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114-513: The church's website claims the organization to have been founded in 1966, and the 1999 date to be a "re-establishment" of the original Church of Satan, claiming direct continuity with Anton LaVey. Karla asserts that she is re-representing the original teachings of her father from which the current administration of the Church of Satan has departed, and maintains an elitist stance of her father's original organization. Anton LaVey's book The Satanic Bible

228-523: A 2002 study has supported the protocol of precautionary administration of PEP where a child or mentally compromised individual has been alone with a bat, especially in sleep areas, where a bite or exposure may occur with the victim being unaware. Once rabies develops, death almost certainly follows. Palliative care in a hospital setting is recommended with administration of large doses of pain medication, and sedatives in preference to physical restraint. Ice fragments can be given by mouth for thirst, but there

342-637: A Heksennacht festival celebrated by Satanists . The party called for a ban. That such a festival even existed, however, and that it was 'Satanic' was rejected by most others. The local Church in Dokkum , Friesland organized a Service in 2003 to pray for the Holy Spirit to, according to the church, counter the Satanic action. While the name Walpurgis is taken from the 8th-century British Dumnonian Christian missionary Saint Walburga, valborg , as it

456-672: A bank of cloud in high mountain areas when the sun is low. The phenomenon was first reported on the Brocken. A scene in Goethe 's Faust Part One is called " Walpurgisnacht ," and one in Faust Part Two is called "Classical Walpurgisnacht ." The last chapter of book five in Thomas Mann 's The Magic Mountain is also called " Walpurgisnacht ." In Edward Albee 's 1962 play Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? , Act Two

570-595: A breakfast including champagne and strawberries. During the day, people gather in parks, drink considerable amounts of alcoholic beverages, barbecue, and generally enjoy the weather, if it happens to be favorable. In Uppsala, since 1975, students honor spring by rafting on Fyris river through the center of town with rickety, homemade, in fact quite easily wreckable, and often humorously decorated rafts. Several nations also hold "Champagne Races" ( Swedish : champagnegalopp ), where students go to drink and spray champagne or sparkling wine on each other. The walls and floors of

684-418: A center of culture ' ". Saint Walpurga was also known to repel the effects of witchcraft . Saint Walpurga died on 25 February 777 (some sources say 778 or 779) and her tomb, to this day, produces holy oil (known as Saint Walburga's oil ), which is said to heal sickness; Benedictine nuns distribute this oil in vials to Christian pilgrims who visit Saint Walpurga's tomb. The canonization of Walpurga and

798-461: A conjugate, to bind to and allow the visualisation of rabies antigen using fluorescent microscopy techniques. Microscopic analysis of samples is the only direct method that allows for the identification of rabies virus-specific antigen in a short time and at a reduced cost, irrespective of geographical origin and status of the host. It has to be regarded as the first step in diagnostic procedures for all laboratories. Autolysed samples can, however, reduce

912-495: A few Daubenton's bats . There has been one fatal case of EBLV-2 transmission to a human. There have been four deaths from rabies, transmitted abroad by dog bites, since 2000. The last infection in the UK occurred in 1922, and the last death from indigenous rabies was in 1902. Sweden and mainland Norway have been free of rabies since 1886. Bat rabies antibodies (but not the virus) have been found in bats. On Svalbard, animals can cross

1026-666: A goal of eliminating deaths from rabies by 2030. India has the highest rate of human rabies in the world, primarily because of stray dogs, whose number has greatly increased since a 2001 law forbade the killing of dogs. Effective control and treatment of rabies in India is hindered by a form of mass hysteria known as puppy pregnancy syndrome (PPS). Dog bite victims with PPS, male as well as female, become convinced that puppies are growing inside them, and often seek help from faith healers rather than medical services. An estimated 20,000 people die every year from rabies in India, more than

1140-494: A larger, rabid animal, and would, therefore, not be carriers. The Virginia opossum (a marsupial, unlike the other mammals named in this paragraph, which are all eutherians / placental ), has a lower internal body temperature than the rabies virus prefers and therefore is resistant but not immune to rabies. Marsupials , along with monotremes ( platypuses and echidnas ), typically have lower body temperatures than similarly sized eutherians . In 2024, reports emerged that rabies

1254-706: A modest Internet presence. The church held a Walpurgisnacht Show in April 2005 at the 12 Galaxies nightclub in San Francisco, as well as a pre- Halloween benefit show in October 2005 at Edinburgh Castle (also in San Francisco) to help the victims of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita . Since 1998, the Satanic Church has been presenting its Annual Black X-Mass Show every December. These events are open to

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1368-428: A muscle or nerve cell, the virus undergoes replication. The L protein then transcribes five mRNA strands and a positive strand of RNA all from the original negative strand RNA using free nucleotides in the cytoplasm. These five mRNA strands are then translated into their corresponding proteins (P, L, N, G and M proteins) at free ribosomes in the cytoplasm. Some proteins require post-translational modifications. For example,

1482-545: A person with rabies or contact with non-infectious fluid or tissue (urine, blood, feces), does not constitute an exposure and does not require post-exposure prophylaxis. But as the virus is present in sperm and vaginal secretions, it might be possible for rabies to spread through sex. There are only a small number of recorded cases of human-to-human transmission of rabies, and all occurred through organ transplants , most frequently with corneal transplantation , from infected donors. Rabies can be difficult to diagnose because, in

1596-581: A population of people in Peru with a self-reported history of one or more bites from vampire bats (commonly infected with rabies), found that out of 73 individuals reporting previous bat bites, seven people had rabies virus-neutralizing antibodies (rVNA). Since only one member of this group reported prior vaccination for rabies, the findings of the research suggest previously undocumented cases of infection and viral replication followed by an abortive infection. This could indicate that people may have an exposure to

1710-559: A practice that has successfully reduced rabies in rural areas of Canada , France , and the United States . In Montreal , Quebec, Canada, baits are successfully used on raccoons in the Mount-Royal Park area. Vaccination campaigns may be expensive, but cost-benefit analysis suggests baits may be a cost-effective method of control. In Ontario , a dramatic drop in rabies was recorded when an aerial bait-vaccination campaign

1824-404: A protein present in the cytoplasm of nerve cells. Once the virus reaches the cell body it travels rapidly to the central nervous system (CNS), replicating in motor neurons and eventually reaching the brain. After the brain is infected, the virus travels centrifugally to the peripheral and autonomic nervous systems, eventually migrating to the salivary glands, where it is ready to be transmitted to

1938-440: A set of symptoms in the later stages of an infection in which the person has difficulty swallowing, shows panic when presented with liquids to drink, and cannot quench their thirst. Saliva production is greatly increased, and attempts to drink, or even the intention or suggestion of drinking, may cause excruciatingly painful spasms of the muscles in the throat and larynx . Since the infected individual cannot swallow saliva and water,

2052-401: A site distant from the vaccination site. People who have previously been vaccinated against rabies do not need to receive the immunoglobulin—only the postexposure vaccinations on days 0 and 3. The side effects of modern cell-based vaccines are similar to the side effects of flu shots. The old nerve-tissue-based vaccination required multiple injections into the abdomen with a large needle but

2166-514: A speech by the president of the university. Different stalls sell hot dogs, candy, soft drinks, etc. The Church of Satan was founded on Sankt Walpurgisnacht in 1966. Founder Anton Szandor LaVey states in The Satanic Bible that besides one's own birthday, Walpurgisnacht ranks as an important Satanic holiday , noting the Eve of May has been memorialized as "symbolizing the fruition of

2280-538: A speech to honour the arrival of the spring season, often held by a local celebrity. In the Middle Ages, the administrative year ended on 30 April. Accordingly, this was a day of festivity among the merchants and craftsmen of the town, with trick-or-treat, dancing and singing in preparation for the forthcoming celebration of spring. Sir James George Frazer in The Golden Bough writes, "The first of May

2394-541: A teenage girl from Wisconsin , who subsequently became the first human known to have survived rabies without receiving post-exposure prophylaxis before symptom onset. Giese did require extensive rehabilitation afterward, and her balance and neural function remained impaired. The protocol has been enacted on many rabies victims since, but has been adjudged a failure; some survivors of the acute initial phase later died of rabies. Concerns have also been raised about its monetary costs and its ethics. Antiviral therapy to combat

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2508-580: A third of the global total. Australia has an official rabies-free status, although Australian bat lyssavirus (ABLV), discovered in 1996, is a rabies-causing virus related to the rabies virus prevalent in Australian native bat populations. Canine-specific rabies has been eradicated in the United States, but rabies is common among wild animals, and an average of 100 dogs become infected from other wildlife each year. High public awareness of

2622-481: A tradition of hanging cowslips to ward off evil. In Estonia , volbriöö is celebrated throughout the night of 30 April and into the early hours of 1 May, where 1 May is a public holiday called "Spring Day" ( kevadpüha ). Volbriöö is an important and widespread celebration of the arrival of spring in the country. Influenced by German culture, the night originally stood for the gathering and meeting of witches. Modern people still dress up as witches to wander

2736-626: A tradition to cap the Posankka statue. vappu coincides with the socialist International Workers' Day parade. Expanding from the parties of the left, the whole of the Finnish political scene has adopted vappu as the day to go out on stumps and agitate. This is not limited only to political activists; many institutions, such as the Lutheran Church of Finland , have followed suit, marching and making speeches. Left-wing activists of

2850-465: Is World Rabies Day , which promotes the information, prevention, and elimination of the disease. In Asia and in parts of the Americas and Africa, dogs remain the principal host. Mandatory vaccination of animals is less effective in rural areas. Especially in developing countries, pets may not be privately kept and their destruction may be unacceptable. Oral vaccines can be safely distributed in baits,

2964-513: Is a great popular festival in the more midland and southern parts of Sweden. On the eve of the festival, huge bonfires, which should be lighted by striking two flints together, blaze on all the hills and knolls." Walpurgis bonfires are part of a Swedish tradition dating back to at least the early 18th century. At Walpurgis ( valborg ), farm animals were let out to graze and bonfires ( majbrasor , kasar ) lit to scare away predators. In Southern Sweden , an older tradition, no longer practiced,

3078-563: Is a standard magazine , Äpy is always a gimmick. Classic forms have included an äpy printed on toilet paper and on a bedsheet . Often, äpy has been stuffed inside standard industrial packages, such as sardine cans and milk cartons. For most university students, vappu starts a week before the day of celebration. The festivities also include a picnic on 1 May, which is sometimes more lavish, particularly in Ullanlinnanmäki in central Helsinki. In Turku , it has become

3192-465: Is an example of a viral pathogen modifying the behavior of its host to facilitate its transmission to other hosts. After a typical human infection by bite, the virus enters the peripheral nervous system . It then travels retrograde along the efferent nerves toward the central nervous system . During this phase, the virus cannot be easily detected within the host, and vaccination may still confer cell-mediated immunity to prevent symptomatic rabies. When

3306-478: Is called in Swedish, also marks the arrival of spring. The forms of celebration vary in different parts of the country and between different cities. Walpurgis celebrations are not a family occasion but rather a public event, and local groups often take responsibility for organising them to encourage community spirit in the village or neighbourhood. Celebrations normally include lighting the bonfire, choral singing and

3420-470: Is called in Uppsala. For students, Walpurgis Eve heralds freedom. Traditionally the exams were over and only the odd lecture remained before term ends. On the last day of April, the students don their characteristic white caps and sing songs of welcome to spring, to the budding greenery and to a brighter future. More modern valborg celebrations, particularly among Uppsala students, often consist of enjoying

3534-420: Is celebrated then as "the day of those in love", in reference to the famous incipit of the poem Máj by Karel Hynek Mácha ( Byl pozdní večer – první máj – / večerní máj – byl lásky čas ; "Late evening, on the first of May— / The twilit May—the time of love", translation by Edith Pargeter ). In Lincolnshire , Walpurgis Night was observed in rural communities until the second half of the 20th century, with

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3648-459: Is classified as a neglected tropical disease . The global cost of rabies is estimated to be around US$ 8.6 billion per year including lost lives and livelihoods, medical care and associated costs, as well as uncalculated psychological trauma . The name rabies is derived from the Latin rabies , meaning "madness". The Greeks derived the word lyssa , from lud or "violent"; this root is used in

3762-422: Is entitled " Walpurgisnacht ." From Bram Stoker 's short story, Dracula's Guest , an Englishman (whose name is never mentioned) is on a visit to Munich before leaving for Transylvania. It is Walpurgis Night, and in spite of the hotelier's warning not to be late coming back, the young man later leaves his carriage and wanders toward the direction of an abandoned "unholy" village. As the carriage departs with

3876-495: Is expensive and makes up most of the cost of post-exposure treatment, ranging as high as several thousand dollars. In the UK, one dose of HRIG costs the National Health Service £1,000, although this is not flagged as a "high-cost medication". A full course of vaccine costs £120–180. As much as possible of HRIG should be injected around the bites, with the remainder being given by deep intramuscular injection at

3990-414: Is inexpensive. It is being phased out and replaced by affordable World Health Organization intradermal-vaccination regimens. In children less than a year old, the lateral thigh is recommended. Thoroughly washing the wound as soon as possible with soap and water for approximately five minutes is effective in reducing the number of viral particles. Povidone-iodine or alcohol is then recommended to reduce

4104-464: Is known as Saint Walpurga's Night, Saint Walburga's Night, Walpurgis Night, Saint Walpurga's Eve, Saint Walburga's Eve, the Feast of Saint Walpurga or the Feast of Saint Walburga. The Germanic term Walpurgisnacht is recorded in 1668 by Johannes Praetorius as S. Walpurgis Nacht or S. Walpurgis Abend . An earlier mention of Walpurgis and S. Walpurgis Abend is in the 1603 edition of

4218-457: Is no good evidence intravenous hydration is of benefit. A treatment known as the Milwaukee protocol, which involves putting people with rabies symptoms into a chemically induced coma and using antiviral medications in an attempt to protect their brain until their body has had time to produce rabies antibodies, has been occasionally used. It was initially attempted in 2004 on Jeanna Giese,

4332-413: Is packed as a ribonucleoprotein complex in which RNA is tightly bound by the viral nucleoprotein. The RNA genome of the virus encodes five genes whose order is highly conserved: nucleoprotein (N), phosphoprotein (P), matrix protein (M), glycoprotein (G), and the viral RNA polymerase (L). To enter cells, trimeric spikes on the exterior of the membrane of the virus interact with a specific cell receptor,

4446-609: Is part of popular youth culture to play pranks such as tampering with neighbours' gardens, hiding possessions, or spraying graffiti on private property. In Berlin , traditional leftist May Day riots usually start at Walpurgis Night in the Mauerpark in Prenzlauer Berg . There is a similar tradition in the Schanzenviertel district of Hamburg , though in both cases, the situation has significantly calmed down in

4560-478: Is spreading in South African seals, possibly making it the first outbreak documented in marine mammals . The virus is usually present in the nerves and saliva of a symptomatic rabid animal. The route of infection is usually, but not always, by a bite. In many cases, the infected animal is exceptionally aggressive, may attack without provocation, and exhibits otherwise uncharacteristic behavior. This

4674-505: Is stated as required reading prior to joining the First Satanic Church. On Walpurgisnacht , April 30, 1966, Anton LaVey founded the "Satanic Church" (which he would later rename the " Church of Satan "). On October 29, 1997, Anton LaVey died of pulmonary edema . On November 7, 1997, Karla held a press conference to announce Anton's death. It was at this time that Blanche Barton and Karla LaVey announced that they would run

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4788-778: The Calendarium perpetuum of Johann Coler, who also refers to the following day, 1 May, as Jacobi Philippi , feast day of the apostles James the Less and Philip in the Western Christian calendar of saints. The festival of Walpurgis Night is named after the English Christian missionary Saint Walpurga ( c. 710 – 777/9). The daughter of Saint Richard the Pilgrim and sister of Saint Willibald , Saint Walpurga (also known as Saint Walpurgis or Walburga)

4902-569: The Church of Satan as co-High Priestesses. Several days later, Barton produced a hand written will claiming that LaVey had left all of his belongings, property, writings, and royalties, including the Church of Satan, to be put in a trust managed by Barton. Karla contested this will, which was later found to be invalid. A settlement was later reached in which Anton's belongings, intellectual property and royalties would be split among his three children, Karla, Zeena and Xerxes, and that Barton would receive

5016-464: The Czech Republic . Huge bonfires up to 8 metres (26 ft) tall with a witch figure are built and burnt in the evening, preferably on top of hills. Young people gather around. Sudden black and dense smoke formations are cheered as "a witch flying away". An effigy of a witch is held up and thrown into a bonfire to burn. In some places, it is customary to burn a puppet representing a witch on

5130-607: The German Sankt-Walpurgisnacht [zaŋkt valˈpʊʁɡɪsˌnaxt] ), also known as Saint Walpurga's Eve (alternatively spelled Saint Walburga's Eve ) and Walpurgisnacht , is the eve of the Christian feast day of Saint Walpurga , an 8th-century abbess in Francia , and is celebrated on the night of 30 April and the day of 1 May. This feast commemorates the canonization of Saint Walpurga and

5244-508: The mayor of Tartu ), followed by visiting each other's corporation houses throughout the night. In Finland , Walpurgis night ( Finnish : vappu ; Swedish : vappen , valborg ) is one of the four biggest holidays along with Christmas Eve, New Year's Eve , and Midsummer ( juhannus , Swedish : midsommar ). Walpurgis witnesses the biggest carnival -style festival held in Finland's cities and towns. The celebration, which begins on

5358-532: The rabies virus and Australian bat lyssavirus . Duvenhage lyssavirus may cause a rabies-like infection. The rabies virus is the type species of the Lyssavirus genus , in the family Rhabdoviridae , order Mononegavirales . Lyssavirions have helical symmetry, with a length of about 180  nm and a cross-section of about 75 nm. These virions are enveloped and have a single-stranded RNA genome with negative sense . The genetic information

5472-459: The spring equinox and summer solstice ) to mark the beginning of summer, including Beltane in Ireland and Britain. Folklorist Jack Santino says "Her day and its traditions almost certainly are traceable to pre-Christian celebrations that took place at this time, on the first of May". Art historian Pamela Berger noted Walpurga's association with sheaves of grain, and suggested that her cult

5586-470: The 1970s still party on May Day. Carnivals are arranged, and many radio stations play leftist songs, such as The Internationale . Traditionally, 1 May is celebrated by the way of a picnic in a park. For most, the picnic is enjoyed with friends on a blanket with food and sparkling wine . Some people arrange extremely lavish picnics with pavilions, white tablecloths, silver candelabras , classical music , and extravagant food. The picnic usually starts early in

5700-475: The 19th century and were spread by students' spring festivities. The strongest and most traditional spring festivities are also found in the old university cities, such as Uppsala and Lund , where undergraduates, graduates, and alumni gather at events that last most of the day from early morning to late night on 30 April, or siste april ("The Last Day of April") as it is called in Lund, or sista april as it

5814-515: The Feast of Saint Walburga, often obtaining vials of Saint Walburga's oil . In Germany, Hexennacht ('Witches' Night'), the night from 30 April to 1 May, is the night when witches are reputed to hold a large celebration on the Brocken and await the arrival of spring and is held on the same night as Saint Walpurgis Night ( Sankt Walpurgisnacht ). Walpurgisnacht Night (in German folklore)

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5928-648: The Feast of Saint Walpurga, often obtaining vials of Saint Walpurga's oil . It is suggested that Walpurgis Night is linked with older May Day festivals in northern Europe, which also involved lighting bonfires at night, for example the Gaelic festival Beltane . Local variants of Walpurgis Night are observed throughout Northern and Central Europe in the Netherlands , Germany , the Czech Republic , Slovakia , Slovenia , Sweden , Lithuania , Latvia , Finland , and Estonia . In Finland, Denmark and Norway ,

6042-469: The G protein travels through the rough endoplasmic reticulum , where it undergoes further folding, and is then transported to the Golgi apparatus , where a sugar group is added to it ( glycosylation ). When there are enough viral proteins, the viral polymerase will begin to synthesize new negative strands of RNA from the template of the positive-strand RNA. These negative strands will then form complexes with

6156-534: The Hungarian population still knows about the fairy of the Thököly castle (Thököly vár), who sweeps the area around the Hungarian well at the dawn of Pentecost, and they still know about the witches who walk on May Day and Pentecost, but in most places, the source of evil was replaced by fire, ice, caterpillars and diseases as the country become more secular . As in all Germanic countries, Sankt Walpurgisnacht

6270-467: The N, P, L and M proteins and then travel to the inner membrane of the cell, where a G protein has embedded itself in the membrane. The G protein then coils around the N-P-L-M complex of proteins taking some of the host cell membrane with it, which will form the new outer envelope of the virus particle. The virus then buds from the cell. From the point of entry, the virus is neurotropic , traveling along

6384-439: The United States to prevent outbreaks of rabies in undomesticated animals. Immunization before exposure has been used in both human and nonhuman populations, where, as in many jurisdictions, domesticated animals are required to be vaccinated. The Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services Communicable Disease Surveillance 2007 Annual Report states the following can help reduce the risk of contracting rabies: 28 September

6498-525: The United States, 62 (70%) were attributed to bats. The most recent rabies death in the United States was in November 2021, where a Texas child was bitten by a bat in late August 2021 but his parents failed to get him treatment. He died less than three months later. Either no or very few cases of rabies are reported each year in Europe; cases are contracted both during travel and in Europe. In Switzerland

6612-460: The animal from which the bite was received should also be examined for rabies. Some light microscopy techniques may also be used to diagnose rabies at a tenth of the cost of traditional fluorescence microscopy techniques, allowing identification of the disease in less-developed countries. A test for rabies, known as LN34, is easier to run on a dead animal's brain and might help determine who does and does not need post-exposure prevention. The test

6726-609: The black and white student cap and many higher education students wear student coveralls . One tradition is to drink sima , a home-made low-alcohol mead , along with freshly cooked tippaleipä . In the capital, Helsinki , and its surrounding region , fixtures include the capping (on 30 April at 6 pm) of Havis Amanda , a nude female statue in Helsinki , and the biennially alternating publications of ribald matter called äpy and Julkku , by engineering students of Aalto University . Both are sophomoric ; but while Julkku

6840-531: The bonfire. It is still a widespread feast in the Czech Republic, practiced since the pagan times. As evening advances to midnight and fire is on the wane, it is time to go search for a cherry tree in blossom. This is another feast, connected with 1 May. Young women should be kissed past midnight (and during the following day) under a blossoming cherry (or if unavailable, another blossoming) tree, as they "will not dry up" for an entire year. The First of May

6954-559: The brain and meninges , symptoms can include slight or partial paralysis , anxiety , insomnia , confusion , agitation , abnormal behavior, paranoia , terror , and hallucinations . The person may also have fear of water. The symptoms eventually progress to delirium and coma . Death usually occurs two to ten days after first symptoms. Survival is almost unknown once symptoms have presented, even with intensive care. Rabies has also occasionally been referred to as hydrophobia ("fear of water") throughout its history. It refers to

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7068-475: The carnival parade, The Cortège , which has been held since 1909 by the students at Chalmers University of Technology , is an important part of the celebration. It is seen by around 250,000 people each year. Another major event is the gathering of students in Garden Society of Gothenburg to listen to student choirs, orchestras, and speeches. An important part of the gathering is the ceremonial donning of

7182-533: The day at the park Trädgårdsföreningen, in the field below Belvederen where the city laws permit alcohol, to drink champagne breakfast in a similar way to Uppsala. Later, at three o'clock, the students and public gather at the courtyard of Linköping Castle . Spring songs are sung by the Linköping University Male Voice Choir , and speeches are made by representatives of the students and the university professors. In Gothenburg ,

7296-720: The deaths occurred in Asia and Africa. As of 2015 , India (approximately 20,847), followed by China (approximately 6,000) and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (5,600), had the most cases. A 2015 collaboration between the World Health Organization, World Organization of Animal Health (OIE), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nation (FAO), and Global Alliance for Rabies Control has

7410-450: The disease if given within 10 days. The rabies vaccine is 100% effective if given before symptoms of rabies appear. Every year, more than 15 million people get vaccinated after potential exposure. While this works well, the cost is significant. In the US it is recommended people receive one dose of human rabies immunoglobulin (HRIG) and four doses of rabies vaccine over a 14-day period. HRIG

7524-580: The disease was virtually eliminated after scientists placed chicken heads laced with live attenuated vaccine in the Swiss Alps . Foxes, proven to be the main source of rabies in the country, ate the chicken heads and became immunized. Italy, after being declared rabies-free from 1997 to 2008, has witnessed a reemergence of the disease in wild animals in the Triveneto regions ( Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol , Veneto and Friuli-Venezia Giulia ) due to

7638-424: The distance the virus must travel along peripheral nerves to reach the central nervous system . Rabies is caused by lyssaviruses , including the rabies virus and Australian bat lyssavirus . It is spread when an infected animal bites or scratches a human or other animals. Saliva from an infected animal can also transmit rabies if the saliva comes into contact with the eyes, mouth, or nose. Globally, dogs are

7752-509: The early stages, it is easily confused with other diseases or even with a simple aggressive temperament. The reference method for diagnosing rabies is the fluorescent antibody test (FAT), an immunohistochemistry procedure, which is recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). The FAT relies on the ability of a detector molecule (usually fluorescein isothiocyanate) coupled with a rabies-specific antibody, forming

7866-555: The effects of rabies has also been researched; favipiravir , for example, has shown potential at inhibiting the development of encephalitis. It has been suggested that such therapy in combination with immunotherapy and neuroprotective measures could be beneficial. Vaccination after exposure, PEP, is highly successful in preventing rabies. In unvaccinated humans, rabies is almost certainly fatal after neurological symptoms have developed. In 2010, an estimated 26,000 people died from rabies, down from 54,000 in 1990. The majority of

7980-405: The evening of 30 April and continues on 1 May, typically centres on the consumption of sima , sparkling wine and other alcoholic beverages . Student traditions, particularly those of engineering students, are one of the main characteristics of vappu . Since the end of the 19th century, this traditional upper-class feast has been appropriated by university students. Many high school alumni wear

8094-409: The frightened and superstitious driver, a tall and thin stranger scares the horses at the crest of a hill. In some parts of northern coastal regions of Germany, the custom of lighting huge fires is still kept alive to celebrate the coming of May, while most parts of Germany have a derived Christianized custom around Easter called "Easter fires" ( Osterfeuer ). In rural parts of southern Germany, it

8208-457: The genus name of the rabies virus, Lyssavirus . The period between infection and the first symptoms (incubation period) is typically one to three months in humans. This period may be as short as four days or longer than six years, depending on the location and severity of the wound and the amount of virus introduced. Initial symptoms of rabies are often nonspecific, such as fever and headache. As rabies progresses and causes inflammation of

8322-443: The hillsides, a tradition that continues in some regions today. In Bavaria, the feast day is sometimes called Hexennacht ( Dutch : heksennacht ), literally "Witches' Night", on which revelers dress as witches and demons, set off fireworks, dance and play loud music, which is said to drive the witches and winter spirits away. 30 April is Pálení čarodějnic ('Burning of the witches') or čarodějnice ('The witches') in

8436-572: The intercession of Saint Walpurga was believed to be efficacious against evil magic, medieval and Renaissance tradition held that, during Walpurgis Night, witches celebrated a sabbath and evil powers were at their strongest. In German folklore , Walpurgis Night was believed to be the night of a witches' meeting on the Brocken , the highest peak in the Harz mountains, a range of wooded hills in central Germany. To ward off evil and protect themselves and their livestock, people would traditionally light fires on

8550-804: The meaning to drive away the remaining cold of winter and welcome spring. Occasional mentions to the ritual occur, and at least once a feminist called group co-opted the name to call for attention to the position of women (following the example of German women's organizations), a variety of the Take Back the Night phenomenon. Still, in recent years a renewed interest in pre-Christian religion and culture has led to renewed interest in Heksennacht (Witch's Night) as well. In 1999, suspicions were raised among local Reformed party members in Putten , Gelderland of

8664-492: The morning, where some of the previous night's party-goers continue their celebrations from the previous night. Some student organisations reserve areas where they traditionally camp every year. Student caps, mead, streamers and balloons have their role in the picnic and the celebration as a whole. On the Feast of Saint Walburga, "many thousand" people have made Christian pilgrimages to Saint Walburga's tomb in Eichstätt on

8778-521: The most common animal involved. In countries where dogs commonly have the disease, more than 99% of rabies cases in humans are the direct result of dog bites . In the Americas , bat bites are the most common source of rabies infections in humans, and less than 5% of cases are from dogs. Rodents are very rarely infected with rabies. The disease can be diagnosed only after the start of symptoms. Animal control and vaccination programs have decreased

8892-401: The most likely one being the acetylcholine receptor. The cellular membrane pinches in a procession known as pinocytosis and allows entry of the virus into the cell by way of an endosome . The virus then uses the acidic environment, which is necessary, of that endosome and binds to its membrane simultaneously, releasing its five proteins and single-strand RNA into the cytoplasm. Once within

9006-399: The mouth" effect, caused by the accumulation of saliva, is also commonly associated with rabies in the public perception and in popular culture. The remaining 20% may experience a paralytic form of rabies that is marked by muscle weakness , loss of sensation, and paralysis ; this form of rabies does not usually cause fear of water. Rabies is caused by a number of lyssaviruses including

9120-454: The movement of her relics to Eichstätt occurred on 1 May in the year 870, thus leading to the Feast of Saint Walpurga and its eve, Walpurgis Night, being popularly observed on this date. She quickly became one of the most popular saints in England, Germany, and France. When the bishop had Saint Walpurga's relics moved to Eichstätt, "miraculous cures were reported as her remains traveled along

9234-722: The movement of her relics to Eichstätt , both of which occurred on 1 May 870. Saint Walpurga was hailed by the Christians of Germany for battling "pest, rabies , and whooping cough , as well as against witchcraft ". Christians prayed to God through the intercession of Saint Walpurga in order to protect themselves from witchcraft, as Saint Walpurga was successful in converting the local populace to Christianity . In parts of Europe, people continue to light bonfires on Saint Walpurga's Eve in order to ward off evil spirits and witches . Others have historically made Christian pilgrimages to Saint Walpurga's tomb in Eichstätt on

9348-459: The neural pathways into the central nervous system . The virus usually first infects muscle cells close to the site of infection, where they are able to replicate without being 'noticed' by the host's immune system. Once enough virus has been replicated, they begin to bind to acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction. The virus then travels through the nerve cell axon via retrograde transport , as its P protein interacts with dynein ,

9462-513: The next host. All warm-blooded species, including humans, may become infected with the rabies virus and develop symptoms. Birds were first artificially infected with rabies in 1884; however, infected birds are largely, if not wholly, asymptomatic, and recover. Other bird species have been known to develop rabies antibodies , a sign of infection, after feeding on rabies-infected mammals. The virus has also adapted to grow in cells of cold-blooded vertebrates. Most animals can be infected by

9576-555: The night of 30 April (May Day's eve), when witches meet on the Brocken mountain and hold revels with the Devil... Brocken is the highest of the Harz Mountains of north central Germany. It is noted for the phenomenon of the Brocken spectre and for witches' revels which reputedly took place there on Walpurgis night. The Brocken Spectre is a magnified shadow of an observer, typically surrounded by rainbow-like bands, thrown onto

9690-565: The old nation buildings are covered in plastic for this occasion, as the champagne is poured around recklessly and sometimes spilled enough to wade in. Spraying champagne is, however, a fairly recent addition to the Champagne Race. The name derives from the students running down the slope from the Carolina Rediviva library to drink champagne, toward the student nations . In Linköping many students and former students begin

9804-552: The past few years. In Hungary elderberries decorated the houses, which were used to ward off witches this day, because the Hungarians believed that different plants can protect against various diseases or supernatural dangers. But most witchcraft traditions occurred earlier in the spring festival cycle, on St George's Day (Szent György napja), because of the proximity of May Day and Pentecost . In some places, these beliefs have not yet died out on Wilpurgis Night. In Késmárk

9918-422: The person receives the treatment before the start of rabies symptoms. Washing bites and scratches for 15 minutes with soap and water, povidone-iodine , or detergent may reduce the number of viral particles and may be somewhat effective at preventing transmission. As of 2016 , only fourteen people were documented to have survived a rabies infection after showing symptoms. However, research conducted in 2010 among

10032-488: The poem and set it to music, as a secular cantata (or "Sinfonie-Ballade" in the composer's correspondence) for soloists ( alto , tenor , baritone , bass ), chorus and orchestra . Rabies Rabies is a viral disease that causes encephalitis in humans and other mammals . It was historically referred to as hydrophobia ("fear of water") because its victims would panic when offered liquids to drink. Early symptoms can include fever and abnormal sensations at

10146-521: The public, although membership to the First Satanic Church is only possible by a careful screening after applying through their website. Karla LaVey hosts a Satanic radio show every week in San Francisco in which she talks and plays the music that she grew up enjoying with her father. Listeners are encouraged to send in their CDs for playing. Walpurgisnacht Walpurgis Night ( / v æ l ˈ p ʊər ɡ ɪ s , v ɑː l -, - ˈ p ɜːr -/ ), an abbreviation of Saint Walpurgis Night (from

10260-405: The risk of rabies from dogs in a number of regions of the world. Immunizing people before they are exposed is recommended for those at high risk, including those who work with bats or who spend prolonged periods in areas of the world where rabies is common. In people who have been exposed to rabies, the rabies vaccine and sometimes rabies immunoglobulin are effective in preventing the disease if

10374-432: The route". Miracle cures were later reported from ailing people who anointed themselves with a fluid known as Walburga's oil that drained from the rock at her shrine at Eichstatt. The date of Walpurgis Night coincided with an older May Eve festival, celebrated in much of northern Europe with the lighting of bonfires at night. A variety of festivals of pre-Christian origin had been celebrated at this time (halfway between

10488-614: The sensitivity and specificity of the FAT. The RT PCR assays proved to be a sensitive and specific tool for routine diagnostic purposes, particularly in decomposed samples or archival specimens. The diagnosis can be reliably made from brain samples taken after death. The diagnosis can also be made from saliva, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid samples, but this is not as sensitive or reliable as brain samples. Cerebral inclusion bodies called Negri bodies are 100% diagnostic for rabies infection but are found in only about 80% of cases. If possible,

10602-500: The site of exposure. These symptoms are followed by one or more of the following symptoms: nausea, vomiting, violent movements, uncontrolled excitement, fear of water, an inability to move parts of the body, confusion, and loss of consciousness . Once symptoms appear, the result is virtually always death. The time period between contracting the disease and the start of symptoms is usually one to three months but can vary from less than one week to more than one year. The time depends on

10716-465: The spreading of an epidemic in the Balkans that also affected Austria. An extensive wild animal vaccination campaign eliminated the virus from Italy again, and it regained the rabies-free country status in 2013, the last reported case of rabies being reported in a red fox in early 2011. The United Kingdom has been free of rabies since the early 20th century except for a rabies-like virus (EBLV-2) in

10830-399: The spring equinox", and chose the date well aware of the date's traditional association with witchcraft. Additionally, The Satanic Temple celebrates Hexennacht as "a solemn holiday to honor those who were victimized by superstition". The event was the inspiration for a poem, Die erste Walpurgisnacht , by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe . In turn, composer Felix Mendelssohn in 1831 took

10944-462: The streets in a carnival-like mood. The volbriöö celebrations are especially vigorous in Tartu , the university town in southern Estonia. For Estonian students in student corporations ( Estonian fraternities and sororities ), the night starts with a traditional procession through the streets of Tartu (during which the governing of the city is symbolically handed over to the students for the night by

11058-475: The student cap, which stems from the time when students wore their caps daily and switched from black winter cap to white summer cap. In Umeå , there is an old tradition of having local bonfires. During recent years, however, there has also been a tradition of celebrating Walpurgis at the Umeå University campus. The university organizes student choir singing, as well as other types of entertainment and

11172-775: The tradition with bonfires to ward off the witches is observed as Saint John's Eve , which commemorates the Nativity of Saint John the Baptist . The date of Saint Walpurga 's canonization came to be known as Sankt Walpurgisnacht ("Saint Walpurga's night") in German. The name of the holiday is often shortened to Walpurgisnacht (German), Valborgsmässoafton (" Valborg 's Mass Eve", Swedish ), Vappen ( Finland Swedish ), Vappu ( Finnish ), Volbriöö ( Estonian ), Valpurgijos naktis ( Lithuanian ), Valpurģu nakts or Valpurģi ( Latvian ), and čarodějnice or Valpuržina noc ( Czech ). In English, it

11286-878: The virus and can transmit the disease to humans. Worldwide, about 99% of human rabies cases come from domestic dogs. Other sources of rabies in humans include bats , monkeys , raccoons , foxes , skunks , cattle , wolves , coyotes , cats , and mongooses (normally either the small Asian mongoose or the yellow mongoose). Rabies may also spread through exposure to infected bears , domestic farm animals , groundhogs , weasels , and other wild carnivorans . However, lagomorphs , such as hares and rabbits , and small rodents , such as chipmunks , gerbils , guinea pigs , hamsters , mice , rats , and squirrels , are almost never found to be infected with rabies and are not known to transmit rabies to humans. Bites from mice, rats, or squirrels rarely require rabies prevention because these rodents are typically killed by any encounter with

11400-414: The virus further. Awakening to find a bat in the room, or finding a bat in the room of a previously unattended child or mentally disabled or intoxicated person, is an indication for post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). The recommendation for the precautionary use of PEP in bat encounters where no contact is recognized has been questioned in the medical literature, based on a cost–benefit analysis . However,

11514-399: The virus has a much higher chance of being transmitted, because it multiplies and accumulates in the salivary glands and is transmitted through biting. Hydrophobia is commonly associated with furious rabies, which affects 80% of rabies-infected people. This form of rabies causes irrational aggression in the host, which aids in the spreading of the virus through animal bites; a "foaming at

11628-576: The virus reaches the brain , it rapidly causes encephalitis , the prodromal phase, which is the beginning of the symptoms. Once the patient becomes symptomatic, treatment is almost never effective and mortality is over 99%. Rabies may also inflame the spinal cord , producing transverse myelitis . Although it is theoretically possible for rabies-infected humans to transmit it to others by biting or otherwise, no such cases have ever been documented, because infected humans are usually hospitalized and necessary precautions taken. Casual contact, such as touching

11742-643: The virus without treatment and develop natural antibodies as a result. Rabies causes about 59,000 deaths worldwide per year, about 40% of which are in children under the age of 15. More than 95% of human deaths from rabies occur in Africa and Asia. Rabies is present in more than 150 countries and on all continents but Antarctica. More than 3 billion people live in regions of the world where rabies occurs. A number of countries, including Australia and Japan, as well as much of Western Europe, do not have rabies among dogs. Many Pacific islands do not have rabies at all. It

11856-400: The virus, efforts at vaccination of domestic animals and curtailment of feral populations, and availability of postexposure prophylaxis have made rabies very rare in humans in the United States. From 1960 to 2018, a total of 125 such cases were reported in the United States; of them, 36 (28%) were attributed to dog bites suffered during international travel. Among the 89 infections acquired in

11970-429: The “corporation known as Church of Satan.” After LaVey's death, Blanche Barton assumed the administrative leadership of the Church of Satan, although Karla LaVey had not abdicated her role as High Priestess. Shortly thereafter, Barton appointed Peter H. Gilmore and his wife Peggy Nadramia to the positions of High Priest and Priestess, and the Church's headquarters were subsequently moved to New York City . Karla LaVey

12084-485: Was adapted from pagan agrarian goddesses. In modern times, many Christians continue to make religious pilgrimages to Saint Walburga's tomb in Eichstätt on Saint Walburga's Day; in the 19th century, the number of pilgrims travelling to the Church of St. Walpurgis was described as "many thousand". Due to 1 May the date of Saint Walpurga's feast, it has become associated with other May Day celebrations and regional traditions, especially in Finland and Sweden. Given that

12198-721: Was born in Devon , England , in AD 710. Born into a prominent Anglo-Saxon family, Saint Walpurga studied medicine and became a Christian missionary to Germany, where she founded a double monastery in Heidenheim . As such, Christian artwork often depicts her holding bandages in her hand. As a result of Saint Walpurga's evangelism in Germany, the people there converted to Christianity from heathenism . In addition, "the monastery became an education center and 'soon became famous as

12312-510: Was celebrated in areas of what is now the Netherlands. It has not been celebrated recently due to the national Koninginnedag (Queen's Day) falling on the same date, though the new koningsdag (King's Day) is on 27 April. The island of Texel celebrates a festival known as the ' Meierblis  [ nl ] ' (roughly translated as 'May-Blaze') on that same day, where bonfires are lit near nightfall, just as on Walpurgis, but with

12426-461: Was critical of Barton's administration of the Church, as she felt the Church's move to New York to be a disservice to her father's legacy. Karla LaVey and Blanche Barton's parting of ways was primarily due to legal disputes regarding Anton LaVey's will and inheritance. Consequently, to carry on the legacy of her father, Karla LaVey founded the "First Satanic Church" and continues to run it out of San Francisco, California. The organization maintains only

12540-667: Was developed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in 2018. The differential diagnosis in a case of suspected human rabies may initially include any cause of encephalitis , in particular infection with viruses such as herpesviruses , enteroviruses , and arboviruses such as West Nile virus . The most important viruses to rule out are herpes simplex virus type one, varicella zoster virus , and (less commonly) enteroviruses, including coxsackieviruses , echoviruses , polioviruses , and human enteroviruses 68 to 71. New causes of viral encephalitis are also possible, as

12654-661: Was developed in 1885 by Louis Pasteur and Émile Roux . Their original vaccine was harvested from infected rabbits, from which the virus in the nerve tissue was weakened by allowing it to dry for five to ten days. Similar nerve tissue-derived vaccines are still used in some countries, as they are much cheaper than modern cell culture vaccines. The human diploid cell rabies vaccine was started in 1967. Less expensive purified chicken embryo cell vaccine and purified vero cell rabies vaccine are now available. A recombinant vaccine called V-RG has been used in Belgium, France, Germany, and

12768-455: Was evidenced by the 1999 outbreak in Malaysia of 300 cases of encephalitis with a mortality rate of 40% caused by Nipah virus , a newly recognized paramyxovirus . Likewise, well-known viruses may be introduced into new locales, as is illustrated by the outbreak of encephalitis due to West Nile virus in the eastern United States. Almost all human exposure to rabies was fatal until a vaccine

12882-468: Was for the younger people to collect greenery and branches from the woods at twilight. These were used to adorn the houses of the village. The expected reward for this task was to be paid in eggs . Choral singing is a popular pastime in Sweden, and on Walpurgis Eve virtually every choir in the country is busy. Singing traditional songs of spring is widespread throughout the country. The songs are mostly from

12996-440: Was launched. The number of recorded human deaths from rabies in the United States has dropped from 100 or more annually in the early 20th century to one or two per year because of widespread vaccination of domestic dogs and cats and the development of human vaccines and immunoglobulin treatments. Most deaths now result from bat bites, which may go unnoticed by the victim and hence untreated. Treatment after exposure can prevent

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