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45-685: The race was first run on October 16, 1998, as the First Lady Stakes at a distance of 1 + 3 ⁄ 16 miles and was sponsored by Vinery Farm located in Lexington. In 2000, WinStar Farm became the race's sponsor from then through 2005 and it was renamed the Galaxy Stakes . Also that year the event was classified Grade III by the American Graded Stakes Committee who upgraded it as a Grade II race

90-420: A " just-so story " that lacks any empirical evidence. The fruit is not poisonous to humans or livestock, but is not preferred by them, because it is mostly inedible due to a large size (about the diameter of a softball ) and hard, dry texture. The edible seeds of the fruit are used by squirrels as food. Large animals such as livestock , which typically would consume fruits and disperse seeds, mainly ignore

135-433: A bow made of Osage timber could be traded for a horse and a blanket. Additionally, a yellow-orange dye can be extracted from the wood, which can be used as a substitute for fustic and aniline dyes. At present, florists use the fruits of M. pomifera for decorative purposes. When dried, the wood has the highest heating value of any commonly available North American wood, and burns long and hot. Osage orange wood

180-461: A corruption of bois d'arc . The Comanche also used this wood for their bows. They liked the wood because it was strong, flexible and durable, and the bush/tree was common along river bottoms of the Comanchería . Some historians believe that the high value this wood had to Native Americans throughout North America for the making of bows, along with its small natural range, contributed to

225-473: A fur trader from Saint Louis .) Those cuttings did not survive. In 1810, Bradbury relates that he found two Maclura pomifera trees growing in the garden of Pierre Chouteau , one of the first settlers of Saint Louis, apparently the same person. American settlers used the Osage orange (i.e. "hedge apple") as a hedge to exclude free-range livestock from vegetable gardens and corn fields. Under severe pruning,

270-654: A journey made in 1804 from St. Catherine's Landing on the Mississippi River to the Ouachita River . Meriwether Lewis sent some slips and cuttings of the curiosity to President Jefferson in March 1804. According to Lewis's letter, the samples were donated by "Mr. Peter Choteau, who resided the greater portion of his time for many years with the Osage Nation ". (Note: This referred to Pierre Chouteau,

315-502: A paler orange brown. Branches contain a yellow pith, and are armed with stout, straight, axillary spines. During the winter, the branches bear lateral buds that are depressed-globular, partly immersed in the bark, and pale chestnut brown in color. As a dioecious plant, the inconspicuous pistillate (female) and staminate (male) flowers are found on different trees. Staminate flowers are pale green, small, and arranged in racemes borne on long, slender, drooping peduncles developed from

360-623: A slender growing shoot 90 to 120 centimetres (3–4 ft) long. In form they are simple , a long oval terminating in a slender point. The leaves are 8 to 13 centimetres (3–5 in) long and 5 to 8 centimetres (2–3 in) wide, and are thick, firm, dark green, shining above, and paler green below when full grown. In autumn they turn bright yellow. The leaf axils contain formidable spines which when mature are about 2.5 centimetres (1 in) long. Branchlets are at first bright green and pubescent; during their first winter they become light brown tinged with orange, and later they become

405-408: Is a syncarp of numerous small drupes , in which the carpels (ovaries) have grown together; thus, it is classified a multiple-accessory fruit. Each small drupe is oblong, compressed and rounded; they contain a milky latex which oozes when the fruit is damaged or cut. The seeds are oblong. Although the flowering is dioecious, the pistillate tree when isolated will still bear large oranges, perfect to

450-428: Is a member of the mulberry family, Moraceae . Due to its latex secretions and woody pulp, the fruit is typically not eaten by humans and rarely by foraging animals. Ecologists Daniel H. Janzen and Paul S. Martin proposed in 1982 that the fruit of this species might be an example of what has come to be called an evolutionary anachronism —that is, a fruit coevolved with a large animal seed dispersal partner that

495-574: Is about 80%. The Osage orange is commonly used as a tree row windbreak in prairie states, which gives it one of its colloquial names, "hedge apple". It was one of the primary trees used in President Franklin Delano Roosevelt 's " Great Plains Shelterbelt " WPA project, which was launched in 1934 as an ambitious plan to modify weather and prevent soil erosion in the Great Plains states; by 1942 it resulted in

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540-494: Is also noted on the NRHP as a historically significant feature. Over time, most of Silver Pool became part of the 400-acre Prestonwood Farm, owned by Houston, Texas oilmen Jack, Art, and J. R. Preston, whose better known horses included Da Hoss and Victory Gallop . In 2000, Kenny Troutt and Bill Casner, both with long-standing interests in horses, came together to purchase Prestonwood, renaming it WinStar Farm. Included in

585-484: Is cultivated in Italy , the former Yugoslavia , Romania , former USSR , and India . Osajin and pomiferin are isoflavones present in the wood and fruit in an approximately 1:2 ratio by weight, and in turn comprise 4–6% of the weight of dry fruit and wood samples. Primary components of fresh fruit include pectin (46%), resin (17%), fat (5%), and sugar (before hydrolysis, 5%). The moisture content of fresh fruits

630-469: Is dark, deeply furrowed and scaly. The plant has significant potential to invade unmanaged habitats. The wood of M. pomifera is golden to bright yellow but fades to medium brown with ultraviolet light exposure. The wood is heavy, hard, strong, and flexible, capable of receiving a fine polish and very durable in contact with the ground. It has a specific gravity of 0.7736 or 773.6 kg/m (48.29 lb/cu ft). Leaves are arranged alternately in

675-425: Is dense and prized for tool handles, treenails , fence posts, and other applications requiring a strong, dimensionally stable wood that withstands rot. Although its wood is commonly knotty and twisted, straight-grained Osage orange timber makes good bows , as used by Native Americans. John Bradbury , a Scottish botanist who had traveled the interior United States extensively in the early 19th century, reported that

720-499: Is more rot-resistant than most, making good fence posts. They are generally set up green because the dried wood is too hard to reliably accept the staples used to attach the fencing to the posts. Palmer and Fowler's Fieldbook of Natural History 2nd edition rates Osage orange wood as being at least twice as hard and strong as white oak ( Quercus alba ). Its dense grain structure makes for good tonal properties. Production of woodwind instruments and waterfowl game calls are common uses for

765-479: Is now extinct. This hypothesis is controversial. Maclura pomifera has many names, including mock orange, hedge apple, hedge ball, monkey ball, pap, monkey brains and yellow-wood. The name bois d'arc (from French meaning "bow-wood") has also been corrupted into bodark and bodock . The earliest account of the tree in the English language was given by William Dunbar , a Scottish explorer, in his narrative of

810-418: Is used as a hedge . It must be regularly pruned to keep it in bounds, and the shoots of a single year will grow one to two metres (3–6 ft) long, making it suitable for coppicing . A neglected hedge will become fruit-bearing. It is remarkably free from insect predators and fungal diseases. A thornless male cultivar of the species exists and is vegetatively reproduced for ornamental use. M. pomifera

855-879: The Breeders' Cup Mile after winning this event in 2019. Speed record: Margins: Legend:    Turf WinStar Farm WinStar Farm is an American Thoroughbred horse breeding and racing farm near Versailles, Kentucky, owned by Kenny Troutt . It won the 2010 Eclipse Award for Outstanding Owner and 2016 Outstanding Breeder . WinStar Farm owned 2018 Triple Crown winner Justify , 2010 Kentucky Derby winner Super Saver , 2010 Belmont Stakes winner Drosselmeyer , and 2016 Belmont Stakes winner Creator . Notable stallions that have stood at stud at Winstar Farm include two-time Breeders' Cup Classic winner Tiznow , leading sire and broodmare sire Distorted Humor , and Triple Crown and Breeders' Cup Classic winner American Pharoah 's sire Pioneerof

900-492: The Eclipse Award for Outstanding Breeder of 2016 after leading all North American breeders with earnings of $ 10,516,427, led by Tourist. Horses bred by WinStar earned 15 graded stakes wins and 239 overall wins in 2016, placing WinStar first in these categories as well. Although WinStar is known primarily as a stud farm, they have also raced several notable horses under WinStar's colors . "Homebred" means WinStar owned

945-576: The "crucial stop-gap measure for westward expansion until the introduction of barbed wire a few decades later". The trees were named bois d'arc ("bow-wood") by early French settlers who observed the wood being used for war clubs and bow-making by Native Americans . Meriwether Lewis was told that the people of the Osage Nation , "So much ... esteem the wood of this tree for the purpose of making their bows, that they travel many hundreds of miles in quest of it." The trees are also known as "bodark", "bodarc", or "bodock" trees, most likely originating as

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990-601: The 1930s. Several buildings on the property are listed on the National Register of Historic Places . The original pond was used as a location for cutting and hauling ice. The NRHP historic portion of the property is part of the Pisgah Rural Historic District and lies mostly along Pisgah Pike road. The conforming structures include the original farmhouse from the settlement period, circa 1784–1790, when Virginia families first moved into

1035-602: The Nile . The core of the property was Silver Pool Farm, a 450-acre (180 ha) farm settled in the late 1700s by the Williams family from the Tidewater area of Virginia, which remained in that family for over 150 years. The area was first surveyed in 1788 and the original Silver Pool farm was settled by Daniel Williams, a descendant of Roger Williams . His wife, Mary, was a relative of Andrew Jackson . The couple were among

1080-717: The United States and Ontario, Canada. Osage orange has been planted in all the 48 contiguous states of the United States and in southeastern Canada. The largest known Osage orange tree is located at the Patrick Henry National Memorial , in Brookneal, Virginia , and is believed to be almost 350 years old. Another historic tree is located on the grounds of Fort Harrod , a Kentucky pioneer settlement in Harrodsburg, Kentucky . Because of

1125-441: The axils of crowded leaves on the spur-like branchlets of the previous year. They feature a hairy, four-lobed calyx ; the four stamens are inserted opposite the lobes of calyx, on the margin of a thin disk. Pistillate flowers are borne in a dense spherical many-flowered head which appears on a short stout peduncle from the axils of the current year's growth. Each flower has a hairy four-lobed calyx with thick, concave lobes that invest

1170-499: The dam of the horse at time of foaling, not the sire. † Currently stands at WinStar Farms As of 2022, 16 stallions stand at WinStar: 38°05′24″N 84°39′41″W  /  38.09007°N 84.661503°W  / 38.09007; -84.661503 Osage orange Maclura pomifera , commonly known as the Osage orange ( / ˈ oʊ s eɪ dʒ / OH -sayj ), is a small deciduous tree or large shrub , native to

1215-467: The ensuing Breeders' Cup and was crowned US Champion Female Turf Horse . The 2008 winner Forever Together also went on to win the Breeders' Cup Filly & Mare Turf and was crowned US Champion Female Turf Horse . The 2015 winner Tepin went on to defeat the males in the Breeders' Cup Mile and also was crowned US Champion Female Turf Horse . The British bred Uni was the most recent winner to claim

1260-453: The following year. In 2005 the distance of the event was decreased to its present distance of one mile. In 2006, the name of the event was reverted to its inaugural title. The First Lady Stakes is a steppingstone to the Breeders' Cup Filly & Mare Turf . In 2000, Perfect Sting ran second in this race but went on to win that year's inaugural edition of the Breeders' Cup Filly & Mare Turf. In 2005, Intercontinental won this race and

1305-459: The founders of the local Baptist Church. Their sons Daniel and John went on to own the Silver Pool property and it was used for raising livestock and for manufacturing products from hemp . John's grandson, Claude S. Williams, also lived there and was known as a successful and "locally prominent" farmer and stockman. The farm was known to have been owned by the Williams family at least through

1350-528: The fruit. The fruits are consumed by black-tailed deer in Texas, and white-tailed deer and fox squirrels in the Midwest. Crossbills are said to peck the seeds out. Loggerhead shrikes , a declining species in much of North America, use the tree for nesting and cache prey items upon its thorns. Maclura pomifera prefers a deep and fertile soil, but is hardy over most of the contiguous United States, where it

1395-711: The great wealth of the Spiroan Mississippian culture that controlled all the land in which these trees grew. The genus Maclura is named in honor of William Maclure (1763–1840), a Scottish-born American geologist. The specific epithet pomifera means "fruit-bearing". The common name Osage derives from Osage Native Americans from whom young plants were first obtained, as told in the notes of Meriwether Lewis in 1804. Mature trees range from 12 to 20 metres (40–65 ft) tall with short trunks and round-topped canopies. The roots are thick, fleshy, and covered with bright orange bark. The tree's mature bark

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1440-420: The hedge apple sprouted abundant adventitious shoots from its base; as these shoots grew, they became interwoven and formed a dense, thorny barrier hedge. The thorny Osage orange tree was widely naturalized throughout the United States until this usage was superseded by the invention of barbed wire in 1874. By providing a barrier that was "horse-high, bull-strong, and pig-tight", Osage orange hedges provided

1485-409: The limited original range and lack of obvious effective means of propagation, the Osage orange has been the subject of controversial claims by some authors to be an evolutionary anachronism , whereby one or more now extinct Pleistocene megafauna , such as ground sloths , mammoths , mastodons or gomphotheres , fed on the fruit and aided in seed dispersal. An equine species that became extinct at

1530-528: The only two-time winner of the Breeders' Cup Classic , having won that event in 2000 and 2001. Although Tiznow's pedigree was not fashionable, WinStar took a gamble that paid off when Tiznow became the leading freshman sire of 2005. He has ranked among the top thirty sires in North America for many years, and was among the top five sires in 2008 and 2009. He is now developing into a successful sire of sires. Doug Cauthen, brother of jockey Steve Cauthen ,

1575-432: The ovary and enclose the fruit. Ovaries are superior , ovate, compressed, green, and crowned by a long slender style covered with white stigmatic hairs. The ovule is solitary. The mature multiple fruit's size and general appearance resembles a large, yellow-green orange (the fruit) , about 10 to 13 centimetres (4–5 in) in diameter, with a roughened and tuberculated surface. The compound (or multiple) fruit

1620-528: The planting of 30,233 shelterbelts containing 220 million trees that stretched for 18,600 miles (29,900 km). The sharp-thorned trees were also planted as cattle-deterring hedges before the introduction of barbed wire and afterward became an important source of fence posts. In 2001, its wood was used in the construction in Chestertown, Maryland of the schooner Sultana , a replica of HMS  Sultana . The heavy, close-grained yellow-orange wood

1665-503: The purchase were the stallions Distorted Humor , still standing at WinStar and the sire of 2003 Kentucky Derby winner Funny Cide , and Kris S. Over the years, WinStar has steadily grown, incorporating land from the nearby Olsen, Johnson and Kinkead farms, and as of 2016, consists of over 2,400 acres (970 ha) housing over 20 stallions, as well as a large broodmare band and facilities for weanlings and yearlings. In 2002, WinStar made its first major stallion acquisition — Tiznow ,

1710-519: The region. It had additions built onto it sometime after the Civil War but retains its historic character. A brick smoke house, tobacco barn that was converted to a horse barn, and the spring-fed, stone-lined pond also are listed. Along a portion of the Pisgah Pike that adjoins the property, a natural hedge of Osage orange has grown so tall that it has become a canopy arching over the road, and

1755-436: The same time also has been suggested as the plant's original dispersal agent because modern horses and other livestock will sometimes eat the fruit. This hypothesis is controversial. For example, a 2015 study indicated that Osage orange seeds are not effectively spread by extant horse or elephant species, while a 2018 study concludes that squirrels are ineffective, short-distance seed dispersers. The claim has been criticised as

1800-623: The sight but lacking the seeds. The fruit has a cucumber -like flavor. Osage orange's pre-Columbian range was largely restricted to a small area in what is now the United States, namely the Red River drainage of Oklahoma , Texas , and Arkansas , as well as the Blackland Prairies and post oak savannas . A disjunct population also occurred in the Chisos Mountains of Texas. It has since become widely naturalized in

1845-403: The south-central United States. It typically grows about 8 to 15 metres (30–50 ft) tall. The distinctive fruit, a multiple fruit , is roughly spherical, bumpy, 8 to 15 centimetres (3–6 in) in diameter, and turns bright yellow-green in the fall. The fruits secrete a sticky white latex when cut or damaged. Despite the name "Osage orange", it is not related to the orange . It

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1890-488: The stallions are turned out each day. A secondary barn acts as a quarantine area for stallions shuttling to the Southern Hemisphere, and also houses stallions when there is no room for them in the main barn. They also have an extensive training facility for teaching young Thoroughbreds the basics of racing. Graduates of their training program include such notable horses as Songbird and Honor Code . WinStar

1935-469: The wood. Compounds extracted from the fruit, when concentrated, may repel insects. However, the naturally occurring concentrations of these compounds in the fruit are too low to make the fruit an effective insect repellent. In 2004, the EPA insisted that a website selling M. pomifera fruits online remove any mention of their supposed repellent properties as false advertising. The Comanche formerly used

1980-506: Was a finalist for the Eclipse Award for Outstanding Breeder in 2008. WinStar won the Eclipse Award for Outstanding Owner in 2010. WinStar offers an innovative "Dream Big" program, which offers breeders the opportunity to earn a lifetime breeding right to a young stallion after producing just two live foals from his first books. Troutt said that in the volatile thoroughbred industry, the keys to survival are to not let emotions drive bidding and to always be willing to sell. WinStar Farm won

2025-541: Was named the first president and CEO of WinStar. In 2005, W. Elliott Walden , who had trained Distorted Humor and several WinStar horses, became vice president and racing manager. In 2010, Troutt and Casner dissolved their partnership, leaving Troutt as the sole owner of WinStar. Later that year, Walden replaced Cauthen as president and CEO. In 2013, WinStar built a new stallion barn that houses 18 stallions, with covered access to two breeding sheds and two viewing areas. There are twenty-two paddocks of 3 acres each in which

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