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30-408: Three-tier education refers to those structures of schooling, which exist in some parts of England, where pupils are taught in three distinct school types as they progress through the education system. In a three-tier local education authority children begin their compulsory education in a first school or lower school , which caters for children up to the age of 8 or 9. Children then transfer to

60-481: A middle school , which caters for children from age 9 to age 13 or 14. Following this, children transfer for the remainder of their compulsory education to an upper school or high school , sometimes on into the sixth form . References to middle schools in publications of the UK Government date back to 1856, and the educational reports of William Henry Hadow mention the concept. It was not until 1963 that

90-495: A committee known as a local education authority (LEA). The councils took over the powers and responsibilities of the school boards and technical instruction committees in their area. Municipal boroughs with a population of 10,000 and urban districts with a population of 20,000 were to be local education authorities in their areas for elementary education only. In 1904 the London County Council became

120-536: A director of children's services. The Education and Inspections Act 2006 includes a clause that allows for the future renaming of LEAs as local authorities in all legislation, removing the anomaly of one local authority being known as an LEA and a children's services authority. The term was introduced by the Education Act 1902 ( 2 Edw. 7 . c. 42). The legislation designated each local authority; either county council and county borough council ; would set up

150-645: A lack of teachers trained to teach in middle schools; and increased autonomy being given to schools, with upper and lower schools choosing to expand their age ranges. The introduction of the National Curriculum has also been cited, as the middle school system led to children changing schools partway through one of its Key Stages; the National Curriculum was cited by David Ward , then the councillor in Bradford responsible for education, as

180-547: A local authority, the West Riding of Yorkshire , first proposed to introduce a middle-school system, with schools spanning ages 5–9, 9–13 and 13–18; one source suggests that the system was "introduced" in that year. Local education authorities were permitted to introduce middle schools by the Education Act 1964 , subsequently, the notion of three-tier education was mooted by the Plowden Report of 1967—this proposed

210-577: A local education authority, with the abolition of the London School Board . The metropolitan boroughs within London were not education authorities, although they were given the power to decide on the site for new schools in their areas, and provided the majority of members on boards of management. The LEAs' role was further expanded with the introduction of school meals in 1906 and medical inspection in 1907. The Education Act 1944 changed

240-582: A reason for abolishing the system there, and local authority officials in Wiltshire, when closing the remaining middle schools in 2002, argued specifically that the mid-Key-Stage school change caused children to be disadvantaged. In addition, in Northumberland it was reported that closing its middle schools could allow the buildings to be sold to raise money for repairs to the remainder of the council's school estate. The Inter-LEA Middle Schools Forum

270-597: A thousand opening in the decade from the first introduction. Sources suggest reasons for the introduction of the three-tier system in local authority areas included capacity problems, as a result of both the raising of the school leaving age to 16 from 15 (which took place in 1972), and the introduction of comprehensive education , with the schools themselves bypassing the traditional Eleven-plus exam which determined which secondary school pupils would attend. The number of middle schools peaked in 1982, when over 1400 middle schools were open; by 2017, only 121 remained, and by 2019

300-559: The 2016 referendum on EU membership . At the snap 2017 general election , Huddleston was re-elected as MP for Mid Worcestershire with an increased vote share of 65.3% and an increased majority of 23,326. In February 2019, Huddleston was appointed as the Conservatives' new vice chairman for youth. He was responsible for attracting young people to the party's ranks. After Boris Johnson became Prime Minister in July 2019, Huddleston

330-571: The Greater London Council . The twenty outer London boroughs became local education authorities, while a new Inner London Education Authority , consisting of the members of the GLC elected for the twelve inner London boroughs covering the former County of London was created. In 1974 local government outside London was completely reorganised. In the new metropolitan counties of England and Wales, metropolitan boroughs became LEAs. In

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360-684: The Member of Parliament (MP) for Droitwich and Evesham , previously Mid Worcestershire , since 2015 and was Shadow Financial Secretary to the Treasury from July to November 2024. He served as Financial Secretary to the Treasury from November 2023 to July 2024. He previously served as Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State at the Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport from 2020 to 2022 and as Minister of State for International Trade from February to November 2023. Nigel Huddleston

390-603: The National Middle Schools' Forum recorded 107 in its directory, in 14 local authority areas. In 2006, it was reported that Central Bedfordshire, Northumberland and the Isle of Wight were the only LEAs still exclusively using the three-tier system. Multiple reasons have been suggested by sources for this reversion to a two-tier system, including: a lack of clear identity, with the Department for Education and Science labelling them as either primary or secondary;

420-585: The 1990s led to the formation of unitary authorities in parts of England and throughout Wales, which became local education authorities. The Children Act 2004 defined each local education authority as additionally a children's services authority, with responsibility for both functions held by the director of children's services. The Local Education Authorities and Children's Services Authorities (Integration of Functions) Order 2010 removed all reference to local education authorities and children's services authorities from existing legislation, replacing them with

450-637: The Isles of Scilly is an education authority. There are 153 local education authorities in England. There are currently 153 local education authorities in England. Below they are listed alphabetically by region. Nigel Huddleston Nigel Paul Huddleston (born 13 October 1970) is a British politician who has served as co-chairman of the Conservative Party since November 2024, serving alongside The Lord Johnson of Lainston . He has been

480-441: The duties of the former role of Parliamentary under-secretary of state for civil society , held by The Baroness Barran until the role was abolished. Huddleston then became Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Sport, Tourism, Heritage and Civil Society. Due to the 2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies , Huddleston's constituency of Mid Worcestershire was abolished, and replaced with Droitwich and Evesham . At

510-511: The funding of students in higher education (for example undergraduate courses and PGCE ) whose permanent address is in their area, regardless of the place of study. Based on an assessment of individual circumstances they offer grants or access to student loans through the Student Loans Company . Statutory education functions for local authorities in England are as follows: England has several tiers of local government and

540-634: The industry head of travel for Google . At the 2010 general election , Huddleston was the Conservative candidate for Luton South , coming second with 29.4% of the vote behind the Labour candidate Gavin Shuker . In 2014, he was selected as the prospective parliamentary candidate in Mid Worcestershire in a primary election in which anyone on the constituency's electoral register

570-699: The introduction of first schools and middle schools , which would replace the existing system of infant and junior schools , as well as the first part of secondary schooling . The Plowden Report recommended that middle schools span ages 8 to 12. The first middle school in England was introduced in 1968, in the Hemsworth division of the West Riding of Yorkshire. The first authority-wide systems of middle schools were introduced in 1970, in Stoke-on-Trent and Southampton . Numbers rapidly grew, with over

600-859: The non-metropolitan counties the county councils were the education authorities. In 1986, with the abolition of the Greater London Council, the Inner London Education Authority became directly elected. This however only lasted until 1990, when the twelve inner London boroughs assumed responsibility for education. In 1989, under the Education Reform Act 1988 , the LEAs lost responsibility for higher education, with all polytechnics and colleges of higher education becoming independent corporations. A further wave of local government reorganisation during

630-613: The relevant local authority varies. Within Greater London the 32 London borough councils and the Common Council of the City of London are the local authorities responsible for education; in the metropolitan counties it is the 36 metropolitan borough councils ; and in the non-metropolitan counties it is the 21 county councils or, where there is no county council, the councils of the 62 unitary authorities . The Council of

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660-465: The requirements for delegation of functions from county councils to districts and boroughs. The population requirement for excepted districts became 60,000 or 7,000 pupils registered in elementary schools. The Local Government Act 1958 permitted any county district to apply for excepted district status. In 1965 the London County Council , Middlesex County Council and the councils of the county boroughs of Croydon, East Ham and West Ham were replaced by

690-485: The system having been proposed in 1968. In the private sector , some prep schools take pupils up to age 13. In addition, some private secondary schools admit pupils at 13, including some of those using the Common Entrance exam and some public schools . Gibraltar's education system has a system of first, middle and secondary schools. Local education authority There have been periodic changes to

720-594: The term 'local authority'. A local authority for the purposes of the Education Act 1996 and the Children Act 2004 was defined as the county council, metropolitan district council, unitary authority, London borough council and the Common Council of the City of London. Schedule 1 of the order inserted in the Education Act 1996 a list of 'education functions' for the relevant local authorities. Despite

750-611: The term becoming obsolete, 'local education authority' continues to be used to distinguish local authorities with education functions from those without them. In Wales the councils of the counties and county boroughs are responsible for education. Since 5 May 2010, the terms local education authority and children's services authority have been repealed and replaced by the single term 'local authority' in both primary and secondary legislation. Local education authorities had some responsibility for all state schools in their area. Until recently, local education authorities were responsible for

780-859: The types of councils defined as local education authorities. Initially, they were the councils of counties and county boroughs. From 1974 the local education authorities were the county councils in non-metropolitan areas and the district councils in metropolitan areas. In Greater London, the ad hoc Inner London Education Authority existed from 1965 to 1990. Outer London borough councils have been LEAs since 1965 and inner London borough councils since 1990. Unitary authorities created since 1995 have all been LEAs. The functions of LEAs have varied over time as council responsibilities for local education have changed. On 1 April 2009, their powers were transferred to directors of children's services. The Children Act 2004 required every London borough, metropolitan district, top-tier local authority (county) or UA in England to appoint

810-519: Was appointed as an assistant whip, leaving his role as vice chairman. Huddleston was again re-elected at the 2019 general election with an increased vote share of 66.7% and an increased majority of 28,018. In the 2020 cabinet reshuffle , Huddleston was appointed Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Sport, Tourism and Heritage , replacing Nigel Adams and Helen Whately . During 2021, he served as Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Sport and Tourism. On 8 October 2021, Huddleston took over

840-858: Was born on 13 October 1970 in Lincoln . He was educated at the Sir Robert Pattinson Academy , a state secondary school in North Hykeham in Lincolnshire , followed by Christ Church, Oxford , where he studied politics and economics. He received an MBA from the UCLA Anderson School of Management in Los Angeles , California . Huddleston started his career as a consultant for Arthur Andersen . He continued his career at Deloitte , and later worked as

870-538: Was eligible to vote. The constituency association did not publish the votes that each candidate received. Huddleston was elected as MP for Mid Worcestershire at the 2015 general election with 57% of the vote and a majority of 20,532. Huddleston is a board member of the Tory Reform Group . In Parliament, he sat on the Culture, Media and Sport Select Committee . Huddleston was opposed to Brexit prior to

900-710: Was founded in 1991, later changing its name to the National Middle Schools' Forum; it describes itself as "the voice of the middle school community". In 2016, Nigel Huddleston raised the topic of three-tier education in Parliament ; the schools minister, Nick Gibb , noted that the Government had no plans to abolish the three-tier system in the areas that retained it. In Scotland, middle schools were operated in Grangemouth from 1974 to 1988,

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