-general until 1693. Halland County was removed from the dominion in 1693 and for the periods 1693–1719 and 1801–1809, the dominion included the counties in the province of Scania only. The following were the governors-general of Scania: The following were the governors-general of Scania (the province only): The following were the governors-general of Prussia : The following were
960-831: The University of Tartu 296st in the world in 2023, and the top-ranked university in the Baltics. The university is also ranked 3rd in the Emerging Europe and Central Asia region. The Times Higher Education World University Rankings placed it in the 251–300 range among world universities. It is the only university in the Baltic countries to place among the top 200 universities in Europe. UT belongs to top 1% of world's most cited universities in 10 research areas. University of Tartu also won first place in Central and Eastern Europe by
1008-508: The amount of 10.2 million euros. UT is one of the largest development partners for the private and public sector in the Baltics. The university also works closely with international businesses such as Swedbank, The Linde Group, Pfizer, ABB Corporate Research, SUPER APPLI Inc, Eesti Energia Group, Telia AS, and many more. UT has spun off more than 60 start-ups, including software companies Reach-U and Positium providing location-based solutions, biotechnology company Icosagen etc. The success story of
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#17327723409411056-830: The bachelor's level, three bachelor's degree programmes are fully taught in English: University of Tartu has 86 study programmes on master's level. These programmes include 27 international master's programmes in English: Faculty of Medicine Around 120 doctoral degrees are defended annually, which make up more than half of the total number in Estonia. The University of Tartu has 1,130 doctoral students, around 30% of them international. The University of Tartu offers eight doctoral programmes, which are coordinated by faculty-based centres for doctoral studies. Each programme contains multiple specialities offered by
1104-568: The background of the Soviet and Baltic German past. Most recently, the university has been and is still being marked by the adaptation of the Bologna declaration in Estonia generally and Tartu specifically, leading to major changes in curricula and studies, as well as by strong organizational centralization attempts. Recent plans also include the abolition of the Chair system (an Americanization) and of
1152-473: The city as architectural monuments. In May 2023, the University of Tartu relaunched its virtual tour that has 360-degree photos of over 160 locations in the University campus. At the same time, numerous university buildings and student dormitories have been recently constructed or renovated, such as the Von Bock House . Many of the new buildings are built at Maarjamõisa (about 2 km southwest of
1200-505: The condition of German-oppressed Latvians. Juris Alunāns and Krišjānis Barons soon became leading members. They established the newspapers Mājas Viesis and Pēterburgas Avīzes . The movement initially was supported by Russian authorities, who saw it as a tool against the German-dominated Baltic provinces. In 1868, Young Latvian Fricis Brīvzemnieks began gathering Latvian folk songs known as dainas . His work
1248-571: The country, when circumstances so required. When this happened the royal governor of each county would report to the governor-general instead of directly to the monarch or the Privy Council. A royal governor, regardless if whether under a governor-general or not, held the civil, but not the military, jurisdiction over his county. The governors-general were always members of the Privy Council . The list of governors-general given below
1296-425: The faculties, which is supposed to lead to four large divisions (humanities, social sciences, natural sciences, and medicine) under briefly serving deans and rector-appointed financial administrators. The university's four museums, botanical gardens, and sports facilities are, by and large, open to the general public. The university possesses 56 buildings, 11 of which are outside of Tartu; 31 of its buildings decorate
1344-571: The faculty. Doctoral studies are provided by the Faculty of Arts and Humanities, the Faculty of Social Sciences, the Faculty of Medicine, and the Faculty of Science and Technology. From the 2022/2023 academic year, doctoral student places will mainly be offered as state-funded junior research fellow positions. As the largest provider of continuing education in Estonia, the University of Tartu offers around 1,200 courses per year to more than 39,000 participants. The QS World University Rankings ranked
1392-665: The fields of molecular and cell biology , laser medicine , materials science , laser spectroscopy , biochemistry , and psychology . UT is the flagship of Estonian science, ranking in the top 1% of the world's most-cited universities and research institutions in these fields (as of March 2018): UT accounts for 56% of Estonia's national research output. Also, more than half of the PhD theses in Estonia are defended at UT and over 2,000 high-level research articles (those covered by citation indices like "SCI Expanded", "SSCI", or "A&HCI") are published annually. About 50 UT scientists are among
1440-623: The foundation of Voronezh State University , which traces its own history back to the foundation of the University of Tartu and still holds several physical properties of the latter. Since Estonia became independent in 1918, the University of Tartu has been an Estonian-language institution since 1919. The university was named Ostland-Universität in Dorpat during the German occupation of Estonia in 1941–1944 and Tartu State University (Estonian: Tartu Riiklik Ülikool ) in 1940–1941 and 1944–1989, during
1488-629: The historical university centre), such as the Technology Institute, the Biomedical Center, the Chemistry building, and the new Physics building. Lectinology, the science of lectins , was founded at the University of Tartu in 1888 with the publication of Peter Hermann Stillmark 's thesis about the isolation of ricin . According to the university administration, the most remarkable recent research achievements have been in
First Latvian National Awakening - Misplaced Pages Continue
1536-672: The king's death on 6 November in the Battle of Lützen (1632) . Nearly 14,300 students study at the university, of whom over 1,800 are foreigners. Most of the curriculum is instructed in Estonian. However, there are still 30 English-taught programs: three at the undergraduate level and 27 at the master's level, including the Erasmus Mundus program in Excellence in Analytical Chemistry. The historical buildings of
1584-674: The last 15 years is the technology for the ME-3 strain of Lactobacillus fermentum bacterium , allowing its use in the food industry. Student satellite ESTCube-1, developed collectively by UT staff and students, and successfully deployed into orbit in 2013, made Estonia the 41st space nation in the world. Scientists from UT and the Estonian University of Life Sciences have developed a new peat-based material that enables building inexpensive energy-efficient 3D-printed houses. The innovative robotic mannequin technology known as Rakuten Fits Me,
1632-462: The new university included Sven Dimberg [ sv ] , professor of mathematics (the first in the world to deliver lectures based on Newton's theory), Olof Hermelin [ sv ] , professor of rhetoric and poetry, Lars Micrander [ sv ] , professor of medicine (founder of balneology , and discoverer of natural mineral water springs) and Michael Dau , professor of philosophy as well as of rhetoric and poetry. Just under
1680-539: The same year. The academy in Tartu functioned with philosophy, law, theology, and medical faculties enjoying the privileges of the University of Uppsala. On account of the Russian–Swedish war , the University of Tartu moved to Tallinn in 1656, and in 1665, it closed down. In the 17th century, the future outstanding Swedish scholars Urban Hiärne , Olof Verelius , Arvid Moller [ sv ] , and others studied at
1728-694: The terms of the capitulation, the Russians agreed to maintain the university in Pärnu. However, the university was only reopened in 1802 by the Baltic German Ritterschaften , when the new German-speaking University was relaunched and had its new charter confirmed by the reform-minded Tsar Alexander I of Russia . The university was reopened by the Baltic Germans in Estonia in April 1802. The language of instruction at Dorpat
1776-400: The top 1% of the most-cited scientists in the world. UT has excelled among the Baltic universities in winning European Research Council grants. The prestigious ERC grant has been awarded to Professor of Molecular Systems Biology Mart Loog, Professor of Nanomedicine Tambet Teesalu, and Professor of International Law Lauri Mälksoo. University of Tartu has contracts with 154 business partners in
1824-585: The university are included in the European Heritage Label list as "embodiment of the ideas of a university in the Age of Enlightenment ". The university is a member of the Coimbra Group and the Utrecht Network . The mascot of the university is called Tiksu, and behind it unravels a rather interesting story. It is said that Tiksu, depicted as a blue bird, hatched at sunrise and was given
1872-516: The university. Among the academic staff were Friedrich Menius [ sv ] , professor of history (the history of Livonia , the first scientific approach to Estonian folklore) and Georg Mancelius , professor of theology (author of the first Latvian -German dictionary in 1638 ). With the re-establishment of the university in 1690 as the Academia Gustavo-Carolina , Tartu became a university town again. Academic staff of
1920-509: The university’s institutions not affiliated to any faculty. The support structure of the university consists of 15 units." While mainly located in Tartu, the university also operates in Narva , Pärnu , Tallinn , and Viljandi . Narva and Pärnu Colleges are part of the Faculty of Social Sciences, Viljandi Culture Academy belongs to the Faculty of Arts and Humanities. The School of Law Tallinn office, University of Tartu Tallinn representation and
1968-412: Was German from 1802 to 1893. During that time, Dorpat had a dual nature in that it belonged both to the set of German(-language) and Russian universities. Financially and administratively, the latter was more important; intellectually and regarding the professoriate and students, the former was more important (over half the professors came from Germany , at least another third were Baltic Germans ). Among
First Latvian National Awakening - Misplaced Pages Continue
2016-492: Was continued by Krišjānis Barons , who in 1894 published the first book of dainas and eventually become known as the Father of Dainas ( Dainutēvs ). Another literary activist was teacher Atis Kronvalds , who discovered mention of a red-white-red flag in the 13th-century Livonian Rhymed Chronicle . These colors eventually became the flag of Latvia . Kronvalds worked tirelessly on promoting education among Latvians, and modernized
2064-530: Was established after the Treaty of Roskilde in 1658 and initially included all of Skåneland . In 1660, Bornholm was returned to Denmark. Blekinge , which had been part of Kristianstad County while under the dominion, was removed in 1680 and placed under Kalmar County . The dominion was suspended in 1670, but recreated during the Scanian War . In 1675, Bohus County was added and it remained administered by
2112-407: Was first published. The First Awakening was a cultural movement mostly among the well-educated classes and soon ran out of momentum as Latvian society became more mature and interested in new political and scientific ideas. Many of the leading Young Latvians died early or worked in Russia, away from their home. Latvians also experienced a wave of Russianization during which use of Latvian in schools
2160-406: Was held in Riga, during which most of the songs were Latvian folk songs. Of the new songs performed there, one of them, composed by Baumaņu Kārlis , later became the national anthem of Latvia . Fearing the growth of nationalism, its original name of “God, bless Latvia!” was changed by Russian censors to “God, bless the Baltics!”. In 1888, the national epic Lāčplēsis , written by Andrejs Pumpurs ,
2208-703: Was prohibited. The First Awakening was followed by the New Current ( Jaunā strāva ) movement, which was much more political and led to the establishment of the Social Democratic Party. The First Awakening's interest in folklore was carried on by the Baltic neopagan movement Dievturība , which was created in the 1920s by Ernests Brastiņš and Kārlis Marovskis-Bregžis. University of Tartu The University of Tartu ( UT ; Estonian : Tartu Ülikool ; Latin : Universitas Tartuensis )
2256-561: Was raised in 1928 on campus and remained until 1950 when it was removed by the Soviet occupation authorities. Another statue was raised in 1992 and was reopened by King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden and Queen Silvia . The new statue was made by Elisabeth Tebelius-Myren. Swedish Governors-General A governor-general ( Swedish : generalguvernör ) was appointed by the Swedish monarch as his permanent representative, with both civil and military jurisdiction, over parts of Sweden , from
2304-512: Was thus allowed to continue in German until 1916). By 1898, when both the town and the university were renamed Yuryev, virtually all distinguished scholars from Germany had left. The University of Yuryev existed until 1918, when during part of the fall term, it was reopened, under German occupation , as Dorpat. Russian academic staff and students took refuge in Voronezh in Russia, giving rise to
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