Misplaced Pages

#82917

69-453: The park is located along Guanabara Bay , in the Flamengo neighborhood of the city, between Downtown Rio and Copacabana . Flamengo Park was envisioned by Lota de Macedo Soares , while conceived and designed by Affonso Eduardo Reidy with Modernist park gardens and civic landscapes designed by world-renowned landscape designer and artist Roberto Burle Marx . The 296 acres (120 ha) park

138-647: A Country of Wild, Naked, Grim, Man-Eating People in the New World, America . There are documented accounts of smallpox being used as a biological weapon by some Brazilian villagers seeking to eliminate nearby Amerindian tribes, not always aggressively. One notable instance, according to anthropologist Mércio Pereira Gomes, occurred in Caxias, in southern Maranhão. Local farmers, desiring more land for their cattle farms, gave clothing from sick villagers (which would normally have been burned to prevent further infection) to

207-427: A Roman shipwreck. Carl Feagans tells of 16 amphorae made for antiques-lover Americo Santarelli in 1960 or 1961, all 16 of which deliberately sunk in the bay for them to acquire the look of ancient artefacts covered in barnacles and corals; 4 of the 16 original amphorae were subsequently recovered, leaving 12 scattered about the bay, where two were found by lobster divers in 1974. There are more than 130 islands dotting

276-501: A decade after the incident, the mangrove areas have not returned to life. One of the world's largest landfills is located at Jardim Gramacho adjacent to Guanabara Bay. It was closed in 2012 after 34 years of operation. The landfill attracted attention from environmentalists and it supported 1,700 people scavenging for recyclable materials. In June 2014, Dutch windsurfer and former Olympic and world champion Dorian van Rijsselberghe made an urgent appeal to government and industry in

345-479: A high extinction rate. To investigate this further, we applied a novel principal components multiple logistic regression test to Bayesian serial coalescent simulations. The analysis supported a scenario in which European colonization caused a substantial loss of pre-Columbian lineages." Linguistic studies have supported genetic findings, revealing ancient patterns between the languages spoken in Siberia and those in

414-732: A naval attack from the sea. They were the Santa Cruz, São João, Lajes and Villegaignon forts, forming a fearsome crossfire rectangle of big naval guns . Other islands were adapted by the Navy to host naval storehouses, hospitals , drydocks , oil reservoirs and the National Naval Academy . Underwater exploration in the bay was disallowed by the Brazilian government in 1985 amid a dispute with American writer and treasure hunter Robert Marx, who claimed to have found evidence of

483-834: A result, reservation lands suffered massive deforestation and flooding. The public works projects attracted very few migrants, but those who did arrive—largely poor settlers—brought new diseases that further devastated the Amerindian population. The 1988 Brazilian Constitution recognizes the right of Indigenous peoples to pursue their traditional ways of life and to the permanent and exclusive possession of their "traditional lands," which are demarcated as Indigenous Territories . Additionally, Indigenous peoples are legally recognized as one of several " traditional peoples ". In practice, however, Brazil's Indigenous people still face significant threats and challenges to their continued existence and cultural heritage. The process of land demarcation

552-603: A seismic political shift occurred when the Brazilian military took control of the government and abolished all existing political parties, creating a two-party system. For the next two decades, Brazil was ruled by a series of generals. The country's mantra was "Brazil, the Country of the Future," which the military government used to justify a massive push into the Amazon to exploit its resources, aiming to transform Brazil into one of

621-533: A sports venue in Brazil is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This cycling venue-related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Guanabara Bay Guanabara Bay ( Portuguese : baía de Guanabara , baía da Guanabara , [ɡwɐ̃nɐˈbaɾɐ] ) is an oceanic bay located in Southeast Brazil in the state of Rio de Janeiro . On its western shore lie

690-599: A third migrant wave. The initial settlement of the Americas was followed by a rapid expansion southward along the coast, with limited gene flow later, especially in South America . An exception to this is the Chibcha speakers, whose ancestry includes contributions from both North and South America. Another study, focused on mitochondrial DNA ( mtDNA ), which is inherited only through the maternal line, revealed that

759-975: Is allotted the largest number of points among the Latin American events on the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) world ranking. In the 2007 Pan American Games , Marina da Glória was the main venue for the Rio 2007 Sailing competitions. Also during the Games, the Marathon (men's and women's) arrival points were set up at the Flamengo Park, which also staged the Race Walking and Cycling Road competitions. 22°55′16″S 43°10′12″W  /  22.921°S 43.170°W  / -22.921; -43.170 This article about

SECTION 10

#1732766089083

828-627: Is flanked at the eastern tip by the Pico do Papagaio (Parrot's Peak) and the western tip by Pão de Açúcar (Sugar Loaf). The name Guanabara comes from the Tupi language , goanã-pará , from gwa "bay", plus nã "similar to" and ba'ra "sea". Other glosses include hidden water , lagoon of the sea , and bosom of the sea . Guanabara Bay was first encountered by Europeans on January 1, 1502, when Portuguese explorers Gaspar de Lemos and Gonçalo Coelho arrived on its shores. According to some historians,

897-619: Is located on the artificial Fundão Island. A maze of smaller bridges interconnect the two largest islands, Fundão and Governador, to the mainland. There is an Environmental Protection Area (APA), which is located mostly in the municipality of Guapimirim and given the name of Guapimirim APA . Guanabara Bay's once rich and diversified ecosystem has suffered extensive damage in recent decades, particularly along its mangrove areas. The bay has been heavily impacted by urbanization , deforestation , and pollution of its waters with sewage , garbage , and oil spills . As of 2014, more than 70% of

966-410: Is now Brazil. The 2010 Brazil census recorded 305 ethnic groups of Indigenous people who spoke 274 Indigenous languages ; however, almost 77% speak Portuguese. Historically, many Indigenous peoples of Brazil were semi- nomadic and combined hunting, fishing, and gathering with migratory agriculture. Many tribes faced extinction as a result of European settlement, and many others were assimilated into

1035-637: The Tupi (speakers of Tupi–Guarani languages ), who occupied almost the entire length of the Brazilian coast, and the Tapuia (a general term for non-Tupi groups, usually Jê-speaking peoples), who primarily resided in the interior. The Portuguese arrived at the end of a long pre-colonial conflict between the Tupis and Tapuias, which had led to the defeat and expulsion of the Tapuias from most coastal areas. Although

1104-476: The 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio, the government was supposed to improve the conditions, but progress has been slow. There have been concerns that the efforts may only be short-term and abandoned following the Games, as there would be little political incentive to continue with them. The marine ecosystem of Guanabara Bay was severely damaged; the bay was once a whaling ground, and today, whales are no longer or rarely seen while Bryde's whales can be seen around

1173-812: The Amazon River basin from the Northwest. The second and third migratory waves from Siberia, which are thought to have led to the Athabaskan , Aleut , Inuit , and Yupik people , apparently did not reach farther than the southern United States and Canada , respectively. An analysis of Amerindian Y-chromosome DNA reveals specific clustering within much of the South American population. The micro-satellite diversity and distributions of Y-chromosome lineages specific to South America suggest that certain Amerindian populations have been isolated since

1242-591: The Amazon River up to the delta, and the Nuaraque group, whose constituent tribes inhabited several areas, including most of the upper Amazon (west of present-day Manaus ) and significant pockets in modern Amapá and Roraima states. The names by which different Tupi tribes were recorded by Portuguese and French authors in the 16th century are poorly understood. Most do not seem to be proper names but rather descriptions of relationships, usually familial—e.g., Tupi means "first father," Tupinambá means "relatives of

1311-732: The Andean civilizations , did not keep written records or erect stone monuments. The humid climate and acidic soil have destroyed almost all traces of their material culture, including wood and bones . Therefore, what is known about the region's history before 1500 has been inferred and reconstructed from limited archaeological evidence, such as ceramics and stone arrowheads . The most conspicuous remains of these societies are vast mounds of discarded shellfish , known as sambaquis , found at some coastal sites that were continuously inhabited for more than 5,000 years. Additionally, substantial "black earth" ( terra preta ) deposits in several places along

1380-582: The Huguenot Admiral Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon invaded the region in 1555 to establish the France Antarctique . They stayed briefly on Lajes Island, then moved to Serigipe Island, near the shore, where they built Fort Coligny . After they were expelled by Portuguese military expeditions in 1563, the colonial government built fortifications in several points of Guanabara Bay, rendering it almost impregnable against

1449-520: The Portuguese explorers first arrived in Brazil in April 1500, they found, to their astonishment, a wide coastline rich in resources and teeming with hundreds of thousands of Indigenous people living in a "paradise" of natural abundance. Pero Vaz de Caminha , the official scribe of Pedro Álvares Cabral , the commander of the discovery fleet that landed in the present state of Bahia , wrote a letter to

SECTION 20

#1732766089083

1518-959: The Tamoio Confederation , and the Portuguese. Occasionally, the Amerindians allied with Portugal’s enemies, such as the French during the France Antarctique episode in Rio de Janeiro . At other times, they sided with Portugal against rival tribes. During this period, a German soldier named Hans Staden was captured by the Tupinambá and later released. He documented his experiences in his famous book Warhaftige Historia und Beschreibung eyner Landtschafft der Wilden Nacketen, Grimmigen Menschfresser-Leuthen in der Newenwelt America gelegen (1557), which translates to True Story and Description of

1587-669: The Xingu National Park , was established by the federal government in 1961. During the social and political upheaval of the 1960s, reports of mistreatment of Amerindians increasingly reached Brazil's urban centers and began to affect public opinion. In 1967, following the publication of the Figueiredo Report , commissioned by the Ministry of the Interior, the military government launched an investigation into

1656-581: The "relatives of the ancients" (Tupinambá), which could mean relatives of the Tamoio or a Tamoio term for relatives of the old Tupi in the upper Amazon basin. The "grandsons" (Temiminó) might represent a splinter group, while the "side-neighbors" (Tupiniquim) could denote recent arrivals still establishing their presence. However, by 1870, the Tupi tribes' population had declined to 250,000 Indigenous people, and by 1890, it had diminished to approximately 100,000. When

1725-484: The 1950s, American archaeologist Betty Meggers , in some of her earliest research, suggested that the society migrated from the Andes and settled on the island. Many researchers believed that the Andes were populated by Paleoindian migrants from North America, who gradually moved south after being hunters on the plains. In the 1980s, American archaeologist Anna Curtenius Roosevelt led excavations and geophysical surveys of

1794-441: The Amazon are believed to be ancient garbage dumps ( middens ). Recent excavations of these deposits in the middle and upper Amazon have uncovered remains of massive settlements, containing tens of thousands of homes, indicating a complex social and economic structure. Studies of the wear patterns of precontact inhabitants of coastal Brazil found that the surfaces of anterior teeth facing the tongue were more worn than those facing

1863-516: The Amazon, was a natural explorer with a keen curiosity. In 1910, he helped establish the Serviço de Proteção aos Índios (SPI), now known as FUNAI ( Fundação Nacional do Índio , National Foundation for Indians). SPI was the first federal agency tasked with protecting Amerindians and preserving their culture. In 1914, Rondon accompanied Theodore Roosevelt on his famous expedition to map the Amazon and discover new species. During these travels, Rondon

1932-597: The Americas across the Bering Strait and along the western coast of North America in at least three separate waves. In Brazil, most native tribes living in the land by 1500 are thought to be descended from the first wave of Siberian migrants, who are believed to have crossed the Bering Land Bridge at the end of the last Ice Age, between 13,000 and 17,000 years ago. This initial migration would have taken some time to reach present-day Brazil, likely entering

2001-549: The Americas via a coastal route around 16,000 years ago, following a period of isolation in eastern Beringia for approximately 2,400 to 9,000 years after separating from eastern Siberian populations. After spreading rapidly throughout the Americas, limited gene flow in South America resulted in a distinct phylogeographic structure of populations, which persisted over time. All ancient mitochondrial lineages detected in this study were absent from modern data sets, suggesting

2070-722: The Americas. Two 2015 autosomal DNA genetic studies confirmed the Siberian origins of the Native peoples of the Americas. However, an ancient signal of shared ancestry with the Indigenous peoples of Australia and Melanesia was detected among the Native populations of the Amazon region . This migration from Siberia is estimated to have occurred around 23,000 years ago. Brazilian native peoples, unlike those in Mesoamerica and

2139-559: The Amerindians. Instead, the SPI sought to integrate tribal groups into mainstream Brazilian society. The promise of wealth from reservation lands attracted cattle ranchers and settlers, who continued encroaching on Indigenous territories, with the SPI facilitating this intrusion. Between 1900 and 1967, an estimated 98 Indigenous tribes were wiped out. Due largely to the efforts of the Villas-Bôas brothers , Brazil's first Indigenous reserve,

Flamengo Park - Misplaced Pages Continue

2208-800: The Europeans, against which they had no natural immunity , leading to high mortality rates. Jesuit priests arrived with the first Governor General as clerical assistants to the colonists, with the intention of converting the Indigenous people to Catholicism . They argued that the Indigenous people should be regarded as human and succeeded in obtaining a Papal bull , Sublimis Deus , which declared that, regardless of their beliefs, they should be recognized as fully rational human beings with rights to freedom and private property, and thus should not be enslaved. Jesuit priests, such as Fathers José de Anchieta and Manuel da Nóbrega , studied and recorded

2277-477: The Indigenous languages and founded mixed settlements, such as São Paulo dos Campos de Piratininga , where colonists and Amerindians lived side by side, spoke the same Língua Geral (common language), and freely intermarried. They also began to establish more remote villages inhabited only by "civilized" Amerindians, known as Missions or reductions (see the article on the Guarani people for more details). By

2346-409: The Indigenous people, including establishing the first Indigenous reserves. The situation for the Amerindians improved around the turn of the century when Cândido Rondon , a man of both Portuguese and Bororo ancestry, and an explorer and progressive officer in the Brazilian army, began working to gain the Amerindians' trust and establish peace. Rondon, assigned to extend telegraph communications into

2415-601: The Jesuits attempted to 'Europeanize' the Indigenous Peoples of Brazil. In the mid-1770s, the fragile coexistence between the Indigenous peoples and the colonists was once again threatened. Due to a complex diplomatic situation involving Portugal, Spain, and the Vatican , the Jesuits were expelled from Brazil, and their missions were confiscated and sold. A number of wars broke out between various tribes, such as

2484-606: The King of Portugal describing in glowing terms the beauty of the land. In "Histoire des découvertes et conquêtes des Portugais dans le Nouveau Monde," Lafitau described the natives as people who wore no clothing but painted their entire bodies red. Their ears, noses, lips, and cheeks were pierced. The men would shave the front, top of the head, and over the ears, while women typically wore their hair loose or in braids. Both men and women accessorized with noisy porcelain collars and bracelets, feathers, and dried fruits. Lafitau also described

2553-588: The Netherlands to collaborate in cleaning up the bay, together with the Plastic Soup Foundation . The Dutch government picked up the message and formulated a Clean Urban Delta Initiative Rio de Janeiro together with a consortium of Dutch industry, knowledge institutes and NGOs which will be presented to the Brazilian authorities in the State of Rio de Janeiro. As part of the preparations for

2622-552: The SPI was disbanded. The same year, the government established the Fundação Nacional do Índio (National Indian Foundation), known as FUNAI, which is responsible for protecting the interests, cultures, and rights of Indigenous peoples in Brazil. Some tribes have become significantly integrated into Brazilian society. The unacculturated tribes that have been contacted by FUNAI are supposed to be protected and accommodated within Brazilian society to varying degrees. By 1987, it

2691-439: The SPI. It was soon revealed that the SPI was corrupt and failing to protect natives, their lands, and their culture. The 5,000-page report cataloged atrocities including slavery, sexual abuse, torture, and mass murder. It was alleged that agency officials, in collaboration with land speculators, were systematically slaughtering the Amerindians by intentionally distributing disease-laced clothing. Criminal prosecutions followed, and

2760-478: The Timbira. The clothing infected the entire tribe, who had neither immunity nor a cure. Similar incidents occurred in other villages throughout South America. The 1840s brought trade and wealth to the Amazon with the development of the vulcanization process for rubber , leading to a worldwide surge in demand. The best rubber trees in the world grew in the Amazon, and thousands of rubber tappers began working

2829-400: The ancestors," Tupiniquim means "side-neighbors," Tamoio means "grandfather," Temiminó means "grandson," Tabajara means "in-laws," and so on. Some etymologists believe these names reflect the ordering of migration waves of Tupi people from the interior to the coasts. For example, the first Tupi wave to reach the coast might have been referred to as "grandfathers" (Tamoio), soon joined by

Flamengo Park - Misplaced Pages Continue

2898-613: The bay entrance. The bay is also home to a population of botos and this population faces severe risks of population decline . [REDACTED] Media related to Guanabara Bay at Wikimedia Commons Indigenous peoples in Brazil The Indigenous peoples in Brazil are the peoples who lived in Brazil before European contact around 1500 and their descendants. Indigenous peoples once comprised an estimated 2,000 district tribes and nations inhabiting what

2967-602: The bay, including: The bay is crossed by the Rio-Niterói Bridge (13.29 kilometres (8.26 mi) long and with a central span 72 metres (236 ft) high) and there is heavy boat and ship traffic, including regular ferryboat lines. The Port of Rio de Janeiro, as well as the city's two airports, Galeão - Antônio Carlos Jobim International Airport (on Governador Island) and Santos Dumont Airport (on reclaimed land next to downtown Rio), are located on its shores. The Federal University of Rio de Janeiro main campus

3036-570: The cities of Rio de Janeiro and Duque de Caxias , and on its eastern shore are the cities of Niterói and São Gonçalo . Four other municipalities surround the bay's shores. Guanabara Bay is the second largest bay in area in Brazil (after the All Saints' Bay ), at 412 square kilometres (159 sq mi), with a perimeter of 143 kilometres (89 mi). Guanabara Bay is 31 kilometres (19 mi) long and 28 kilometres (17 mi) wide at its maximum. Its 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi) wide mouth

3105-474: The coastal Tupi and Tapuia tribes were primarily agriculturalists. The subtropical Guarani cultivated maize , tropical Tupi cultivated manioc ( cassava ), and highland Jês cultivated peanuts as the staple of their diet. Supplementary crops included beans , sweet potatoes , cará ( yam ), jerimum ( pumpkin ), and cumari ( capsicum pepper). Behind the coasts, the interior of Brazil was primarily dominated by Tapuia (Jê) people, although significant sections of

3174-408: The coastal Tupi were divided into sub-tribes that were frequently hostile to each other, they were culturally and linguistically homogeneous. The fact that early Europeans encountered essentially the same people and language along the Brazilian coast greatly facilitated communication and interaction. Coastal Sequence c. 1500 (north to south): With the exception of the hunter-gatherer Goitacases ,

3243-549: The colonists, compounded by slavery and European violence. The Indigenous people were traditionally semi-nomadic tribes who subsisted on hunting, fishing, gathering, and migratory agriculture. For centuries, they lived semi-nomadic lives, managing the forests to meet their needs. When the Portuguese arrived in 1500, the natives primarily inhabited the coast and the banks of major rivers. Initially, Europeans viewed them as noble savages , and miscegenation began almost immediately. Portuguese claims of tribal warfare, cannibalism , and

3312-411: The country with the largest number of uncontacted peoples in the world. Questions about the original settlement of the Americas have led to various hypothetical models. The origins of these Indigenous peoples remain a matter of debate among archaeologists . Anthropological and genetic evidence suggests that most Amerindian people descended from migrants from Siberia and Mongolia who entered

3381-463: The deaths of tens of thousands. The diseases spread rapidly along Indigenous trade routes, likely leading to the annihilation of entire tribes without direct contact with Europeans. By 1800, the population of Colonial Brazil had reached approximately 2.33 million, of which only around 174,900 were Indigenous. By 1850, that number had dwindled to an estimated 78,400 out of a total population of 5.8 million. The mutual feeling of wonderment and goodwill

3450-463: The first evidence of a complex society on Marajó. Further evidence of mound building suggests that well-populated, complex, and sophisticated settlements developed on the island, as only such settlements were believed capable of undertaking extensive projects like major earthworks. The extent, level of complexity, and resource interactions of the Marajoara culture have been subjects of dispute. In

3519-614: The general Brazilian population . The Indigenous population was decimated by European diseases, declining from a pre-Columbian high of 2 million to 3 million to approximately 300,000 by 1997, distributed among 200 tribes. According to the 2022 IBGE census, 1,693,535 Brazilians classified themselves as Indigenous, and the census recorded 274 Indigenous languages spoken by 304 different Indigenous ethnic groups. On 18 January 2007, Fundação Nacional do Índio reported 67 remaining uncontacted tribes in Brazil, up from 40 known in 2005. With this increase, Brazil surpassed New Guinea , becoming

SECTION 50

#1732766089083

3588-538: The initial colonization of the region. According to a 2012 autosomal DNA genetic study, Native Americans descend from at least three main migrant waves from Siberia. Most of their ancestry traces back to a single ancestral population, referred to as the 'First Americans'. However, Inuit-speaking populations from the Arctic inherited nearly half of their ancestry from a second Siberian migrant wave, while Na-dene speakers inherited about one-tenth of their ancestry from

3657-509: The interior (notably the upper reaches of the Xingu , Teles Pires , and Juruena Rivers , roughly corresponding to modern Mato Grosso state) were the original pre-migration Tupi-Guarani homelands. In addition to the Tupi and Tapuia, two other Indigenous mega-groups were commonly identified in the interior: the Caribs , who inhabited much of what is now northwestern Brazil, including both shores of

3726-461: The interior to claim territory for the Portuguese crown and to search for gold and precious stones . Intending to profit from the sugar trade , the Portuguese decided to cultivate sugar cane in Brazil and to use Indigenous slaves as the workforce, following the example of the Spanish colonies. However, capturing Indigenous people proved difficult. They were soon afflicted by diseases brought by

3795-447: The large-scale agriculture needed to support large populations and complex social formations, such as chiefdoms . The Xingu peoples built large settlements connected by roads and bridges, often featuring moats. Their development peaked between 1200 CE and 1600 CE, with their population reaching into the tens of thousands. On the eve of the Portuguese arrival in 1500, the coastal areas of Brazil were dominated by two major groups:

3864-492: The leading economies of the world. Construction began on a transcontinental highway across the Amazon basin, designed to encourage migration to the region and facilitate trade. Funded by the World Bank , thousands of square miles of forest were cleared without regard for reservation status. Following the highway projects, giant hydroelectric projects were initiated, and vast areas of forest were cleared for cattle ranching. As

3933-411: The lips. Researchers believe this wear was caused by using teeth to peel and shred abrasive plants . The Marajoara culture flourished on Marajó island at the mouth of the Amazon River . Archaeologists have uncovered sophisticated pottery in their excavations on the island. These pieces are large, elaborately painted, and incised with representations of plants and animals. This discovery provided

4002-429: The maternal ancestry of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas traces back to a few founding lineages from Siberia, likely arriving via the Bering Strait . According to this study, the ancestors of Native Americans likely remained near the Bering Strait for a time before rapidly spreading throughout the Americas and eventually reaching South America . A 2016 study on mtDNA lineages found that "a small population entered

4071-516: The middle of the 16th century, Jesuit priests, at the behest of Portugal's monarchy, had established missions throughout the country's colonies. They aimed to Europeanize and convert the Indigenous populations to Catholicism. Some historians argue that the Jesuits provided a period of relative stability for the Amerindians and opposed using them for slave labor. However, the Jesuits also contributed to European imperialism. Many historians view Jesuit involvement as an ethnocide of Indigenous culture, where

4140-404: The mound Teso dos Bichos. She concluded that the society that constructed the mounds originated on the island itself. The pre-Columbian culture of Marajó may have developed social stratification and supported a population as large as 100,000 people. The Native Americans of the Amazon rainforest may have used their method of developing and working in terra preta to make the land suitable for

4209-563: The name given by the exploration team to the bay was originally Ria de Janeiro ("January's Ria "). Then confusion took place between the words ria and rio ("river"). As a result, the name of the bay was soon fixed as Rio de Janeiro . Later, the city was named after the bay. Natives of the Tamoio and Tupiniquim tribes inhabited the shores of the bay. After the initial arrival of the Portuguese, no significant European settlements were established until French colonists and soldiers, under

SECTION 60

#1732766089083

4278-417: The plantations. When the Amerindians proved to be a difficult labor force, peasants from surrounding areas were brought in. This created ongoing tension between the Indigenous population and the new arrivals, as the Amerindians felt their lands were being invaded in the pursuit of wealth. In the 20th century, the Brazilian government adopted a more humanitarian approach and began offering official protection to

4347-543: The pursuit of Amazonian brazilwood for its prized red dye convinced the colonists that they needed to "civilize" the natives (originally, the Portuguese named Brazil Terra de Santa Cruz , but it later acquired its current name (see List of meanings of countries' names ) from the brazilwood ). However, like the Spanish in North America, the Portuguese brought diseases to which many Amerindians had no immunity. Measles , smallpox , tuberculosis , and influenza caused

4416-420: The ritualistic nature of their cannibalism practices and highlighted the important role of women in the household. Before the arrival of Europeans, the territory of present-day Brazil had an estimated population of between 1 and 11.25 million inhabitants. During the first 100 years of contact, the Amerindian population was reduced by 90%. This drastic decline was primarily due to diseases and illnesses brought by

4485-482: The sewage from 12 million inhabitants of Rio de Janeiro now flows into the bay untreated. There have been three major oil spills in Guanabara Bay . The most recent was in 2000 when a leaking Petrobras underwater pipeline released 1,300,000 litres (340,000 US gal) of oil into the bay, destroying large swaths of the mangrove ecosystem. Recovery measures are currently being attempted, but more than

4554-458: Was appalled by the treatment of the Indigenous people by settlers and developers, and he became their lifelong friend and protector. Rondon, who died in 1958, is considered a national hero in Brazil. The Brazilian state of Rondônia is named in his honor. After Rondon's pioneering work, the SPI was handed over to bureaucrats and military officers, and its effectiveness declined after 1957. The new officials did not share Rondon's deep commitment to

4623-621: Was completed in 1965. Flamengo Park is the location of the Rio de Janeiro Museum of Modern Art , the Carmen Miranda Museum , and the Monument to the Dead of World War II with Modernist memorial sculptures. Flamengo Park has a strong sports tradition, with many different outdoor recreational facilities available. Various marathons in the city start and finish in the park. It provides a main segment for Rio's Cycling Race, which

4692-405: Was recognized that unnecessary contact with these tribes was causing illness and social disintegration. Uncontacted tribes are now meant to be shielded from intrusion and interference in their lifestyle and territory. However, the exploitation of rubber and other Amazonian natural resources has led to a new cycle of invasion, expulsion, massacres, and death, which continues to this day. In 1964,

4761-436: Was to end in the subsequent years. The Portuguese colonists , all males, began to have children with female Amerindians, creating a new generation of mixed-race people who spoke Amerindian languages, including a Tupi language called Nheengatu . The children of these Portuguese men and Amerindian women soon formed the majority of the population. Groups of fierce explorers organized expeditions known as " bandeiras " (flags) into

#82917