48-570: A fluffernutter (also called a "peanut butter and marshmallow sandwich", "peanut butter and marshmallow fluff sandwich", or "peanut butter and marshmallow stuff sandwich") is a sandwich made with peanut butter and marshmallow creme usually served on white bread . Variations of the sandwich include the substitution of wheat bread and the addition of various sweet, salty, and savory ingredients. The term fluffernutter can also be used to describe other food items, primarily desserts, that incorporate peanut butter and marshmallow creme. The sandwich
96-508: A gift registry . The company is one of the largest e-commerce retailers in the U.S., and one of the biggest multi-channel specialty retailers in the world. In 2019, Williams-Sonoma, Inc. was named as a Fortune 500 company for the first time in its history. Williams-Sonoma, Inc. had its initial public offering in July 1983. One million shares were offered on the OTC Market at $ 23
144-506: A "sandwich", this food combination seems to have been known as "bread and meat" or "bread and cheese". These two phrases are found throughout English drama from the 16th and 17th centuries. In the first century BCE, the ancient Jewish sage Hillel the Elder is said to have wrapped meat from the Paschal lamb and bitter herbs in a soft matzah —flat, unleavened bread—during Passover in
192-580: A cooking contest based around Fluff and Fluffernutters. In 2011, NASA astronaut Richard Michael Linnehan , who was born in Lowell and ate a fluffernutter while aboard the International Space Station , acted as one of the contest judges. October 8 is National Fluffernutter Day. Sandwich A sandwich is a dish typically consisting of meat, cheese or vegetables used as a filling between slices of bread , or placed atop
240-812: A lifestyle brand offering personalized products, Mark and Graham, in November 2012. Williams Sonoma's e-commerce sales were approximately 52 percent of its parent company's revenue of the first quarter of 2015. The West Elm brand was launched in 2002 with the release of a catalog; the following year, the brand opened its first store. Through the West Elm brand, the company launched West Elm Hotels. The joint venture with DDK hospitality management and development company has locations in Detroit, Michigan , Indianapolis, Indiana , Minneapolis, Minnesota , Oakland, California and Savannah, Georgia . The West Elm brand
288-563: A meal, the food-soaked trencher was fed to a dog or to beggars at the tables of the wealthy, and eaten by diners in more modest circumstances. The immediate culinary precursor with a direct connection to the English sandwich was to be found in the Netherlands of the seventeenth century, where the naturalist John Ray observed that in the taverns beef hung from the rafters "which they cut into thin slices and eat with bread and butter laying
336-797: A recipe for the Liberty Sandwich , which consisted of peanut butter and Snowflake Marshmallow Creme on oat or barley bread. The recipe was published in a promotional booklet sent to Curtis' customers in 1918 and may be the origin of the fluffernutter sandwich. Earlier labels and booklets published by the Curtises suggested combining Snow Flake Marshmallow Creme with peanut butter or eating it on sandwiches with chopped nuts or olives. Meanwhile, sugar shortages during World War I hurt sales of Archibald Query's Marshmallow Creme, so Query sold his recipe in 1920 to two men from Swampscott, Massachusetts , H. Allen Durkee and Fred L. Mower, who began distributing
384-703: A shake. In 2006, Brigham's Ice Cream and Durkee-Mower introduced a fluffernutter flavor, which featured peanut butter and Marshmallow Fluff in vanilla ice cream. Fluffernutter was also the name of a candy briefly produced by the Boyer Brothers candy company beginning in 1969. Marshmallow creme was invented in the early 20th century. In 1917, Archibald Query invented what he called Marshmallow Creme in Somerville, Massachusetts . Amory and Emma Curtis of Melrose, Massachusetts , invented Snowflake Marshmallow Creme in 1913. During World War I, Emma Curtis published
432-545: A share. At the end of 1985, the company was generating over $ 51 million in sales. In September 1986, Williams-Sonoma, Inc. acquired Pottery Barn from Gap . The acquisition included Pottery Barn's 27 housewares stores located in California, Connecticut, New Jersey, and New York for $ 6 million. The company's expansion led to the opening of its first distribution center in Memphis, Tennessee , in 1984. Williams-Sonoma, Inc.
480-572: A slice of bread; or, more generally, any dish in which bread serves as a container or wrapper for another food type, and allows it to be a finger food . The sandwich began as a portable, convenient food in the Western world, though over time it has become prevalent worldwide. There has been social media debate over the precise definition of sandwich , specifically whether a hot dog or open sandwich can be categorized as such. Other items, like hamburger and burrito , were also considered. In
528-454: A soft filling between the baked layers. In corporate finance, Dutch Sandwich and Double Irish with a Dutch sandwich refer to schemes for tax evasion. The word butty , originally referring to a buttered slice of bread, is common in some northern and southern parts of England and Wales as a slang synonym for "sandwich," particularly to refer to certain kinds of sandwiches including the chip butty , bacon butty , or sausage butty . Sarnie
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#1732780127552576-565: A spin-off of Pottery Barn that specializes in home furnishings for children. The Pottery Barn brand further expanded with the launch of PBteen in early 2003. Pottery Barn extended its merchandising with the introduction of the Pottery Barn Bed & Bath and Pottery Barn Kids in Manhattan. By 2009, Williams-Sonoma, Inc. was operating 610 stores with an annual revenue of over $ 3 billion. In May 2010, Lester retired, and Laura Alber
624-411: A spoon of peanut butter and torched marshmallow creme on top. The term fluffernutter has also been used to describe other foods that feature peanut butter and marshmallow creme, including fluffernutter cookies, bars, and cupcakes. Durkee-Mower , the company that produces Marshmallow Fluff, a brand of marshmallow creme, produces a cookbook that features recipes for fluffernutter bars, frosting, pie, and
672-881: A year in London in 1765. An alternative is provided by Sandwich's biographer, N. A. M. Rodger , who suggests Sandwich's commitments to the Navy, and to politics and the arts, mean the first sandwich was more likely to have been consumed at his desk. The sandwich's popularity in Spain and England increased dramatically during the nineteenth century, when the rise of industrial society and the working classes made fast, portable, and inexpensive meals essential. In London, for example, at least seventy street vendors were selling ham sandwiches by 1850; during that decade sandwich bars also became an important form of eating establishment in western Holland, typically serving liver and salt beef sandwiches. In
720-574: Is a similar colloquialism. Likewise, the word sanger is used for sandwich in Australian slang . The colloquial Scottish word piece may refer either to a sandwich or to a light meal, especially one that includes a sandwich. For example, the phrase jeely piece refers to a jam sandwich . The colloquial form "sammich" (alternatively, "sammidge") is used in the Southeastern United States. In Japanese, sando or sandoichi
768-486: Is active with the Clinton Global Initiative and in 2013 agreed to invest $ 35 million on hand made goods from U.S. and abroad to sell in its stores over the course of two years. The collaborations were aimed to positively impact over 4,000 artisan workers. Former President Bill Clinton visited a West Elm showroom after the company spent nearly that amount in the first year of the agreement. In 2015,
816-749: Is commonly said that Lord Sandwich, during long sessions of cribbage and other card games at public gambling houses , would order his valet to bring him roast beef between two pieces of toasted bread. He was fond of this form of food because it allowed him to continue gambling while eating, without the need for a fork, and without getting his cards greasy from eating meat with his bare hands. The dish then grew in popularity in London, and Sandwich's name became associated with it. The rumour in its familiar form appeared in Pierre-Jean Grosley 's Londres ( Neuchâtel , 1770), translated as A Tour to London in 1772; Grosley's impressions had been formed during
864-496: Is explicitly excluded. In Britain, the British Sandwich Association defines a sandwich as "any form of bread with a filling, generally assembled cold"; a definition which includes wraps and bagels , but potentially excludes dishes assembled and served hot, such as burgers. Sandwiches are a popular type of lunch food, taken to work, school, or picnics to be eaten as part of a packed lunch . The bread
912-442: Is frequently coated with condiments such as mayonnaise or mustard to enhance its flavour and texture, but may be served plain ("dry"). As well as being homemade, sandwiches are also widely sold in various retail outlets and can be served hot or cold. Although savoury sandwiches—such as deli meat sandwiches—are in the majority, sweet sandwiches—such as jam sandwiches and fluffernutters —form their own category. The sandwich
960-414: Is named after the inventor of a certain roast beef sandwich in 18th century England, John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich . The Wall Street Journal has described it as Britain's "biggest contribution to gastronomy ". The use of some kind of bread or bread-like substance to lie under some other food, or to scoop it up and enclose or wrap it, is found in many cultures historically. Before being known as
1008-571: Is particularly popular in New England and has been proposed as the official state sandwich of Massachusetts . The traditional Fluffernutter can be grilled for a popular variation. A fluffernutter is made by spreading peanut butter on a slice of bread, then spreading an equal amount of marshmallow creme on another slice and finally combining them to form a sandwich. Variations of the recipe include wheat bread instead of white, Nutella hazelnut spread instead of, or in addition to, peanut butter, and
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#17327801275521056-466: Is used. Sandwiches have been widely sold in cafes, railway stations, pubs and diners since the invention of sliced bread in the 1920s. Sandwiches kept unwrapped, drying up and edges curling, until they were sold, were widely found in Britain until the 1970s. Cafes and buffets in railway stations and on trains were notorious, and the term " British Rail sandwich " was often used satirically. In 1979,
1104-536: The Fluffernutter name. In June 2006, Massachusetts State Senator Jarrett Barrios proposed legislation restricting the serving of fluffernutter sandwiches in public schools after learning that his son was served fluffernutters on a daily basis at his elementary school in Cambridge, Massachusetts . Barrios drafted an amendment to the junk food bill which would limit fluffernutters to once a week. The proposal
1152-753: The British sandwich industry made and sold £8 billion worth of sandwiches. Williams-Sonoma, Inc. Williams-Sonoma, Inc. is an American publicly traded consumer retail company that sells kitchenware and home furnishings. It is headquartered in San Francisco , California , United States. The company has 625 brick and mortar stores and distributes to more than 60 countries, with brands including Williams Sonoma , Williams Sonoma Home, Pottery Barn , Pottery Barn Kids, PBteen, West Elm , Mark and Graham, and Rejuvenation . Williams-Sonoma, Inc. also operates through eight corresponding websites and
1200-512: The British store chain Marks & Spencer introduced a small range of chilled, pre-made sandwiches sold in wedge-shaped boxes, sealed to keep them fresh. As they proved popular, a small experiment involving five stores rapidly grew to cover more than one hundred stores. Within a year, the store was looking for ways to manufacture sandwiches at an industrial scale. By the end of the decade, the British sandwich industry had become worth £1bn. In 2017,
1248-501: The Fluffernutter the official state sandwich. The measure failed, and Reinstein tried again unsuccessfully in 2009. Supporters of the bill cited the sandwich's close association with childhood and Massachusetts. In 2021, Merriam-Webster added the word fluffernutter to its dictionary. The term fluffernutter has sometimes been used disparagingly to describe something that lacks substance and has minimal to no cultural value. On
1296-786: The Middle East. The first Williams-Sonoma brand store outside of North America opened in Kuwait in 2012, along with West Elm at The Avenues Mall , the largest shopping center in Kuwait. The company opened its first store in the United Kingdom in 2014 with the launch of its West Elm location in London . Williams-Sonoma, Inc. opened four stores (Williams-Sonoma, Pottery Barn, Pottery Barn Kids, and West Elm) in Australia in 2015 as
1344-624: The US, a court in Indiana ruled in 2024 that tacos and burritos are sandwiches, specifically that "The Court agrees with Quintana that tacos and burritos are Mexican-style sandwiches". The court further ruled that such a definition of sandwich would also apply to a "restaurant that serves made-to-order Greek gyros, Indian naan wraps, or Vietnamese banh mi". The state of New York has a definition of "sandwich" that explicitly includes burritos, gyros , hot dogs, and wraps and pita sandwiches. In Spain, where
1392-508: The US: it usually refers to an item that uses sliced bread from a loaf. An item with similar fillings but using an entire bread roll cut horizontally in half, is generally referred to as a roll , or with certain hot fillings, a burger . However, in Australia hot sliced (not ground) beef between two slices of toasted bread is referred to as a steak sandwich : the sliced loaf bread distinguishes
1440-578: The USA . As part of the settlement with the FTC, Williams-Sonoma, Inc. agreed to stop making false, misleading or unsubstantiated "Made in USA" claims and is required to pay $ 1 million to the FTC. In April 2024, the FTC fined the Williams-Sonoma almost $ 3.2 million for violating the FTC's 2020 order to be truthful about whether its products were made in the US, which marked the largest-ever civil penalty in
1488-648: The United States, the Department of Agriculture (USDA) and the Food and Drug Administration are the responsible agencies for protecting the definition of sandwich . The USDA uses the definition, "at least 35% cooked meat and no more than 50% bread" for closed sandwiches, and "at least 50% cooked meat" for open sandwiches. However, the same USDA manual determines that burritos and fajitas are "sandwich-like", and frankfurters are "sandwich type", while stromboli
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1536-606: The United States, the sandwich was first promoted as an elaborate meal at supper. By the early 20th century, as bread became a staple of the American diet, the sandwich became the same kind of popular, quick meal as was already widespread in the Mediterranean . In the US, a court in Boston , Massachusetts , ruled in 2006 that a sandwich includes at least two slices of bread and "under this definition, this court finds that
1584-408: The addition of sweet ingredients like bananas or savory and salty ingredients like bacon. The Fluffernutter itself is often seen as a variation on the peanut butter and jelly sandwich . Though often seen as a food for children, the Fluffernutter recipe has been adapted to appeal to adult tastes. For example, a New York caterer serves a fluffernutter hors d'oeuvre in a toasted ice cream cone with
1632-642: The company made a pledge at the Clinton Global Initiative Annual Meeting to expand its Fair Trade Certified product offerings. In October 2001, the company opened its first international stores in Toronto, Ontario , Canada. The Williams-Sonoma and Pottery Barn stores in Yorkville occupied a combined 37,000 square feet of space at the retail podium of the 100 Bloor Street West condominium; these stores closed in 2017 after
1680-779: The first retail locations outside of North America owned and operated by Williams-Sonoma, Inc. In the same year, the company also opened Pottery Barn and Pottery Barn Kids stores with a franchise partner in the Philippines . Under the umbrella organization of Williams-Sonoma, Inc., the company's brands are: In March 2020, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) announced a settlement with Williams-Sonoma, Inc. over false advertising claims where Goldtouch Bakeware products, Rejuvenation-branded products, and Pottery Barn Teen and Pottery Barn Kids-branded upholstered furniture products were falsely advertised as being made in
1728-704: The landlord substantially raised rents in 2014. In 2008, the company opened Pottery Barn and West Elm stores at Plaza Las Americas in Hato Rey , Puerto Rico , a district of the capital San Juan . For Mexico , in 2014, El Puerto de Liverpool , which operates two nationwide department store chains ( Liverpool ) and Suburbia , signed a franchise agreement to operate stores and e-commerce sites for six brands. Brand covered are Williams-Sonoma, Pottery Barn, Pottery Barn Kids, PB Teen, West Elm. In 2010, Williams-Sonoma, Inc. partnered with M.H. Alshaya Co. to launch Pottery Barn and Pottery Barn Kids franchise operations in
1776-663: The manner of a modern wrap made with flatbread . Flat breads of only slightly varying kinds have long been used to scoop or wrap small amounts of food en route from platter to mouth throughout Western Asia and northern Africa. From Morocco to Ethiopia to India , bread is usually baked in flat rounds, contrasting with the European loaf tradition. During the Middle Ages in Europe, thick slabs of coarse and usually stale bread , called " trenchers ," were used as plates. After
1824-571: The other hand, some writers look on fluffernutters and marshmallow creme as a source of childhood nostalgia and regional pride. The sandwich has close ties to New England and Massachusetts, particularly to Somerville, where Archibald Query invented Marshmallow Fluff, and to Lynn, where Durkee-Mower has produced it for decades. Somerville holds an annual festival called What the Fluff? based around celebrating Marshmallow Fluff and Fluffernutter sandwiches. The festival incorporates music, visual art, games, and
1872-416: The product through their company, Durkee-Mower Inc. The pair renamed the product Toot Sweet Marshmallow Fluff, and Durkee-Mower continues to sell the product under the name Marshmallow Fluff. The sandwich made with peanut butter and marshmallow creme continued to be eaten, but was not called a fluffernutter until 1960, when an advertising firm Durkee-Mower hired created the term as a more effective way to market
1920-577: The sandwich. Fluffernutter is a registered trademark of Durkee-Mower, although the company's U.S. trademark registrations for the term cover only ice cream and printed recipes. In 2006, Durkee-Mower sued Williams-Sonoma, Inc. in the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts , alleging that Williams-Sonoma, Inc. infringed on its trademark by selling a marshmallow and peanut butter chocolate-covered candy under
1968-556: The slices upon the butter"—explanatory specifications that reveal the Dutch belegde broodje , open-faced sandwich , was as yet unfamiliar in England. Initially perceived as food that men shared while gaming and drinking at night, the sandwich slowly began appearing in polite society as a late-night meal among the aristocracy . The sandwich is named after John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich , an eighteenth-century English aristocrat . It
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2016-536: The steak sandwich from a burger. The verb to sandwich has the meaning "to position anything between two other things of a different character, or to place different elements alternately," and the noun sandwich has related meanings derived from this more general definition. For example, an ice cream sandwich consists of a layer of ice cream between two layers of cake or biscuit. Similarly, Oreos and Custard creams are described as sandwich biscuits (UK/Commonwealth) or sandwich cookies (US) because they consist of
2064-432: The term 'sandwich' is not commonly understood to include burritos , tacos , and quesadillas , which are typically made with a single tortilla and stuffed with a choice filling of meat, rice, and beans." The issue stemmed from the question of whether a restaurant that sold burritos could move into a shopping centre where another restaurant had a no-compete clause in its lease prohibiting other "sandwich" shops. Also in
2112-450: The word sandwich is borrowed from the English language, it refers to a food item made with English sandwich bread . It is otherwise known as a bocadillo . Similar usage applies in other Spanish-speaking cultures, such as Mexico, where the word torta is also used for a popular variety of roll-type sandwiches. In the UK and Australia, the term sandwich is more narrowly defined than in
2160-482: Was criticized as trivial and overly intrusive legislation, while Barrios' supporters pointed to concerns over childhood obesity . Among the people who defended the Fluffernutter at the time was Massachusetts State Representative Kathi-Anne Reinstein , whose district in Revere was close to Lynn , where Marshmallow Fluff is made. She claimed she would "fight to the death for Fluff" and supported legislation that would make
2208-475: Was first created in the early 20th century after marshmallow creme , a sweet marshmallow -like spread , was invented in Massachusetts . During World War I, a recipe for a peanut butter and marshmallow creme sandwich, the earliest known example of the sandwich, was published. The term "fluffernutter" was created by an advertising agency in 1960 as a more effective way to market the sandwich. The sandwich
2256-535: Was named CEO of the umbrella organization. Alber joined the company in 1995. She was active in building the Pottery Barn catalog and the development and launch of Pottery Barn Kids and PBteen. In November 2011, the company acquired Portland, Oregon -based Rejuvenation , a manufacturer and direct marketer of light fixtures and hardware with stores in Portland , Seattle , and Los Angeles . The company launched
2304-639: Was one of the largest proprietary distributors in the Memphis area with 3.5 million square feet of distribution space. From 1986 to 1989, Williams-Sonoma, Inc. grew by an average of 12 stores per year, bringing the total locations to over 100 stores in the U.S. It was listed on the New York Stock Exchange starting in 1998, while sales reached $ 1 billion for the first time. The following year, Williams-Sonoma, Inc. launched its e-commerce websites. The company also launched Pottery Barn Kids,
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