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25-539: First Partition may refer to: First Partition of Luxembourg , 1659 First partition of Mecklenburg , 1234 First Partition of Poland , 1772 First partition of the Roman Empire , 285 First Partition Treaty , 1698, between England and France Partition of Bengal (1905) , partition of Bengal in British India, abolished 1912 Primary partition , of

50-566: A ceremonial visit by U.S. President Ronald Reagan and German Chancellor Helmut Kohl to the nearby Kolmeshöhe Military Cemetery – which among its 2,000 graves included those of 49 members of the Waffen-SS . The most widely known Bitburg enterprise, and landmark of the city, is the Bitburger brewery . Its Pilsener -style lager beer ranks No. 3 among Germany's best selling beers , with sales of 3.86 million hectolitres (in 2008). In 1995,

75-472: A computer hard disk Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title First Partition . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_Partition&oldid=1151215966 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

100-594: A stopover for traffic from Lyon through Metz and Trier to Cologne . The first name mentioned was Vicus Beda . Emperor Constantine the Great expanded the settlement to a road castle around 330, the central part of which forms the town centre today. Bitburg is first documented only after the end of the Roman Empire around 715 as castrum bedense . It subsequently became part of Franconia . The first mention of Bitburg in historic annals occurred in connection with

125-959: Is a city in Germany , in the state of Rhineland-Palatinate approximately 25 km (16 mi.) northwest of Trier and 50 km (31 mi.) northeast of Luxembourg city. The American Spangdahlem Air Base is nearby. [REDACTED] County of Luxembourg 1239–1353 [REDACTED] Duchy of Luxembourg 1353–1795 [REDACTED] French Republic 1795–1804 [REDACTED] French Empire 1804–1815 [REDACTED]   Kingdom of Prussia 1815–1871 [REDACTED]   German Empire 1871–1918 [REDACTED]   Weimar Republic 1918–1933 [REDACTED]   Nazi Germany 1933–1945 [REDACTED]   Allied-occupied Germany 1945–1949 [REDACTED]   West Germany 1949–1990 [REDACTED]   Germany 1990–present The city's name derives from its Celtic toponym , Beda . Bitburg originated approximately 2,000 years ago as

150-453: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages First Partition of Luxembourg All three countries bordering Luxembourg have, at one point or another, sought the complete annexation of Luxembourg, but all such attempts have failed. Conversely, there have been historical movements to reverse Luxembourg's loss of territory, but none of these came to fruition, and Luxembourgish revanchism

175-754: Is only a fringe opinion today. The first partition of Luxembourg occurred in 1659, when the Duchy of Luxembourg was in personal union with the Kingdom of Spain . During the Franco-Spanish War , France and England had captured much of the Spanish Netherlands . Under the Treaty of the Pyrenees , France received from Luxembourg the fortresses of Stenay , Thionville , and Montmédy , and

200-675: The Kingdom of Prussia , where until 1822 it belonged administratively to the province of Lower Rhine, and afterwards to the Rhine province. With the unification of Germany under Prussian dominance in 1871, Bitburg became part of the German Empire, and after World War I the Weimar Republic of Germany. In the interwar years, Bitburg, like most of the Eifel region, was impoverished and comparatively backward. Economic growth began after

225-629: The Nazi Seizure of Power and the Nazi regime's introduction of employment-boosting public works projects, including infrastructure for war, particularly the Westwall ; new armed forces barracks; and the development of the Nims - Sauer Valley railway. It is said that the building now used as the post office at Bitburg Annex (what is left of Bitburg Air Base) was the headquarters for Adolf Hitler when he

250-581: The Confederation. The line of Luxembourg's partition was established in London, on the basis of maps that were out-of-date and inaccurate. It used several criteria, with the linguistic criterion being the main one. The Grand Duchy lost all of its French-speaking territories. For military reasons and due to French pressure, the Arlon region, though German-speaking, was also given to Belgium. The objective

275-489: The city came under French administration, and in 1798 became part of the newly created Département des Forêts . This led to a short lived economic upturn, and Bitburg received among other things a court and a land registry. In 1815, under agreements at the Congress of Vienna following the final defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte , Bitburg was, after having been a part of the Duchy of Luxembourg for centuries, transferred to

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300-647: The former French barracks. After the First Gulf War most of the USAF forces were moved to the larger Spangdahlem Air Base , about 12 km east of Bitburg. In 1994, NATO turned the Bitburg Air Base over to the city, which devoted it to public works projects. The Nims - Sauer Valley railway was abandoned step by step, beginning in 1969. Parts of it were converted into a bicycle path ( Radweg ). In 1985, Bitburg came to international attention due to

325-485: The former NATO base was designated the Bitburg Airfield Trade Area , providing commercial development district where 180 enterprises have established themselves. Bitburg-Erdorf station is part of the Eifel line (KBS 474). Trains that pass through include: The Regional Museum of Bitburg-Prüm is housed in a former agricultural school. It contains numerous artifacts of the history of Bitburg and

350-597: The fortress of Bitburg , which would serve to form part of the German Confederation 's western border fortifications. As the rest of Luxembourg was changing hands anyway, the Dutch did not attempt to argue this point. The Second Partition reduced Luxembourg's territory by 2,280 km (880 sq mi), or 24% of Luxembourg's contemporary area. Along with Bitburg, Prussia gained the towns of Neuerburg , Sankt Vith , Schleiden , and Waxweiler . Altogether,

375-606: The lands had a population of 50,000. Today, these lands belong to both Germany and Belgium; the district of Eupen-Malmedy was ceded by Germany to Belgium in 1919 under the Treaty of Versailles . The largest territorial loss occurred under the 1839 Treaty of London . At the outbreak of the Belgian Revolution , most Luxembourgers joined the Belgian rebels and took control of most of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg;

400-478: The only town that did not fall into Belgian hands was the capital , Luxembourg City , which was also the largest city and most important fortress. The London Conference of 1838–39 , held prior to the signing of the treaty, considered a number of proposals which had evolved over the previous decade. The first proposal was that the whole of Luxembourg would remain in personal union with the Netherlands, but this

425-592: The signing in 1239 of the Trier-Luxembourg Treaty between Archbishop Theoderich II of Trier and Countess Ermesinde II of Luxemburg, under which the town came under the archbishopric's protection. Bitburg received a town charter in 1262 from Count Henry V of Luxembourg . In 1443, Bitburg came under the sway of the Duchy of Burgundy , then in 1506 was acquired by the Austrian Netherlands , which controlled most of modern Belgium. In 1794

450-558: The surrounding territory. The area taken by France from the Duchy of Luxembourg totalled 1,060 km (410 sq mi). This area accounted for approximately one-tenth of area of the Duchy of Luxembourg at the time. In 1795, during the French Revolutionary Wars , Luxembourg was annexed to France as part of the département of Forêts . Upon the defeat of Napoleon , under the 1814 Treaty of Paris , Luxembourg

475-544: The towns of Arlon , Aubange , Bastogne , Durbuy , Marche-en-Famenne , Neufchâteau , and Virton . They (along with the Duchy of Bouillon ) later formed the Belgian Luxembourg province , which is now a Walloon province , the largest in Belgium . The territory ceded to Belgium was 4,730 km (1,830 sq mi), or 65% of the territory of the Grand Duchy at the time. The population of this territory

500-575: The two countries, with most of the land going to Belgium, but with Luxembourg City remaining under Dutch control. Leopold agreed, and the treaty was signed on the 15 November 1831. Although the Dutch King William I rejected this suggestion at first, after the stand-off had dragged on for several years, he gave in, and agreed to the partition in 1839. In the Third Partition, Luxembourg lost all of its western territories, including

525-478: Was 175,000: half of Luxembourg's total population. The German Confederation refused to sanction the loss of its legal rights in western Luxembourg without suitable compensation. The Conference assigned the Dutch portion of the Duchy of Limburg to the German Confederation that was equal in population to the territory lost to Belgium. The cities of Maastricht and Venlo were therefore excluded from

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550-457: Was in the city. In late December 1944, Bitburg was 85 percent destroyed by Allied bombing attacks, and later officially designated by the U.S. military as a "dead city." Subsequently, the town was occupied by Luxembourg soldiers, who were replaced by French forces in 1955. In 1952 a North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) base was opened at Bitburg by the U.S. Air Force. At the end of the 1980s, French troops were withdrawn and NATO took over

575-571: Was liberated from French rule, but its final status was to be determined at the Congress of Vienna the following year. There, it was agreed that Luxembourg would be elevated to a Grand Duchy , and that the House of Orange would receive all of the Low Countries , including Luxembourg. However, Prussia , which had received the whole of the Rhineland and Westphalia during the war, requested

600-684: Was rejected by Belgium's King Leopold I . In July 1831, the Great Powers relented, and the Conference instead decreed that the status of Luxembourg would be decided later; the Netherlands, which had assented to the Conference's decision, invaded Belgium to force the Belgians to accept limitation of its territory. After the withdrawal of Dutch forces, the London Conference made its third suggestion, that Luxembourg be divided between

625-547: Was to remove the Athus-Arlon road from the influence of the German Confederation; in Arlon, it joined up with the road leading to Brussels. The mixing-up of the applied criteria may explain the sometimes arbitrary nature of the line of demarcation. In many cases, it separated families as well as economic entities. Bitburg Bitburg ( German pronunciation: [ˈbɪtˌbʊʁk] ; French : Bitbourg ; Luxembourgish : Béibreg [ˈbəɪbʀəɕ] )

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