47-422: A floodlight is a broad-beamed, high-intensity artificial light . It can provide functional area lighting for travel-ways, parking, entrances, work areas, and sporting venues to enable visibility adequate for safe task performance, ornamental lighting for advertising, façades, monuments, or support perimeter security. Floodlights are often used to illuminate outdoor playing fields while an outdoor sports event
94-425: A plasma . Typically, such lamps use a noble gas ( argon , neon , krypton , and xenon ) or a mixture of these gases. Some include additional substances, such as mercury , sodium , and metal halides , which are vaporized during start-up to become part of the gas mixture. Single-ended self-starting lamps are insulated with a mica disc and contained in a borosilicate glass gas discharge tube (arc tube) and
141-611: A "warm-up" period reduces game delays after power outages). They have replaced many metal halide floodlights. Halogen and electrodeless induction floodlights also exist. The first LED lit sports field in the United Kingdom was switched on at Taunton Vale Sports Club on 6 September 2014. In the top tiers of many professional sports , it is a requirement for stadiums to have floodlights to allow games to be scheduled outside daylight hours. Evening or night matches may suit spectators who have work or other commitments earlier in
188-400: A broader light spectrum than the low pressure sodium lamps. Also used for street lighting, and for artificial photoassimilation for growing plants High pressure mercury-vapor lamps are the oldest high pressure lamp type and have been replaced in most applications by metal halide and the high pressure sodium lamps. They require a shorter arc length. A high-intensity discharge (HID) lamp is
235-408: A characteristic frequency is thus emitted. In this way, electrons are relayed through the gas from the cathode to the anode. The color of the light produced depends on the emission spectra of the atoms making up the gas, as well as the pressure of the gas, current density , and other variables. Gas discharge lamps can produce a wide range of colors. Some lamps produce ultraviolet radiation which
282-529: A floodlit match against Notts Rangers at the Gregory Ground , Lenton, Nottingham on 25 March 1889. This match was illuminated by 14 Wells Lights which was a portable illumation system powered by paraffin Each light had 4,000 candlepower . These lights were placed around the ground and 'illuminated the playing arena well enough for the spectators to follow most, if not all, the points of play' according to
329-493: A floodlit piste. A number of permanent motor racing circuits are floodlit to allow night races to be held. These include Yas Marina Circuit , Losail International Circuit , and Bahrain International Circuit . Gas discharge lamp#High-intensity discharge lamps Gas-discharge lamps are a family of artificial light sources that generate light by sending an electric discharge through an ionized gas,
376-543: A friendly match in Paris against RC Paris under floodlights. The floodlights were fixed to overhead wires strung above and across the pitch. A fresh white coloured ball was introduced after about every 20 minutes and the goalposts were painted yellow. In the 1930s, Herbert Chapman installed lights into the new West Stand at Highbury but the Football League refused to sanction their use. This situation lasted until
423-452: A heated-cathode lamp, the most common lamp in office lighting and many other applications, produces up to 100 lumens per watt Neon lighting , a widely used form of cold-cathode specialty lighting consisting of long tubes filled with various gases at low pressure excited by high voltages, used as advertising in neon signs . Low pressure sodium lamps , the most efficient gas-discharge lamp type, producing up to 200 lumens per watt, but at
470-766: A heatless lamp for possible use in surgery, the lamp was actually developed both by Alphonse Dumas, an engineer at the iron mines of Saint-Priest and of Lac, near Privas , in the department of Ardèche , France, and by Dr Camille Benoît, a medical doctor in Privas. In 1864, the French Academy of Sciences awarded Dumas and Benoît a prize of 1,000 francs for their invention. The lamps, cutting-edge technology in their time, gained fame after being described in several of Jules Verne 's science-fiction novels. Each gas, depending on its atomic structure emits radiation of certain wavelengths, its emission spectrum , which determines
517-472: A light bright enough to read by. The phenomenon of electric arc was first described by Vasily V. Petrov in 1802. In 1809, Sir Humphry Davy demonstrated the electric arc at the Royal Institution of Great Britain. Since then, discharge light sources have been researched because they create light from electricity considerably more efficiently than incandescent light bulbs . The father of
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#1732793661590564-409: A metal cap. They include the sodium-vapor lamp that is the gas-discharge lamp in street lighting. In operation, some of the electrons are forced to leave the atoms of the gas near the anode by the electric field applied between the two electrodes, leaving these atoms positively ionized . The free electrons thus released flow to the anode, while the cations thus formed are accelerated by
611-437: A single flash of light in the millisecond-microsecond range and is commonly used in film, photography and theatrical lighting. Particularly robust versions of this lamp, known as strobe lights , can produce long sequences of flashes, allowing for the stroboscopic examination of motion . This has found use in the study of mechanical motion, in medicine and in the lighting of dance halls. Munster GAA The Munster Council
658-562: A template for every county and club ground in the country". Bramall Lane was the first stadium to host floodlit association football matches, dating as far back as 1878, when there were experimental matches at the Sheffield stadium during the dark winter afternoons. With no national grid , lights were powered by batteries and dynamoes , and were unreliable. Blackburn and Darwen also hosted floodlit matches in 1878, and in October of
705-563: A type of electrical lamp which produces light by means of an electric arc between tungsten electrodes housed inside a translucent or transparent fused quartz or fused alumina arc tube. Compared to other lamp types, relatively high arc power exists for the arc length. Examples of HID lamps include mercury-vapor lamps , metal halide lamps , ceramic discharge metal halide lamps , sodium vapor lamps and xenon arc lamps HID lamps are typically used when high levels of light and energy efficiency are desired. The Xenon flash lamp produces
752-416: A very high lumen to watt ratio (typically 80–140 lumens/Watt), making them a cost-effective choice when certain lux levels must be provided. These have been replaced by LED floodlights. LED floodlights are bright enough to be used for illumination purposes on large sport fields. The main advantages of LEDs in this application are their lower power consumption, longer life, and instant start-up (the lack of
799-701: Is a provincial council of the Gaelic Athletic Association sports of hurling , Gaelic football , camogie , rounders and handball in Munster , one of the four provinces of Ireland . The Munster provincial hurling team represents the province of Munster in hurling. The team competes in the Railway Cup . Players from the following county teams represent Munster: Clare , Cork , Kerry , Limerick , Tipperary and Waterford . The Munster provincial football team represents
846-479: Is being held during low-light conditions . More focused kinds are often used as a stage lighting instrument in live performances such as concerts and plays . Floodlights may also be used to add effects to buildings at night, called architectural illumination . The most common type of floodlight was the metal-halide lamp , which emits a bright white light (typically 75–100 lumens/Watt). Sodium-vapor lamps are also commonly used for sporting events, as they have
893-527: Is converted to visible light by a fluorescent coating on the inside of the lamp's glass surface. The fluorescent lamp is perhaps the best known gas-discharge lamp. Compared to incandescent lamps , gas-discharge lamps offer higher efficiency , but are more complicated to manufacture and most exhibit negative resistance , causing the resistance in the plasma to decrease as the current flow increases. Therefore, they usually require auxiliary electronic equipment such as ballasts to control current flow through
940-643: The Thames Ironworks and Shipbuilding Company . A women's football match in 1921 used floodlights, when Preston North End 's ground was covered in thick fog and the spectators couldn't see the game. In 1929 the Providence Clamdiggers football club hosted the Bethlehem Steel "under the rays of powerful flood lights, an innovation in soccer" at their Providence, Rhode Island stadium. On 10 May 1933, Sunderland A.F.C. played
987-700: The province of Munster in Gaelic football. The team competes in the Railway Cup . Players from the following county teams represent Munster: Clare , Cork , Kerry , Limerick , Tipperary and Waterford . The Munster camogie team won the premier representative competition in the women’s team field sport of camogie , the Gael Linn Cup on 20 occasions, in 1961 , 1963 , 1964 , 1966 , 1980 , 1982 , 1990 , 1992 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 1999 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 and 2009 . The Munster provincial junior camogie team won
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#17327936615901034-523: The 1950s, when the popularity of floodlit friendlies became such that the League relented. In September 1949, South Liverpool 's Holly Park ground hosted the first game in England under "permanent" floodlights: a friendly against a Nigerian XI. In 1950, Southampton 's stadium, The Dell , became the first ground in England to have permanent floodlighting installed. The first game played under the lights there
1081-530: The Nottingham Evening Post on 26 March 1889. However the same article also reported on 26 March 1889 that 'a strong wind was blowing from the Radford goal, and this caused the lights on the town side to shed a considerable portion of their radiance on the adjoining fields, so that dark shadows were often thrown upon the playing ground and it was almost impossible to see a case of handling unless
1128-412: The applications of discharge lighting to home or indoor use. Ruhmkorff lamps were an early form of portable electric lamp, named after Heinrich Daniel Ruhmkorff and first used in the 1860s. The lamp consisted of a Geissler tube that was excited by a battery-powered Ruhmkorff induction coil ; an early transformer capable of converting DC currents of low voltage into rapid high-voltage pulses. Initially
1175-455: The arc started. Cold cathode lamps have electrodes that operate at room temperature. To start conduction in the lamp a high enough voltage (the striking voltage ) must be applied to ionize the gas, so these lamps require higher voltage to start. Low-pressure lamps have working pressure much less than atmospheric pressure. For example, common fluorescent lamps operate at a pressure of about 0.3% of atmospheric pressure. Fluorescent lamps ,
1222-472: The club moved back up north. The first floodlit match for rugby league played in the heartlands was on 31 October 1951 at Odsal Stadium , Bradford when Bradford Northern played New Zealand in front of 29,072. For a club to play in the Super League they must have a ground with floodlights adequate for playing a professional game. Winter sports, such as skiing and snowboarding, can be held under
1269-699: The color of the light from the lamp. As a way of evaluating the ability of a light source to reproduce the colors of various objects being lit by the source, the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) introduced the color rendering index (CRI). Some gas-discharge lamps have a relatively low CRI, which means colors they illuminate appear substantially different from how they do under sunlight or other high-CRI illumination. Used in combination with phosphors used to generate many colors of light. Widely used in mercury-vapor lamps and fluorescent tubes . Lamps are divided into families based on
1316-413: The day, and enable television broadcasts during lucrative primetime hours. Some sports grounds which do not have permanent floodlights installed may make use of portable temporary ones instead. Many larger floodlights (see bottom picture) will have gantries for bulb changing and maintenance. These will usually be able to accommodate one or two maintenance workers. The first sport to play under floodlights
1363-421: The electric field and flow towards the cathode . The ions typically cover only a very short distance before colliding with neutral gas atoms, which give the ions their electrons. The atoms which lost an electron during the collisions ionize and speed toward the cathode while the ions which gained an electron during the collisions return to a lower energy state , releasing energy in the form of photons . Light of
1410-461: The electrodes may be cut in the shape of alphanumeric characters and figural shapes. A flicker light bulb, flicker flame light bulb or flicker glow lamp is a gas-discharge lamp which produces light by ionizing a gas , usually neon mixed with helium and a small amount of nitrogen gas, by an electric current passing through two flame shaped electrode screens coated with partially decomposed barium azide . The ionized gas moves randomly between
1457-423: The empty space in his mercury barometer glowed as the mercury jiggled while he was carrying the barometer. Investigators, including Francis Hauksbee , tried to determine the cause of the phenomenon. Hauksbee first demonstrated a gas-discharge lamp in 1705. He showed that an evacuated or partially evacuated glass globe, in which he placed a small amount of mercury, while charged by static electricity could produce
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1504-474: The expense of very poor color rendering . The almost monochromatic yellow light is only acceptable for street lighting and similar applications. A small discharge lamp containing a bi-metallic switch is used to start a fluorescent lamp . In this case the heat of the discharge is used to actuate the switch; the starter is contained in an opaque enclosure and the small light output is not used. Continuous glow lamps are produced for special applications where
1551-514: The first match under the Highbury lights taking place on Wednesday 19 September 1951. The first international game under floodlights of an England game at Wembley was 30 November 1955 against Spain, England winning 4–1. The first floodlit Football League match took place at Fratton Park , Portsmouth on 22 February 1956 between Portsmouth and Newcastle United . Many clubs have taken their floodlights down and replaced them with new ones along
1598-547: The gas, preventing current runaway ( arc flash ). Some gas-discharge lamps also have a perceivable start-up time to achieve their full light output. Still, owing to their greater efficiency, gas-discharge lamps were preferred over incandescent lights in many lighting applications, until recent improvements in LED lamp technology. The history of gas-discharge lamps began in 1675 when the French astronomer Jean Picard observed that
1645-504: The lamp generated white light by using a Geissler tube filled with carbon dioxide. However, the carbon dioxide tended to break down. Hence in later lamps, the Geissler tube was filled with nitrogen (which generated red light), and the clear glass was replaced with uranium glass (which fluoresced with a green light). Intended for use in the potentially explosive environment of mining, as well as oxygen-free environments like diving or for
1692-501: The lights failed to illuminate the whole ground, and the spectators struggled to make sense of the action in the murky conditions. Cricket was first played under floodlights on 11 August 1952, during an exhibition game at Highbury stadium in England. International day/night cricket , played under floodlights, began in 1979. Since then, many cricket stadiums have installed floodlights and use them for both domestic and international matches. Traditional cricket floodlights are mounted at
1739-402: The low-pressure gas discharge tube was German glassblower Heinrich Geissler , who beginning in 1857 constructed colorful artistic cold cathode tubes with different gases in them which glowed with many different colors, called Geissler tubes . It was found that inert gases such as the noble gases neon, argon, krypton or xenon, as well as carbon dioxide worked well in tubes. This technology
1786-463: The officials were close to'. The match was played at 7:45pm and Forest lost 2-0 watched by 5000 spectators. Thames Ironworks (who would later be re-formed as West Ham United ) played a number of friendly matches under artificial light at their Hermit Road ground during their inaugural season of 1895–96 . These experiments, which included high-profile fixtures against Arsenal and West Bromwich Albion , were set up using engineers and equipment from
1833-428: The pressure of gas, and whether or not the cathode is heated. Hot cathode lamps have electrodes that operate at a high temperature and are heated by the arc current in the lamp. The heat knocks electrons out of the electrodes by thermionic emission , which helps maintain the arc. In many types the electrodes consist of electrical filaments made of fine wire, which are heated by a separate current at startup, to get
1880-497: The roof line of the stands. This previously had not been possible as many grounds comprised open terraces and roof lines on covered stands were too low. Elland Road , Old Trafford and Anfield were the first major grounds to do this in the early 1990s. Deepdale , The Galpharm Stadium and the JJB Stadium have since been built with traditional floodlights on pylons. The first rugby league match to be played under floodlights
1927-693: The same year 3rd Lanark RV played an exhibition match against Scottish Cup holders Vale of Leven at the first Cathkin Park , with press reports suggesting the lighting from a Gramme machine was not successful in illuminating the whole field. Subsequent tests over the next month using three Siemens dynamos at the first Hampden Park , Rugby Park in Kilmarnock and at Powderhall Stadium in Edinburgh produced mixed results, in part due to technical issues and weather conditions. Nottingham Forest played
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1974-674: The top of a tall pole, to elevate them out of the fielder 's eyeline when the ball is hit high into the air. However, some cricket stadiums have lower-mounted floodlights, particularly if the stadium is shared with other sports. Noel Walsh 's advocacy was pivotal in the spread of floodlights in Gaelic games . When chairman of the Munster Council , Walsh had a pilot project for floodlights at Austin Stack Park in Tralee which "became
2021-720: The two electrodes which produces a flickering effect, often marketed as suggestive of a candle flame (see image). High-pressure lamps have a discharge that takes place in gas under slightly less to greater than atmospheric pressure. For example, a high pressure sodium lamp has an arc tube under 100 to 200 torr pressure, about 14% to 28% of atmospheric pressure; some automotive HID headlamps have up to 50 bar or fifty times atmospheric pressure. Metal halide lamps produce almost white light, and attain 100 lumen per watt light output. Applications include indoor lighting of high buildings, parking lots, shops, sport terrains. High pressure sodium lamps , producing up to 150 lumens per watt produce
2068-663: Was polo , on 18 July 1878. Ranelagh Club hosted a match in Fulham , London , England against the Hurlingham Club . In August 1879, two matches of Australian rules football were staged at the Melbourne Cricket Ground under electric lights. The first was between two "scratch" teams composed of military personnel. The following week, two of the city's leading football clubs, rivals Carlton and Melbourne , played another night match. On both occasions,
2115-667: Was commercialized by the French engineer Georges Claude in 1910 and became neon lighting , used in neon signs . The introduction of the metal vapor lamp, including various metals within the discharge tube, was a later advance. The heat of the gas discharge vaporizes some of the metal and the discharge is then produced almost exclusively by the metal vapor. The usual metals are sodium and mercury owing to their visible spectrum emission. One hundred years of research later led to lamps without electrodes which are instead energized by microwave or radio-frequency sources. In addition, light sources of much lower output have been created, extending
2162-622: Was on 14 December 1932 when Wigan met Leeds in an exhibition match played at White City Stadium in London (8pm kick off). Leeds won 18–9 in front of a crowd of over 10,000 spectators. The venture was such a success that the owners of the White City Ground took over the "Wigan Highfield" club and moved them to play Rugby League games at the ground under floodlights the following season, with most of their matches kicking off on Wednesday Nights at 8pm. That venture only lasted one season before
2209-459: Was on 31 October 1950, in a friendly against Bournemouth & Boscombe Athletic , followed a year later by the first "official" match under floodlights, a Football Combination (reserve team) match against Tottenham Hotspur on 1 October 1951. Swindon Town became the first League side to install floodlights at The County Ground . Their first match being a friendly against Bristol City on Monday 2 April 1951. Arsenal followed five months later with
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