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12-576: Flora Malesiana is divided into two main series: I. Seed plants and II. Pteridophytes . Later volumes include CD-ROMs with additional multimedia content such as interactive keys. Currently, the following volumes have been published in Series I. Seed Plants: Series II. Pteridophytes consists of: Several taxonomic treatments have been published by ETI Bioinformatics on CD-ROM. These treatments have various multimedia features such as interactive keys, many images, and literature databases. Currently,

24-406: A clade of gymnosperms , with the gnetophytes in or near the conifers. For example, one common proposed set of relationships is known as the gne-pine hypothesis and looks like: (flowering plants) [REDACTED] Cycads [REDACTED] Ginkgo [REDACTED] Pinaceae (the pine family) [REDACTED] Gnetophytes [REDACTED] other conifers [REDACTED] However,

36-454: A phaenogam (taxon Phaenogamae ), is any plant that produces seeds . It is a category of embryophyte (i.e. land plant) that includes most of the familiar land plants, including the flowering plants and the gymnosperms , but not ferns , mosses , or algae . The term phanerogam or phanerogamae is derived from the Greek φανερός ( phanerós ), meaning "visible", in contrast to

48-558: A system to guide the pollen to the seed. Runcaria was followed shortly after by plants with a more condensed cupule, such as Spermasporites and Moresnetia . Seed-bearing plants had diversified substantially by the Famennian , the last stage of the Devonian. Examples include Elkinsia , Xenotheca , Archaeosperma , " Hydrasperma ", Aglosperma , and Warsteinia . Some of these Devonian seeds are now classified within

60-404: A timely contribution towards sustainability and conservation, and (2) several volumes of Flora Malesiana are out-of-print. Seed plants A seed plant or spermatophyte ( lit.   ' seed plant ' ; from Ancient Greek σπέρματος ( spérmatos )  'seed' and φυτόν (phytón)  'plant'), also known as a phanerogam (taxon Phanerogamae ) or

72-422: Is an integumented megasporangium surrounded by a cupule. The megasporangium bears an unopened distal extension protruding above the mutlilobed integument . It is suspected that the extension was involved in anemophilous (wind) pollination . Runcaria sheds new light on the sequence of character acquisition leading to the seed. Runcaria has all of the qualities of seed plants except for a solid seed coat and

84-481: Is the flowering plants , also known as angiosperms or magnoliophytes, the largest and most diverse group of spermatophytes: In addition to the five living taxa listed above, the fossil record contains evidence of many extinct taxa of seed plants, among those: By the Triassic period, seed ferns had declined in ecological importance, and representatives of modern gymnosperm groups were abundant and dominant through

96-552: The end of the Cretaceous , when the angiosperms radiated. A whole genome duplication event in the ancestor of seed plants occurred about 319  million years ago . This gave rise to a series of evolutionary changes that resulted in the origin of modern seed plants. A middle Devonian (385-million-year-old) precursor to seed plants from Belgium has been identified predating the earliest seed plants by about 20 million years. Runcaria , small and radially symmetrical,

108-498: The following treatments have been published on CD-ROM: In 2010 an initiative was taken to make all of the contents of Flora Malesiana available though a website, as a so-called e-flora (the 'e' standing for 'electronic' or 'enhanced'). This initiative was taken because (1) the overall progress of Flora Malesiana in terms of the number of species covered is too slow (about 80% of all species in Malesia still need to be treated) to make

120-540: The order Lyginopteridales . Seed-bearing plants are a clade within the vascular plants (tracheophytes). The spermatophytes were traditionally divided into angiosperms , or flowering plants, and gymnosperms , which includes the gnetophytes, cycads, ginkgo, and conifers. Older morphological studies believed in a close relationship between the gnetophytes and the angiosperms, in particular based on vessel elements . However, molecular studies (and some more recent morphological and fossil papers) have generally shown

132-547: The relationships between these groups should not be considered settled. Other classifications group all the seed plants in a single division , with classes for the five groups: A more modern classification ranks these groups as separate divisions (sometimes under the Superdivision Spermatophyta ): Unassigned extinct spermatophyte orders, some of which qualify as "seed ferns": Megasporangium Too Many Requests If you report this error to

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144-484: The term "cryptogam" or " cryptogamae " (from Ancient Greek κρυπτός (kruptós)  'hidden'), together with the suffix γαμέω ( gaméō ), meaning "to marry". These terms distinguish those plants with hidden sexual organs (cryptogamae) from those with visible ones (phanerogamae). The extant spermatophytes form five divisions, the first four of which are classified as gymnosperms , plants that have unenclosed, "naked seeds": The fifth extant division

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