84-495: [REDACTED] Oudh State Supported by: [REDACTED] Nawab Faizullah Khan of Rohilkhand [REDACTED] Hafiz Rehmat Khan Barech † [REDACTED] Shuja-ud-Daulah [REDACTED] Warren Hastings The First Rohilla War of 1773–1774 was a punitive campaign by Shuja-ud-Daula , Nawab of Awadh on the behalf of Mughal Emperor , against the Rohillas , Indian descendants of Afghan highlanders settled in Rohilkhand , northern India. The Nawab
168-921: A Sayyid line from Nishapur in Persia. They were Shia Muslims , and promoted Shia as the state religion. Ghazi-ud-Din Haidar Shah instituted the Oudh Bequest , a system of fixed payments by the British paid to the Shia holy cities of Najaf and Karbala . These payments, along with lifelong stipends to the wives and mother of Ghazi-ud-Din served as interest on the Third Oudh Loan taken in 1825. The cities of Allahabad , Varanasi , and Ayodhya were important pilgrimage sites for followers of Hinduism and other Dharmic religions . The town of Bahraich
252-467: A four-volume biography of the Duke of Marlborough to rebutting Macaulay's slights on his ancestor, expressing hope "to fasten the label 'Liar' to his genteel coat-tails". The Liberal historian Lord Acton read Macaulay's History of England four times and later described himself as "a raw English schoolboy, primed to the brim with Whig politics" but "not Whiggism only, but Macaulay in particular that I
336-414: A 'sovereign caste', wielding absolute power over its 'serfs'." Losurdo noted that this did not prompt any doubts from Macaulay over the right of Britain to administer its colonies in an autocratic fashion; for example, while Macaulay described the administration of governor-general of India Warren Hastings as being so despotic that "all the injustice of former oppressors, Asiatic and European, appeared as
420-560: A Rohilla enclave. Asaf-ud-Daula acceded to the nawabship of Oudh with British aid in exchange for the Treaty of Benares (1775) which further increased the cost of mercenaries and ceded the sarkars of Benares , Ghazipur , Chunar , and Jaunpur . From this time onwards, Oudh consistently complied with the Company's demands, which continued to demand more land and economic control over the state. The Treaty of Chunar (1781) sought to reduce
504-599: A balanced constitution and a forward-looking culture combined with freedom of belief and expression. This model of human progress has been called the Whig interpretation of history . This philosophy appears most clearly in the essays Macaulay wrote for the Edinburgh Review and other publications, which were collected in book form and a steady best-seller throughout the 19th century. But it is also reflected in History ;
588-580: A blessing", he (Hastings) deserved "high admiration" and a rank among "the most remarkable men in our history" for "having saved England and civilisation". Returning to Britain in 1838, he became MP again in Edinburgh in the following year. He was made Secretary at War in 1839 by Lord Melbourne and was sworn of the Privy Council the same year. In 1841 Macaulay addressed the issue of copyright law. Macaulay's position, slightly modified, became
672-479: A class who may be interpreters between us and the millions whom we govern; a class of persons Indian in blood and colour, but English in tastes, in opinions, in morals, and in intellect. To that class we may leave it to refine the vernacular dialects of the country, to enrich those dialects with terms of science borrowed from the Western nomenclature, and to render them by degrees fit vehicles for conveying knowledge to
756-557: A demographic shift in which Lucknow and Varanasi expanded to become metropolises of over 200,000 people over the course of the 18th century at the expense of Agra and Delhi . During this period the land on the banks of the Yamuna suffered frequent dry spells, while the Baiswara did not. Although it was ruled by Muslims, a majority, roughly four fifths, of Oudh's population were Hindus . The Nawabs of Oudh were descended from
840-476: A good European library was worth the whole native literature of India and Arabia'. His tendency to see history as a drama led him to treat figures whose views he opposed as if they were villains, while characters he approved of were presented as heroes. Macaulay goes to considerable length, for example, to absolve his main hero William III of any responsibility for the Glencoe massacre . Winston Churchill devoted
924-451: A key to half the prejudices of our age. It is the History (with one or two speeches) that is wonderful. He knew nothing respectably before the seventeenth century, he knew nothing of foreign history, of religion, philosophy, science, or art. His account of debates has been thrown into the shade by Ranke, his account of diplomatic affairs, by Klopp . He is, I am persuaded, grossly, basely unfair. Read him therefore to find out how it comes that
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#17327657173771008-605: A more remunerative office, than that of the unremunerated office of an MP , from which he resigned after the passing of the Government of India Act 1833 to accept an appointment as first Law Member of the Governor-General's Council . In 1834 Macaulay went to India, where he served on the Supreme Council between 1834 and 1838. His Minute on Indian Education of February 1835 was primarily responsible for
1092-588: A phrase that to him was synonymous with Western culture. There was no tradition of secondary education in vernacular languages; the institutions supported by the East India Company taught either in Sanskrit or Persian . Hence, he argued, "We have to educate a people who cannot at present be educated by means of their mother-tongue. We must teach them some foreign language." Macaulay argued that Sanskrit and Persian were no more accessible than English to
1176-628: A prominent essay on Milton in the Edinburgh Review . Macaulay did not study classical literature while at Cambridge, though he subsequently did when he was in India. In his letters he describes his reading of the Aeneid whilst he was in Malvern in 1851, and says he was moved to tears by Virgil 's poetry. He taught himself German, Dutch and Spanish, and was fluent in French. He studied law and in 1826 he
1260-426: Is incomprehensible without Scotland. Potter noted that Macaulay has had many critics, some of whom put forward some salient points about the deficiency of Macaulay's History but added: "The severity and the minuteness of the criticism to which the History of England has been subjected is a measure of its permanent value. It is worth every ounce of powder and shot that is fired against it." Potter concluded that "in
1344-518: Is poetry. And I certainly never met with any orientalist who ventured to maintain that the Arabic and Sanskrit poetry could be compared to that of the great European nations. But when we pass from works of imagination to works in which facts are recorded and general principles investigated, the superiority of the Europeans becomes absolutely immeasurable. It is, I believe, no exaggeration to say that all
1428-477: The Anti-Slavery Reporter , Moody's contentions. Macaulay, who did not marry nor have children, was rumoured to have fallen in love with Maria Kinnaird , who was the wealthy ward of Richard 'Conversation' Sharp . Macaulay's strongest emotional relationships were with his youngest sisters: Margaret, who died while he was in India, and Hannah, to whose daughter Margaret, whom he called 'Baba', he
1512-568: The Battle of Karnal . He attempted to negotiate with Nader Shah but died in Delhi. In 1740, his successor Safdar Jang moved the capital of the state from Ayodhya to Faizabad . Safdar Jang gained recognition from Persia after paying tribute. He continued Saadat Khan's expansionist policy, promising military protection to Bengal in exchange for the forts at Rohtasgarh and Chunar , and annexing portions of Farrukhabad with Mughal military aid which
1596-821: The Bombay Army of the East India Company overcame the disunited collection of Indian states in a single rapid campaign. Determined rebels continued to wage sporadic guerrilla clashes until the spring of 1859. This rebellion is also historically known as the Oudh campaign . After the British annexation of Oudh by the Doctrine of Lapse , the North Western Provinces became the North Western Provinces and Oudh. Oudh Subah
1680-573: The North Western Provinces , forming the larger province of North-Western Provinces and Oudh . In 1902, the latter was renamed the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh . In 1921, it became the United Provinces of British India . In 1937, it became the United Provinces and continued as a province in independent India until finally becoming the state of Uttar Pradesh in 1950. The following were feudatory estates — taluqdaris or parganas — of Oudh: The first ruler of Oudh State belonged to
1764-583: The Second Rohilla War , in 1794. The primary intention of this war was to regain the erstwhile territories of the Rohillas. However, Ghulam Muhammad's accession to the throne by leading a conspiracy against his brother was not liked by Britishers, who derecognised him as ruler of the Rampur state. Large number of Afghans then flocked to join him against the British but ultimately he was defeated and
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#17327657173771848-631: The Secretary at War between 1839 and 1841, and as the Paymaster General between 1846 and 1848. He also played a substantial role in determining India's education policy . Macaulay's The History of England , which expressed his contention of the superiority of the Western European culture and of the inevitability of its sociopolitical progress , is a seminal example of Whig history commended for its prose style. Macaulay
1932-537: The Shia Muslim Sayyid Family and descended of Musa al-Kadhim originated from Nishapur . But the dynasty also belonged from the paternal line to the Kara Koyunlu through Qara Yusuf . They were renowned for their secularism and broad outlook. All rulers used the title of ' Nawab '. In the early eighteenth century, the population of Oudh was estimated to be 3 million. Oudh underwent
2016-701: The Vakil of the Peshwa , until the Second Anglo-Maratha War . The Nawab of Oudh, one of the richest princes, paid for and erected a Residency in Lucknow as a part of a wider programme of civic improvements. Oudh joined other Indian states in an upheaval against British rule in 1858 during one of the last series of actions in the Indian rebellion of 1857 . In the course of this uprising, detachments of
2100-602: The civilising mission has been used by Dalitists, in particular by neo-liberalist Chandra Bhan Prasad , as a "creative appropriation for self-empowerment", based on the view that the Dalit community was empowered by Macaulay's deprecation of Hindu culture and support for Western-style education in India. Domenico Losurdo states that "Macaulay acknowledged that the English colonists in India behaved like Spartans confronting helots : we are dealing with 'a race of sovereign' or
2184-492: The freedom of the city . In 1852, the voters of Edinburgh offered to re-elect him to Parliament. He accepted on the express condition that he need not campaign and would not pledge himself to a position on any political issue. Remarkably, he was elected on those terms. He seldom attended the House due to ill health. His weakness after suffering a heart attack caused him to postpone for several months making his speech of thanks to
2268-528: The 1833 enactment of the Reform Act 1832 , by which Calne's representation was reduced from two MPs to one, and by which Leeds, which had not been represented before, had two MPs. Macaulay remained grateful to his former patron, Lansdowne, who remained his friend. Macaulay was Secretary to the Board of Control under Lord Grey from 1832 until he in 1833 required, as a consequence of the penury of his father,
2352-567: The Accession of James the Second , publishing the first two volumes in 1848. At first, he had planned to bring his history down to the reign of George III . After publication of his first two volumes, his hope was to complete his work with the death of Queen Anne in 1714. The third and fourth volumes, bringing the history to the Peace of Ryswick , were published in 1855. At his death in 1859 he
2436-578: The Accession of James the Second incomplete. On 9 January 1860 he was buried in Westminster Abbey , in Poets' Corner , near a statue of Addison . As he had no children, his peerage became extinct on his death. Macaulay's nephew, Sir George Trevelyan, Bt , wrote the "Life and Letters" of his uncle. His great-nephew was the Cambridge historian G. M. Trevelyan . As a young man he composed
2520-618: The British in the Bengal War . Since Oudh was located in a prosperous region, the British East India Company soon took notice of the affluence in which the Nawabs of Oudh lived. Primarily, the British sought to protect the frontiers of Bengal and their lucrative trade there; only later did direct expansion occur. British dominance was established at the Battle of Buxar of 1764, when the East India Company defeated
2604-523: The British. On 7 February 1856, by order of Governor-General Lord Dalhousie , the Nawab of Oudh , Wajid Ali Shah , was deposed, and Oudh State was annexed to the territories of the British East India Company under the terms of the Doctrine of lapse on the grounds of alleged internal misrule. Between 5 July 1857 and 3 March 1858, during the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , Begum Hazrat Mahal ,
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2688-591: The Department of History at the University of Sheffield from 1931 to 1965, stated "In an age of long letters ... Macaulay's hold their own with the best". However Potter also stated: For all his linguistic abilities he seems never to have tried to enter into sympathetic mental contact with the classical world or with the Europe of his day. It was an insularity that was impregnable ... If his outlook
2772-583: The Eastern tongues. I am quite ready to take the Oriental learning at the valuation of the Orientalists themselves. I have never found one among them who could deny that a single shelf of a good European library was worth the whole native literature of India and Arabia. He further argued : It will hardly be disputed, I suppose, that the department of literature in which the Eastern writers stand highest
2856-637: The Edinburgh voters. He resigned his seat in January 1856. In 1857 he was raised to the peerage as Baron Macaulay , of Rothley in the County of Leicester , but seldom attended the House of Lords . Macaulay sat on the committee to decide on the historical subjects to be painted in the new Palace of Westminster . The need to collect reliable portraits of notable figures from history for this project led to
2940-460: The Gate: "To every man upon this earth Death cometh soon or late. And how can man die better Than facing fearful odds, For the ashes of his fathers, And the temples of his gods?" His essays, originally published in the Edinburgh Review , were collected as Critical and Historical Essays in 1843. During the 1840s, Macaulay undertook his most famous work, The History of England from
3024-567: The Indian Penal Code, which remains the basis for laws which criminalize homosexuality in several Commonwealth nations . In Indian culture, the term "Macaulay's Children" is sometimes used to refer to people born of Indian ancestry who adopt Western culture as a lifestyle, or display attitudes influenced by colonialism (" Macaulayism ") – expressions used disparagingly, and with the implication of disloyalty to one's country and one's heritage. In independent India, Macaulay's idea of
3108-452: The Mughal throne with the cooperation of other Mughal nobility. In 1748 he gained the subah of Allahabad with Ahmad Shah's official support. This was arguably the zenith of Oudh's territorial span. The next nawab, Shuja-ud-Daula , extended Oudh's control of the Mughal emperor. He was appointed vazir to Shah Alam II in 1762 and offered him asylum after his failed campaigns against
3192-532: The Prime Minister, Sir Winston Churchill , recorded in his diary: Randolph , who is writing a life of the late Lord Derby for Longman 's, brought to luncheon a young man of that name. His talk interested the P.M. ... Macaulay, Longman went on, was not read now; there was no demand for his books. The P.M. grunted that he was very sorry to hear this. Macaulay had been a great influence in his young days. George Richard Potter , Professor and Head of
3276-586: The Rohillas left. They fled across the Ganges in numbers, to start a guerrilla war; or emigrated. A Rohilla state under British protection was set up in Rampur . Faizullah Khan managed to become the nawab of the newly created Rampur State . After his death, his son Muhammad Ali Khan succeeded him, who was deposed by his younger brother and second son of Faizullah Khan, Ghulam Muhammad Khan Bahadur .The aspirations of Afghan Rohillas under him led him to participate in
3360-474: The Treaty of Benares (1773) with the British (who held de facto control over the area) for 50 lakh rupees, increased the cost of Company mercenaries, and military aid in the First Rohilla War to expand Oudh as a buffer state against Maratha interests. Done by Warren Hastings , this move was unpopular among the rest of Company leadership, but Hastings continued a harsh policy on Oudh, justifying
3444-437: The alliance between the nawab of Oudh Shuja-ud-Daula and the deposed nawab of Bengal Mir Kasim . The battle was a turning point for the once rising star of Oudh. The immediate effect was the British occupation of the fort at Chunar and the cession of the provinces of Kora and Allahabad to Mughal ruler Shah Alam II under the Treaty of Benares (1765). Shaja-ud-Daula further had to pay 5 million rupees as an indemnity, which
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3528-451: The autonomous Shaikhzadas of Lucknow and Raja Mohan Singh of Tiloi , consolidating Oudh as a state. In 1728, Oudh further acquired Varanasi , Jaunpur and surrounding lands from the Mughal noble Rustam Ali Khan and established stable revenue collection in that province after quelling the chief of Azamgarh , Mahabat Khan . In 1739 Saadat Khan mobilized Oudh to defend against Nader Shah 's invasion of India , ultimately being captured in
3612-524: The ballads Ivry and The Armada , which he later included as part of Lays of Ancient Rome , a series of very popular poems about heroic episodes in Roman history which he began composing in India and continued in Rome, finally publishing in 1842. The most famous of them, Horatius , concerns the heroism of Horatius Cocles . It contains the oft-quoted lines: Then out spake brave Horatius, The Captain of
3696-573: The basis of copyright law in the English-speaking world for many decades. Macaulay argued that copyright is a monopoly and as such has generally negative effects on society. After the fall of Melbourne's government in 1841 Macaulay devoted more time to literary work, and returned to office as Paymaster General in 1846 in Lord John Russell 's administration. In the election of 1847 he lost his seat in Edinburgh. He attributed
3780-923: The creation of a Penal Code, as the leading member of the Law Commission. In the aftermath of the Indian Mutiny of 1857 , Macaulay's criminal law proposal was enacted. The Indian Penal Code in 1860 was followed by the Criminal Procedure Code in 1872 and the Civil Procedure Code in 1908. The Indian Penal Code inspired counterparts in most other British colonies , and to date many of these laws are still in effect in places as far apart as Pakistan , Malaysia , Myanmar , Bangladesh , Sri Lanka , Nigeria and Zimbabwe , as well as in India itself. This includes Section 377 of
3864-616: The fertile lands of the Central and Lower Doab . With the British East India Company entering Bengal and decisively defeating Oudh at the Battle of Buxar in 1764, Oudh fell into the British orbit. The capital of Oudh was in Faizabad , but the Company's Political Agents, officially known as "Residents", had their seat in Lucknow . At par existed a Maratha embassy, in the Oudh court, led by
3948-480: The foundation of the National Portrait Gallery , which was formally established on 2 December 1856. Macaulay was amongst its founding trustees and is honoured with one of only three busts above the main entrance. During his later years his health made work increasingly difficult for him. He died of a heart attack on 28 December 1859, aged 59, leaving his major work, The History of England from
4032-433: The great mass of the population. Macaulay's largely coincided with Bentinck's views and Bentinck's English Education Act 1835 closely matched Macaulay's recommendations (in 1836, a school named La Martinière , founded by Major General Claude Martin, had one of its houses named after him), but subsequent Governors-General took a more conciliatory approach to existing Indian education. His final years in India were devoted to
4116-545: The greatest of all writers and masters, although I think him utterly base, contemptible and odious for certain reasons which you know. In 1888, Acton wrote that Macaulay "had done more than any writer in the literature of the world for the propagation of the Liberal faith, and he was not only the greatest, but the most representative, Englishman then living". W. S. Gilbert described Macaulay's wit, "who wrote of Queen Anne " as part of Colonel Calverley's Act I patter song in
4200-435: The historical information which has been collected from all the books written in the Sanskrit language is less valuable than what may be found in the most paltry abridgments used at preparatory schools in England. In every branch of physical or moral philosophy, the relative position of the two nations is nearly the same. Hence, from the sixth year of schooling onwards, instruction should be in European learning, with English as
4284-456: The introduction of Western institutional education to India . Macaulay recommended the introduction of the English language as the official language of secondary education instruction in all schools where there had been none before, and the training of English-speaking Indians as teachers. In his minute, he urged Lord William Bentinck , the then- Governor-General to reform secondary education on utilitarian lines to deliver "useful learning",
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#17327657173774368-405: The late Hafiz Rehmat Khan in an attempt to undermine Faizullah's authority while at the same time he kept communication with Faizullah. His strategy worked and on 7 October 1774 Faizullah signed an amicable treaty of Lal Dang and was granted a princely state in the area of his choosing, leading to the creation of Rampur State. Rohilkhand fell to Awadh, and was plundered and occupied. The majority of
4452-582: The libretto of the 1881 operetta Patience . (This line may well have been a joke about the Colonel's pseudo-intellectual bragging, as most educated Victorians knew that Macaulay did not write of Queen Anne; the History encompasses only as far as the death of William III in 1702, who was succeeded by Anne.) Herbert Butterfield 's The Whig Interpretation of History (1931) attacked Whig history. The Dutch historian Pieter Geyl , writing in 1955, considered Macaulay's Essays as "exclusively and intolerantly English". On 7 February 1954, Lord Moran , doctor to
4536-403: The long roll of English historical writing from Clarendon to Trevelyan only Gibbon has surpassed him in security of reputation and certainty of immortality". Piers Brendon wrote that Macaulay is "the only British rival to Gibbon." In 1972, J. R. Western wrote that: "Despite its age and blemishes, Macaulay's History of England has still to be superseded by a full-scale modern history of
4620-458: The loss to the anger of religious zealots over his speech in favour of expanding the annual government grant to Maynooth College in Ireland, which trained young men for the Catholic priesthood; some observers also attributed his loss to his neglect of local issues. In 1849 he was elected Rector of the University of Glasgow , a position with no administrative duties, often awarded by the students to men of political or literary fame. He also received
4704-411: The medium of instruction. This would create a class of anglicised Indians who would serve as cultural intermediaries between the British and the Indians; the creation of such a class was necessary before any reform of vernacular education. He stated : I feel with them that it is impossible for us, with our limited means, to attempt to educate the body of the people. We must at present do our best to form
4788-407: The military aid as a bid to strengthen Oudh's status as a buffer state against the Marathas. To shape the policy of Oudh and direct its internal affairs Hastings appointed the resident Nathaniel Middleton in Lucknow that year as well. At the conclusion of the First Rohilla War in 1774, Oudh gained the entirety of Rohilkhand and the Middle Doab region, only leaving the independent Rampur State as
4872-442: The most stirring passages in the work are those that describe the " Glorious Revolution " of 1688. Macaulay's approach has been criticised by later historians for its one-sidedness and its complacency. Karl Marx referred to him as a 'systematic falsifier of history'. Later historians have also highlighted his views on non-European cultures and philosophies as explicitly racist, citing, for example, his remark that 'a single shelf of
4956-399: The most unsympathetic of critics can think him very nearly the greatest of English writers… In 1885, Acton asserted that: We must never judge the quality of a teaching by the quality of the Teacher, or allow the spots to shut out the sun. It would be unjust, and it would deprive us of nearly all that is great and good in this world. Let me remind you of Macaulay. He remains to me one of
5040-568: The mountains near Loll Dong. By October 1774, the war evolved into a war of attrition. Faizullah Khan with the remaining loyal Rohillas retreated to a forest located in the hills of Lal Dang. The combined forces of the British and Awadh laid siege to the area from late August 1774 to October of the same year. Both sides were worn down and wished for peace. Shah Shuja, who was suffering from cancer in his leg, wanted an early peace and thus after several attempts to break Rohilla unity under Faizullah Khan, he finally decided to release Mohabbat Khan, son of
5124-453: The number of British troops in Oudh's service to cut costs, but failed in this measure due to the instability of Asaf-ud-Daula's rule and thus his reliance on British aid essentially as a puppet regime. Saadat Ali Khan II acceded to the throne of Oudh in 1798, owing his seat to British intervention including Governor-General of Bengal Sir John Shore 's personal proclamation in Lucknow of his rule. A treaty signed on 21 February 1798 increased
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#17327657173775208-411: The original Mughal subah of Awadh (excepting Gorakhpur which was ceded) and surrounded it by directly-administered British territory, rendering it useless as a buffer. The treaty also mandated a government to be put in place that primarily served the citizens of Oudh. It was on the basis of the failure to meet this demand that the British later justified the annexation of Oudh. Farrukhabad and Rampur
5292-490: The period." In 1974 J. P. Kenyon stated that: "As is often the case, Macaulay had it exactly right." W. A. Speck wrote in 1980, that a reason Macaulay's History of England "still commands respect is that it was based upon a prodigious amount of research". Speck stated: Macaulay's reputation as an historian has never fully recovered from the condemnation it implicitly received in Herbert Butterfield's devastating attack on The Whig Interpretation of History . Though he
5376-477: The speakers of the Indian vernacular languages and existing Sanskrit and Persian texts were of little use for "useful learning". In one of the less scathing passages of the Minute he wrote : I have no knowledge of either Sanskrit or Arabic. But I have done what I could to form a correct estimate of their value. I have read translations of the most celebrated Arabic and Sanskrit works. I have conversed both here and at home with men distinguished by their proficiency in
5460-425: The spot. As a result it is a superb, living picture of Great Britain in the latter half of the seventeenth century ... No description of the relief of Londonderry in a major history of England existed before 1850; after his visit there and the narrative written round it no other account has been needed ... Scotland came fully into its own and from then until now it has been a commonplace that English history
5544-463: The state which was now considerably reduced in size was handed over to the infant son of Muhammad Ali Khan. The war became a matter of Westminster politics during the Impeachment of Warren Hastings . Charges of destroying a nation were brought against Hastings by Edmund Burke and later Thomas Macaulay . Oudh State The Oudh State ( / ˈ aʊ d / , also Kingdom of Awadh , Kingdom of Oudh , Awadh Subah , Oudh Subah or Awadh State )
5628-414: The subsidy paid to the British to 70 lakh rupees per year. In light of the Napoleonic Wars and British demands for greater revenue from the Company, in 1801, Saadat Ali Khan II ceded the entire Rohilkhand and Lower Doab as well as the sarkar of Gorakhpur under the pressure of Lord Wellesley to the British in lieu of the annual tribute. The cession halved the size of the polity, reducing it to
5712-407: The wife of Wajid Ali Shah proclaimed their son Birjis Qadr the Wali of Awadh and ruled as regent. At the time of the rebellion, the British lost control of the territory; they reestablished their rule over the next eighteen months, during which time there were massacres such as those that had occurred in the course of the Siege of Cawnpore . After the rebellion, Oudh's territory was merged with
5796-446: Was called to the bar , before he took more interest in a political career. Macaulay in the Edinburgh Review in 1827, and in a series of anonymous letters to The Morning Chronicle , censured the analysis of indentured labour by the British Colonial Office expert Colonel Thomas Moody, Kt. Macaulay's evangelical Whig father Zachary Macaulay , who desired a 'free black peasantry' rather than equality for Africans, also censured, in
5880-452: Was a Mughal subah , then an independent kingdom, and lastly a princely state in the Awadh region of North India until its annexation by the British in 1856. The name Oudh, now obsolete, was once the anglicized name of the state, also written historically as Oudhe. As the Mughal Empire declined and decentralized, local governors in Oudh began asserting greater autonomy, and eventually Oudh matured into an independent polity governing
5964-564: Was also attached. Macaulay in 1830 accepted the invitation of the Marquess of Lansdowne that he become Member of Parliament for the pocket borough of Calne . Macaulay's maiden speech in Parliament advocated abolition of the civil disabilities of the Jews in the UK . He extensively wrote that Islam and Hinduism had little to offer to the world, and that Arabic, Persian and Sanskrit literature had little contribution to humanity. Macaulay's subsequent speeches in favour of parliamentary reform were commended. He became MP for Leeds subsequent to
6048-413: Was also revered by some Muslims . 26°47′N 82°08′E / 26.78°N 82.13°E / 26.78; 82.13 Thomas Macaulay Thomas Babington Macaulay, 1st Baron Macaulay , PC , FRS , FRSE ( / ˈ b æ b ɪ ŋ t ən m ə ˈ k ɔː l i / ; 25 October 1800 – 28 December 1859) was a British historian, poet, and Whig politician , who served as
6132-479: Was born at Rothley Temple in Leicestershire on 25 October 1800, the son of Zachary Macaulay , a Scottish Highlander , who became a colonial governor and abolitionist , and Selina Mills of Bristol , a former pupil of Hannah More . They named their first child after his uncle Thomas Babington , a Leicestershire landowner and politician, who had married Zachary's sister Jean. The young Macaulay
6216-414: Was given in return for a sum of forty lakhs of rupees. Hastings justified his action on the ground that the Rohillas were a danger to the British as uncovering the flank of Awadh . The Rohillas under Hafiz Rahmat Ali Khan were defeated by Colonel Alexander Champion on 23 April 1774 at the Battle of Miranpur Katra . The decisive battle, in which Hafiz Rahmat Khan died, caused the Rohillas to flee to
6300-407: Was insular, however, it was surely British rather than English. With regards to Macaulay's determination to inspect physically the places mentioned in his History , Potter said: Much of the success of the famous third chapter of the History which may be said to have introduced the study of social history , and even ... local history , was due to the intense local knowledge acquired on
6384-413: Was never cited by name, there can be no doubt that Macaulay answers to the charges brought against Whig historians, particularly that they study the past with reference to the present, class people in the past as those who furthered progress and those who hindered it, and judge them accordingly. According to Speck: [Macaulay too often] denies the past has its own validity, treating it as being merely
6468-682: Was not annexed by the British yet; instead, they served as separate princely states for the moment. The kingdom became a British protectorate in May 1816. Three years later, in 1819, the Ghazi-ud-Din Haidar Shah took the title of Badshah (king), signaling formal independence from the Mughal Empire under the advice of the Marquis of Hastings . Throughout the early 1800s until annexation, several areas were gradually ceded to
6552-601: Was noted as a child prodigy; as a toddler, gazing out of the window from his cot at the chimneys of a local factory, he is reputed to have asked his father whether the smoke came from the fires of hell. He was educated at a private school in Hertfordshire , and, subsequently, at Trinity College, Cambridge , where he won several prizes, including the Chancellor's Gold Medal in June 1821, and where he in 1825 published
6636-425: Was one of the initial 12 subahs (later expanded to 15 subahs by the end of Akbar's reign) established by Akbar during his administrative reforms of 1572–1580. A Mughal Subah was divided into Sarkars , or districts. Sarkars were further divided into Parganas or Mahals . Saadat Ali Khan I was appointed Subahdar of Oudh Subah on 9 September 1722, succeeding Girdhar Bahadur . He immediately subdued
6720-462: Was paid off in one year. The long-term result would be direct British interference in the internal state matters of Oudh, useful as a buffer state against the Marathas . The treaty also granted British traders special privileges and exemptions from many customs duties, which led to tensions as British monopolies were established. Shuja-ud-Daula bought the Mughal provinces of Kora and Allahabad in
6804-651: Was ruled by Muhammad Khan Bangash . As the Mughal empire began to dissolve in the early 18th century, many subahs became effectively independent. As regional officials asserted their autonomy in Bengal and the Deccan as well as with the rise of the Maratha Empire , the rulers of Oudh gradually affirmed their own sovereignty. Safdar Jang went as far as to control the ruler of Delhi, putting Ahmad Shah Bahadur on
6888-559: Was so full of." However, after coming under German influence Acton would later find fault in Macaulay. In 1880 Acton classed Macaulay (with Burke and Gladstone ) as one "of the three greatest Liberals". In 1883, he advised Mary Gladstone : [T]he Essays are really flashy and superficial. He was not above par in literary criticism; his Indian articles will not hold water; and his two most famous reviews, on Bacon and Ranke , show his incompetence. The essays are only pleasant reading, and
6972-556: Was supported by troops of the British East India Company , in a successful campaign brought about by the Rohillas reneging on a debt to the Nawab. Having been driven into the mountains by the Marathas , a few years earlier, the Rohillas had appealed for aid to Shuja-ud-Daulah, at that time an ally of the British. The Nawab demanded in return 40 rods of gold, that Rohilla chiefs refused to pay. The Nawab then decided to annex their country, and appealed to Warren Hastings for assistance, which
7056-428: Was working on the fifth volume. This, bringing the History down to the death of William III , was prepared for publication by his sister, Lady Trevelyan, after his death. Macaulay's political writings are famous for their ringing prose and for their confident, sometimes dogmatic, emphasis on a progressive model of British history, according to which the country threw off superstition, autocracy and confusion to create
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