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54-696: The Flins Renault Factory (also known internally as the Pierre Lefaucheux Factory in memory of Pierre Lefaucheux , Renault's first CEO following nationalisation) is a car factory in France, straddling the towns of Flins and Aubergenville in Yvelines , approximately 40 km from Paris . It is the largest (and, since the closure of the Boulogne-Billancourt factory, the oldest) Renault Group factory in mainland France. It

108-825: A dirigiste economic policy, which included substantial state control over a capitalist economy, which was followed by 30 years of unprecedented growth. The wartime damage was extensive, and large reparations from defeated Germany did not happen. The United States helped revive the French economy with the Marshall Plan (1948–1951), giving France $ 2.3 billion with no repayment. France was the second largest recipient after Britain. The total of all American grants and credits to France from 1946 to 1953 amounted to $ 4.9 billion. It provided urgently needed funding for modernizing transport systems, electricity generation, and basic industries including cement, coal, and steel. The plan required

162-648: A plurality (not the absolute majority) of the National Assembly voting against the Cabinet. Consequently, these ministerial crises did not result in the dissolution of Parliament. Thus, as in the Third Republic, this regime was characterized by ministerial instability. The Fourth Republic was also a victim of the political context. The split of the three-party alliance in spring 1947, the departure of Communist ministers, Gaullist opposition , and

216-740: A Member of the first Constituent Assembly (Aisne) of France, Counsel for the Republic elected by the National Assembly from 1946 to 1947, member of the French delegation to the United Nations . She was one of the fifteen founding members of the United Nations Commission on the Status of Women . Her role in the Liberation of France was paraphrased in the 1966 film Is Paris Burning . Marie-Hélène Lefaucheux died in

270-563: A bloodless action called Opération Corse . Operation Resurrection would be implemented if De   Gaulle was not approved as leader by the French Parliament , if De   Gaulle asked for military assistance to take power, or to thwart any organized attempt by the French Communist Party to seize power or stall De   Gaulle's return. De   Gaulle, who had announced his retirement from politics

324-466: A decade before, placed himself in the midst of the crisis, calling on the nation to suspend the government and create a new constitutional system. On 29 May 1958, French politicians agreed upon calling on De   Gaulle to take over the government as prime minister. The French Army's willingness to support an overthrow of the constitutional government was a significant development in French politics. With Army support, De   Gaulle's government terminated

378-576: A director. In parallel, he began in 1929 a doctoral thesis which he would submit in 1935 on the subject of “The peseta and the Spanish economy”. War would again transform Lefaucheux's life. Called up in 1939, he was appointed Director for the Le Mans ammunition factory in January 1940. His distinguished Resistance career was truncated when he was captured and imprisoned at Buchenwald . After

432-453: A highly developed system of social benefits. According to various studies, the real purchasing power of the average French worker's salary went up by 170% between 1950 and 1975, while overall private consumption increased by 174% in the period 1950-1974. The French standard of living, which had been damaged by both World Wars , became one of the world's highest. The population also became far more urbanized; many rural départements experienced

486-494: A modernization of French industrial and managerial systems, free trade, and friendly economic relations with West Germany. The French economy grew rapidly like economies of other developed countries within the framework of the Marshall Plan such as West Germany , Italy , and Japan . These decades of economic prosperity combined high productivity with high average wages and high consumption, and were also characterised by

540-447: A more secure future than some of the manufacturer's more recently constructed plants in France. In November 2009 it was confirmed that Flins would build the company's first electric powered volume model, based on the "Zoé" concept car. Considerable capacity is also being created for the manufacture and assembly of batteries in connection with this project. As of 2013 the plant produces the fourth and third generation Renault Clio and

594-411: A population decline while the larger metropolitan areas grew considerably, especially that of Paris . Ownership of various household goods and amenities increased considerably, while the wages of the French working class rose significantly as the economy became more prosperous. As noted by the historians Jean Blondel and Donald Geoffrey Charlton in 1974, If it is still the case that France lags in

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648-604: A section of the French Army rebelled and openly backed the Algérie française movement to defeat separation. Revolts and riots broke out in 1958 against the French government in Algiers, but there were no adequate and competent political initiatives by the French government in support of military efforts to end the rebellion owing to party politics. The feeling was widespread that another debacle like that of Indochina in 1954

702-664: A way to prevent further war between France and Germany . Though the United Kingdom was invited, its Labour government , then preparing for a re-election fight, did not join the initiative. It was formally established in 1951 by the Treaty of Paris , signed by France, Italy , West Germany , Belgium , Luxembourg and the Netherlands . Between these countries the ECSC would create a common market for coal and steel. The ECSC

756-518: The Council of the Republic ), played a symbolic role. His main power was to propose a Prime Minister, who was subject to election by the National Assembly before forming a Cabinet. Only the Prime Minister could invoke a parliamentary vote on legitimacy of the Cabinet. The Prime Minister was also the only member of the executive able to demand a vote of confidence from the National Assembly (in

810-600: The Croix de Guerre . Returning to civilian life, he enrolled at the École Centrale des Arts et Manufactures , obtaining his diploma in 1922. Lefacheux began his working life with a brief spell at the North France Railway Company , before joining in 1925 the Compagnie générale de construction de fours (General Boiler Manufacturing Company) where he would build his career until 1939, and where he became

864-652: The Democratic and Socialist Union of the Resistance and other conservative parties, unsuccessfully attempted to oppose the Christian democrat and socialist MRP –SFIO–PCF alliance. The new constituent assembly included 166 MRP deputies, 153 PCF deputies and 128 SFIO deputies, giving the tripartite alliance an absolute majority. Georges Bidault of the MRP replaced Felix Gouin as the head of government. A new draft of

918-667: The European Union , created in 1993 through the Maastricht Treaty ). The trigger for the collapse of the Fourth Republic was the Algiers crisis of 1958 . France was still a colonial power, although conflict and revolt had begun the process of decolonization . French West Africa , French Indochina , and French Algeria still sent representatives to the French parliament under systems of limited suffrage in

972-531: The French Communist Party ( Parti communiste français , PCF) and the socialist SFIO supported the draft constitution, which envisaged a form of government based on unicameralism ; but this was rejected in the referendum of 5 May 1946 . For the 1946 elections , the Rally of Left Republicans ( Rassemblement des gauches républicaines , RGR), which encompassed the Radical-Socialist Party ,

1026-591: The French Third Republic which governed from 1870 during the Franco-Prussian War to 1940 during World War II , it suffered many of the same problems which led to its end. The French Fourth Republic was a parliamentary republic . Despite political dysfunction, the Fourth Republic saw an era of great economic growth in France and the rebuilding of the nation's social institutions and industry after World War II, with assistance from

1080-708: The French Union . Algeria in particular, despite being the colony with the largest French-identifying population, saw rising pressure for separation from the Métropole . The situation was complicated by those in Algeria, such as the Pieds-Noirs , who wanted to stay part of France, so the Algerian War became not just a separatist movement but had elements of a civil war . Further complications came when

1134-580: The Renault Zoe . In 2013, it assembled 129,884 units. In 2017 the plant started producing the Nissan Micra , alongside the Zoe. Pierre Lefaucheux As the first chairman of Renault during the critical years after World War II, Lefaucheux died in an automobile accident in 1955 at age 56 — while directing the development of the forthcoming Renault Dauphine . Lefaucheux was the subject of

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1188-474: The Third Republic any minister could call for a vote of confidence). The Cabinet could be dismissed if an absolute majority of the National Assembly's members voted against the Cabinet. Finally, the National Assembly could be dissolved after two ministerial crises in the legislature . However, these constitutional measures did not work. In January 1947, after his election by the National Assembly and

1242-400: The 1964 New Orleans crash of Eastern Air Lines Flight 304 . French Fourth Republic In Alsace-Moselle : The French Fourth Republic ( French : Quatrième république française ) was the republican government of France from 27 October 1946 to 4 October 1958, governed by the fourth republican constitution of 13 October 1946. Essentially a reestablishment and continuation of

1296-543: The 2009 biography, Patron de Renault, Pierre Lefaucheux (1944-1955) by Cyrille Sardais. Born at Triel-sur-Seine , and descended from the French inventor Casimir Lefaucheux , Lefaucheux was second of the four children of Pierre André Lefaucheux and Madeleine Dulac. He volunteered for military service in September 1917, his record of military achievement in the First World War being crowned with his receipt of

1350-667: The Cabinet and to reinforce the authority of the Prime Minister of France, who led the Cabinet. The goal of the new constitution was to reconcile parliamentary democracy with ministerial stability. For instance, under the new Constitution, the President of the Council was the leader of the executive branch (Prime Minister of France). The President of the French Republic, elected by the Parliament (the National Assembly and

1404-735: The Constitution was written, which this time proposed the establishment of a bicameral form of government. Leon Blum of the SFIO headed the GPRF from 1946 to 1947. After a new legislative election in June 1946, the Christian democrat Georges Bidault assumed leadership of the Cabinet . Despite De   Gaulle's so-called discourse of Bayeux of 16 June 1946 in which he denounced the new institutions,

1458-664: The French people wanted to continue the fight in Indochina against the Communists, led by Ho Chi Minh and his Viet Minh movement. Pierre Mendès France was a Radical Party leader who was Prime Minister for eight months in 1954–55, working with the support of the Socialist and Communist parties. His top priority was ending the war in Indochina, which had already cost 92,000 dead, 114,000 wounded and 28,000 captured in

1512-473: The Gestapo during World War II and was rescued by Marie-Hélène Postel-Vinay, whom he subsequently married and by whom he was ultimately survived. Pierre Lefaucheux and Marie-Hélène Lefaucheux had no children, as she had suffered an accident in her youth that prevented her from having children. Together, Pierre and Marie-Hélène Lefaucheux became prominent members of the Resistance. Mrs. Lefaucheux later became

1566-591: The Trente Glorieuses as an exceptional "catch up" period following the world wars. He cites statistics showing that normal growth in wealthy countries is about 1.5–2%, whereas in Europe growth dropped to 0.5% between 1913 and 1950, and then "caught up" with a growth rate of 4% between 1950 and 1970, until settling back to 1.5–2% from 1970 onward. Public opinion polls showed that in February 1954, only 7% of

1620-653: The United States through the Marshall Plan . It also saw the beginning of the rapprochement with France's longtime enemy Germany , which led to Franco-German co-operation and eventually to the European Union . The new constitution made some attempts to strengthen the executive branch of government to prevent the unstable situation before the war, but instability remained and the French Fourth Republic saw frequent changes of government – there were 21 administrations in its 12-year history. Moreover,

1674-524: The development of the commercially successful Renault 4CV — and up until the time of his death, its successor, the Renault Dauphine . On Friday, 11 February 1955, Lefaucheux was scheduled to give a presentation to Catholic students in Strasbourg. Despite inclement icy weather, Lefaucheux, an avid motorist, decided at the last minute to travel by car — placing his suitcase not in

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1728-469: The government proved unable to make effective decisions regarding decolonization of the numerous remaining French colonies . After a series of crises culminating in the Algerian crisis of 1958 , the French Fourth Republic collapsed. Wartime leader Charles de Gaulle returned from retirement to preside over a transitional administration empowered to design a new French constitution . The Fourth Republic

1782-503: The nationalisation of the Renault automobile business Lefaucheux took charge of the company in 1945. Lefaucheux had no great passion for cars, and even after being appointed to the top job at Renault he continued, for some time, to travel to work using his preferred form of locomotion, a pedal cycle. Lefaucheux set a pattern whereby Renault, despite now being a nationalised industry, ferociously rejected management by politicians: in this he

1836-590: The nationalist leader in Tunisia, for the independence of that colony by 1956, and began discussions with the nationalist leaders in Morocco for a French withdrawal. The intention of the new Constitution's authors was to rationalize the parliamentary system . Ministers were accountable to the legislative body, the French National Assembly , but some measures were introduced in order to protect

1890-596: The new proportional representation did not create conditions for ministerial stability. Governmental coalitions were composed of an undisciplined patchwork of center-left and center-right parties. Finally, the Fourth Republic was confronted with the collapse of the French colonial empire . The creation of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) was first proposed by French foreign minister Robert Schuman and French economist Jean Monnet on 9 May 1950 as

1944-514: The new draft was approved by 53% of voters voting in favor (with an abstention rate of 31%) in the referendum held on 13 October 1946 and the Constitution of 27 October 1946 came into force two weeks later as the Fourth Republic, in an arrangement in which executive power essentially resided in the hands of the President of the Council (the prime minister). The President of the Republic

1998-456: The nomination of his ministers, Prime Minister Paul Ramadier called for a vote of confidence in order to verify that the Assembly approved the composition of his Cabinet. This initiated a custom of double election, a vote for the Prime Minister followed by a vote of confidence in the chosen Cabinet, that weakened the Prime Minister's authority over the Cabinet. Cabinets were dismissed with only

2052-416: The number of its telephones, working-class housing has improved beyond recognition and the various 'gadgets' of the consumer society–from television to motor cars–are now purchased by the working class on an even more avid basis than in other Western European countries. The worldwide 1973 oil crisis slowed down its explosive growth. Thus, the mid-1970s marked the end of the period. Thomas Piketty describes

2106-528: The proposed new constitution, which was to be put to a referendum. De   Gaulle advocated a presidential system of government, and criticized the reinstatement of what he pejoratively called "the parties system". He resigned in January 1946 and was replaced by Felix Gouin of the French Section of the Workers' International ( Section française de l'Internationale ouvrière , SFIO). Ultimately only

2160-591: The rear seat had struck him in the neck, killing him instantly. In his pocket, he carried a train ticket for the trip. By the time of his death, Lefaucheux had overseen almost the entire development of the Renault Dauphine , which would be presented at the Geneva Motor Show in March 1956. He was succeeded at Renault by the company's vice-president, Pierre Dreyfus . A monument in Lefaucheux's memory

2214-572: The trunk, but on the rear seat of his Renault Frégate . Approaching Saint-Dizier from the West, on the Route Nationale 4 (N4), he encountered a detour, which at the last moment he tried to follow. The road surface was covered with black ice , the car spun, rolled over and landed on its side in a field. Though the Frégate's passenger cell was largely intact, Lafaucheux's unsecured suitcase on

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2268-663: The wake of the humiliating defeat at the Battle of Dien Bien Phu in early May 1954. At the Geneva Conference (1954) , he made a deal that gave the Viet Minh control of Vietnam north of the 17th parallel, and allowed him to pull out all French forces. That left South Vietnam standing alone. However, the United States moved in and provided large-scale financial, military and economic support for South Vietnam. Mendès France next came to an agreement with Habib Bourguiba ,

2322-679: The years, passing from 2,100 in 1953 to 10,600 in 1962. During the 1968 protests in France incidents were recorded around the factory. Having in the past produced historic models such as the Dauphine , in 2009 125,400 Clios emerged from the Flins production line, although this was a lesser quantity than the 179,495 produced at Renault's Bursa plant that year. The Flins plant produces numerous metal and plastic moulded components for use in Renault and Nissan factories worldwide which appears to give it

2376-475: Was designed by the architect Bernard Zehrfuss and opened in 1952. It is 237 hectares in extent, of which 67 are occupied by covered buildings. Between 1952 and the summer break of July 2009 the plant had assembled 16,850,000 vehicles. Creating Flins plant was part of a decentralisation plan for Renault with the aim of removing from the Billancourt plant the most repetitive and stressful tasks, which had caused several protests. The number of employees increased over

2430-423: Was dissolved on 5 October 1958 following a public referendum which established the current French Fifth Republic with a strengthened presidency . After the liberation of France in 1944, the Vichy government was dissolved and the Provisional Government of the French Republic ( French : Gouvernement provisoire de la République française , GPRF), also known as the French Committee of National Liberation ,

2484-458: Was erected at the N4 near Saint-Dizier. The Renault Flins factory was renamed in his honor, as well as boulevards in Paris (in the Boulogne-Billancourt area near the Renault Billancourt headquarters) and Le Mans . He is buried at Saint-Quentin-des-Prés , in the Oise Department, and is a street named in his honour remains integral to the area of Paris formerly occupied by the Renault Boulogne-Billancourt works. Lefaucheux had been arrested by

2538-474: Was given a largely symbolic role, although he remained chief of the French Army and as a last resort could be called upon to resolve conflicts. After the expulsion of the Communists from the governing coalition, France joined the Cold War against Stalin, as expressed by becoming a founding member of NATO in April 1949. France now took a leadership position in unifying western Europe, working closely with Konrad Adenauer of West Germany. Robert Schuman , who

2592-402: Was governed by a 'High Authority', checked by bodies representing governments; representatives of the peoples of the member States (selected from each state's Members of Parliament ); and an independent judiciary . The Treaty of Paris (1951) , which created the ECSC, was superseded on 25 March 1957 by the Treaty of Rome , which established the European Economic Community (the forerunner to

2646-587: Was in the offing and that the government would order another precipitous pullout and sacrifice French honour to political expediency. This prompted General Jacques Massu to create a French settlers' committee to demand the formation of a new national government under General De   Gaulle, who was a national hero and had advocated a strong military policy, nationalism and the retention of French control over Algeria. General Massu, who had gained prominence and authority when he ruthlessly suppressed Algerian militants, famously declared that unless General De   Gaulle

2700-411: Was instituted after a unanimous request of the Provisional Consultative Assembly to be properly represented. With most of the political class discredited and containing many members who had more or less collaborated with Nazi Germany, Gaullism and communism became the most popular political forces in France. Charles de Gaulle led the GPRF from 1944 to 1946. Meanwhile, negotiations took place over

2754-491: Was naturally able to draw on the network of influential former resistance leaders and fighters, many now in positions of power within the Fourth Republic French state. This was important at a time when France was ruled by a strongly dirigiste government, capable of implementing the Pons Plan which reflected government determination to structure the French auto-industry according to priorities identified by politicians and civil servants. An important component of his leadership

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2808-411: Was returned to power, the French Army would openly revolt; General Massu and other senior generals covertly planned the takeover of Paris with 1,500 paratroopers preparing to take over airports with the support of French Air Force units. Armoured units from Rambouillet prepared to roll into Paris. On 24 May, French paratroopers from the Algerian corps landed on Corsica , taking the French island in

2862-479: Was the Renault 1955 Agreement with the French trade union Confédération Générale du Travail (CGT) that was developed under Lefaucheux and executed posthumously at Renault. The trade union agreement stabilized industrial relations for 20 years, including the avoidance of strikes and lockouts, and the linking of wages to living costs and thereby to inflation. Lefaucheux's stewardship saw Renault becoming France's leading automobile manufacturer, with Lefaucheux directing

2916-444: Was twice Prime Minister and at other times Minister of Finance and Foreign Minister, was instrumental in building post-war European and trans-Atlantic institutions. A devout Catholic and anti-Communist, he led France to be a member of the European Communities , the Council of Europe and NATO. Les Trente Glorieuses ('The Glorious Thirty') was the high prosperity in the 30 years from 1945 to 1975. In 1944, De   Gaulle introduced

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