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91-540: FrameMaker became an Adobe product in October 1995 when Adobe purchased Frame Technology Corp. Adobe added SGML support, which was eventually adapted into XML support. In April 2004, Adobe stopped supporting FrameMaker for the Macintosh . This reinvigorated rumors surfacing in 2001 that product development and support for FrameMaker were being wound down. Adobe denied these rumors in 2001, later releasing FrameMaker 8 at

182-487: A programming environment called OpenStep , which decoupled the NeXTSTEP operating system's application layer to host it on third-party operating systems. In 1993, NeXT withdrew from the hardware industry to concentrate on marketing OPENSTEP for Mach , its own OpenStep implementation for several other computer vendors. NeXT developed WebObjects , one of the first enterprise web frameworks , and although its market appeal

273-572: A programming environment called OpenStep, which is NeXTSTEP's application layer decoupled for third party operating systems. In 1994, Microsoft and NeXT collaborated on a port of OpenStep to Windows NT, which was never released. In January 1994, a developers' conference was held in Washington, D.C. Attendees of the 1994 NeXT East Coast Developer Conference had the opportunity to purchase a software bundle including NEXTSTEP 3.2. Stepstone, originally named Productivity Products International (PPI),

364-728: A " 3M computer " that is designed for higher education. Jobs was intrigued by Berg's concept of a workstation and contemplated starting a higher-education computer company in late 1985, amid increasing turmoil at Apple. Jobs's division did not release the upgraded versions of the Macintosh computer and much of the Macintosh Office software. As a result, its sales plummeted, and Apple was forced to write off millions of dollars in unsold inventory. In 1985, John Sculley ousted Jobs from his executive role at Apple and replaced him with Jean-Louis Gassée . Later that year, Jobs began

455-413: A 33 MHz 68040 processor and the maximum RAM capacity increased to 128 MB. In 1992, NeXT sold 20,000 computers, counting upgraded motherboards on back order as system sales. This was a small number compared with competitors, but the company reported sales of $ 140 million for the year, which encouraged Canon to invest a further $ 30 million to keep the company afloat. In its existence, Next has sold

546-586: A DTD, the different character sets, features, delimiter sets, and keywords are specified in the SGML Declaration to create the concrete syntax of the document. Although full SGML allows implicit markup and some other kinds of tags, the XML specification (s4.3.1) states: Each XML document has both a logical and a physical structure. Physically, the document is composed of units called entities. An entity may refer to other entities to cause their inclusion in

637-592: A NeXT cofounder who formerly directed Apple's Lisa team, led a team to develop the hardware, while Mach kernel engineer Avie Tevanian led the development of NeXT's operating system, NeXTSTEP . NeXT's first factory was established in Fremont, California in 1987, capable of manufacturing about 150,000 machines per year. NeXT's first workstation is the NeXT Computer , nicknamed "the cube" due to its distinctive magnesium one-foot (30 cm) cubic case. The case

728-401: A demonstration of /etc/publisher. They thought there was a great opportunity for this and contacted Corfield. After several days of meetings they decided to form a company together. Kirsch, Murray, and Blakeslee left Mouse Systems and Corfield moved from New York to join them. Originally written for SunOS (a variant of UNIX) on Sun machines, FrameMaker was a popular technical writing tool, and

819-561: A document instance, provided: For example, if OMITTAG YES is specified in the SGML Declaration (enabling the OMITTAG feature), and the DTD includes the following declarations: then this excerpt: which omits two <title> tags and two </title> tags, would represent valid markup. Omitting tags is optional – the same excerpt could be tagged like this: and would still represent valid markup. Note: The OMITTAG feature

910-410: A few awkward situations where managers were paid less than their employees. Later, employees were given performance reviews and raises every six months. To foster openness, all employees had full access to the payrolls, although few employees ever used the privilege. NeXT's health insurance plan offered benefits to not only married couples but unmarried and same-sex couples, although the latter privilege

1001-456: A few megabytes of RAM, a 640×480 16-color or 320x240 4,096-color display, a 10- to 20-megabyte hard drive, and few networking capabilities. It is the first computer to ship with a general-purpose DSP chip (Motorola 56001) on the motherboard. This supports sophisticated music and sound processing, including the Music Kit software. The magneto-optical (MO) drive manufactured by Canon Inc.

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1092-596: A few months, Corfield had completed a functional prototype he called /etc/publisher. The prototype caught the eye of salesmen at the fledgling Sun Microsystems, which lacked commercial applications to showcase the graphics capabilities of their workstations. They got permission from Corfield to use the prototype of /etc/publisher as demoware for their computers. Kirsch and Blakeslee were founding members of Mouse Systems , where they brought on Murray as Director of Application Software Development. In early 1986, Kirsch and Murray were visiting Sun Microsystems where they were given

1183-592: A few notable universities to promote his products, and because of Apple University Consortium , a discounted academic marketing program. The Consortium had earned over $ 50 million on computer sales by February 1984. Jobs met Paul Berg , a Nobel Laureate in chemistry, at a luncheon in Silicon Valley held to honor President of France François Mitterrand . Berg was frustrated by the time and expense of researching recombinant DNA via wet laboratories , and suggested that Jobs should use his influence to create

1274-495: A grammar, or documents which have a DOCTYPE declaration that makes no XML Infoset contributions to the document. The standard calls this fully tagged . Integrally stored reflects the XML requirement that elements end in the same entity in which they started. Reference-free reflects the HTML requirement that entity references are for special characters and do not contain markup. SGML validity commentary, especially commentary that

1365-417: A great deal of typographical control in a reasonably intuitive and totally WYSIWYG way. The output documents could be of very high typographical quality. Frame Technology later ported FrameMaker to Microsoft Windows , but the company lost direction soon after its release. Up to this point, FrameMaker had been targeting a professional market for highly technical publications, such as the maintenance manuals for

1456-614: A network, because each NeXT Computer has only one MO drive and the disk can not be removed without shutting down the system. The drive's limited speed and capacity makes it insufficient as NeXTSTEP's primary medium. In 1989, NeXT started a deal for former Compaq reseller Businessland to sell the NeXT Computer in international markets. Selling through a retailer was a major change from NeXT's original business model of only selling directly to students and educational institutions. Businessland founder David Norman predicted that sales of

1547-701: A notion of unambiguity which closely resembles the LL(1) conditions and specifies various differences. There appears to be no definitive classification of full SGML against a known class of formal grammar . Plausible classes may include tree-adjoining grammars and adaptive grammars . NeXT NeXT, Inc. (later NeXT Computer, Inc. and NeXT Software, Inc. ) was an American technology company headquartered in Redwood City, California that specialized in computer workstations for higher education and business markets, and later developed web software. It

1638-466: A one-page letter. And despite some initially enthusiastic users. Adobe Systems acquired the product and returned the focus to the professional market. Then, they released a new version under the name Adobe FrameMaker 5.1 in 1996. Today, Adobe FrameMaker is still a widely used publication tool for technical writers , although no version has been released for the Mac OS X operating system, limiting use of

1729-461: A power struggle to regain control over his company. The board of directors sided with Sculley, and Jobs took a business trip to Western Europe and the Soviet Union on behalf of Apple. In September 1985, after several months of being sidelined, Jobs resigned from Apple. He told the board he was leaving to set up a new computer company, and that he would be taking several Apple employees from

1820-612: A redesigned user interface and several enhancements, including: full support for DITA , support for more media types, better PDF output, and enhanced WebDAV-based CMS integration. Platform support for Sun Solaris and Windows 2000 was dropped, leaving Windows XP and Windows Vista as the sole remaining platforms. FrameMaker 10 (2011) again refined the user interface and introduced several changes, including: integration with content management systems via EMC Documentum 6.5 with Service Pack 1 and Microsoft SharePoint Server 2007 with Service Pack 2. There were several major competitors in

1911-468: A right full stop , and an :e prefix denotes an end tag: :xmp.Hello, world:exmp. . According to the reference syntax, letter case (upper- or lower-case) is not distinguished in tag names, so the three tags <quote> , <QUOTE> , and <quOtE> are equivalent. (A concrete syntax might change this rule via the NAMECASE NAMING declarations.) SGML has features for reducing

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2002-404: A self-contained cooperative multitasking environment. A server version of Rhapsody was released as Mac OS X Server 1.0 in 1999, and the first consumer version, Mac OS X 10.0 , in 2001. The OpenStep developer toolkit was renamed Cocoa . Blue Box was renamed Classic Environment and changed to run applications full-screen without requiring a separate window. Apple included an updated version of

2093-412: A staircase designed by the architect I. M. Pei . The first floor had hardwood flooring and large worktables where the workstations would be assembled. To avoid inventory errors, NeXT used the just-in-time (JIT) inventory strategy. The company contracted out for all major components , such as mainboards and cases, and had the finished components shipped to the first floor for assembly. On the second floor

2184-416: A total of 50,000 copies of Nextstep, says Jobs. It's not much of an installed base, so he predicts the company will ship 50,000 Nextstep packages in 1993. But Next needs to increase its volume three-fold in order to build enough momentum to forestall Microsoft and Taligent in the object-oriented software business. UnixWorld , April 1993 In total, 50,000 NeXT machines were sold, including thousands to

2275-464: A type-valid SGML document, a tag-valid SGML document, or both. Note: A user may wish to enforce additional constraints on a document, such as whether a document instance is integrally-stored or free of entity references. A type-valid SGML document is defined by the standard as An SGML document in which, for each document instance, there is an associated document type declaration (DTD) to whose DTD that instance conforms. A tag-valid SGML document

2366-533: A unique corporate culture at NeXT in terms of facilities, salaries, and benefits. Jobs had experimented with some structural changes at Apple, but at NeXT he abandoned conventional corporate structures, instead making a "community" with "members" instead of employees. There were only two different salaries at NeXT until the early 1990s. Team members who joined before 1986 were paid $ 75,000 (equivalent to $ 208,000 in 2023) and those who joined afterward were paid $ 50,000 (equivalent to $ 139,000 in 2023). This caused

2457-404: A user opens a structured file in unstructured FrameMaker, the structure is lost. MIF (Maker Interchange Format) is a markup language that functions as a companion to FrameMaker. MIF always had 3 purposes. The first was to represent FrameMaker documents in a relatively simple ASCII -based format, which can be produced or understood by other software systems and also by human operators. The second

2548-480: A wide range of markup languages as found in the mid 1980s. These ranged from terse Wiki -like syntaxes to RTF -like bracketed languages to HTML -like matching-tag languages. SGML did this by a relatively simple default reference concrete syntax augmented with a large number of optional features that could be enabled in the SGML Declaration. Not every SGML parser can necessarily process every SGML document. Because each processor's System Declaration can be compared to

2639-459: Is "the slab" for its low-rise box form-factor. Jobs ensured that NeXT staffers did not nickname the NeXTstation " pizza box " to avoid inadvertent comparison with competitor Sun workstations, which already had that nickname. The machines were initially planned to use the 2.88 MB floppy drive, but its floppy disks were expensive and had failed to supplant the 1.44 MB floppy. NeXT used

2730-417: Is a standard for defining generalized markup languages for documents. ISO 8879 Annex A.1 states that generalized markup is "based on two postulates ": DocBook SGML and LinuxDoc are examples which used SGML tools. SGML is an ISO standard: "ISO 8879:1986 Information processing – Text and office systems – Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML)", of which there are three versions: SGML

2821-495: Is defined by the standard as An SGML document, all of whose document instances are fully tagged. There need not be a document type declaration associated with any of the instances. Note: If there is a document type declaration , the instance can be parsed with or without reference to it. Tag-validity was introduced in SGML (ENR+WWW) to support XML which allows documents with no DOCTYPE declaration but which can be parsed without

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2912-465: Is hard to think that a $ 2 billion company with 4,300-plus people couldn't compete with six people in blue jeans." The suit was eventually dismissed before trial. In 1986, Jobs recruited graphic designer Paul Rand to create a brand identity for $ 100,000 (equivalent to $ 278,000 in 2023). Jobs recalled, "I asked him if he would come up with a few options, and he said, 'No, I will solve your problem for you and you will pay me. You don't have to use

3003-507: Is now associated with wiki markup , e.g. wherein two equals-signs (==), at the start of a line, are the "heading start-tag", and two equals signs (==) after that are the "heading end-tag". SGML markup languages whose concrete syntax enables the SHORTTAG VALUE feature, do not require attribute values containing only alphanumeric characters to be enclosed within quotation marks—either double " " (LIT) or single ' ' (LITA)—so that

3094-430: Is part of a trio of enabling ISO standards for electronic documents developed by ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 34 (ISO/IEC Joint Technical Committee 1, Subcommittee 34 – Document description and processing languages) : SGML is supported by various technical reports, in particular SGML descended from IBM 's Generalized Markup Language (GML), which Charles Goldfarb , Edward Mosher, and Raymond Lorie developed in

3185-588: Is the NET (Null End Tag) construction: <ITALICS/this/ , which is structurally equivalent to <ITALICS>this</ITALICS> . Additionally, the SHORTTAG NETENABL IMMEDNET feature allows shortening tags surrounding an empty text value, but forbids shortening full tags: can be written as wherein the first slash ( / ) stands for the NET-enabling "start-tag close" (NESTC), and

3276-525: Is the first and most prominent early example of a web application server that enabled dynamic page generation based on user interactions instead of static web content. WebObjects was used by many large businesses including Dell , Disney , Deutsche Bank , the BBC , Ford , Nissan , and later Apple for the iTunes Store and online Apple Store . We went for one of our, you know, signature Steve Jobs walks around Palo Alto, and ... we happened to see someone who

3367-476: Is the primary mass storage device. This drive technology was relatively new to the market, and the NeXT is the first computer to use it. MO drives were cheaper but much slower than hard drives, with an average seek time of 96 ms; Jobs negotiated Canon's initial price of $ 150 per blank MO disk so that they could sell at retail for only $ 50. The drive's design made it impossible to move files between computers without

3458-525: Is unrelated to the tagging of elements whose declared content is EMPTY as defined in the DTD: Elements defined like this have no end tag, and specifying one in the document instance would result in invalid markup. This is syntactically different from XML empty elements in this regard. Tags can be replaced with delimiter strings, for a terser markup, via the SHORTREF feature. This markup style

3549-513: The Boeing 777 project, and licensed each copy for $ 2,500. But the Windows version brought the product to the $ 500 price range, which cannibalized its own non-Windows customer base. The company's attempt to sell sophisticated technical publishing software to the home DTP market was a disaster. A tool designed for a 1,000-page manual was too cumbersome and difficult for an average home user to type

3640-578: The CD-ROM drive instead, which eventually became the industry standard for storage . Color graphics were available on the NeXTstation Color and NeXTdimension graphics processor hardware for the NeXTcube. The new computers, with the new Motorola 68040 processor, were cheaper and faster than their predecessors. In 1992, NeXT launched "Turbo" variants of the NeXTcube and NeXTstation, with

3731-591: The OPEN LOOK GUI standard to win over Motif, so Sun contracted Frame Technology to implement a version of FrameMaker on their PostScript -based NeWS windowing system. The NeWS version of FrameMaker was successfully released to those customers adopting the OPEN LOOK standards. At this point, FrameMaker was considered an extraordinary product for its day, not only enabling authors to produce highly structured documents with relative ease, but also giving users

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3822-449: The classic Mac OS , to create Rhapsody and Mac OS X . Many successful applications have lineage from NeXT, including the first web browser and the video games Doom and Quake . In 1985, Apple co-founder and CEO Steve Jobs led a division campaign called SuperMicro, which was responsible for developing the Macintosh and Lisa computers. They were commercial successes on university campuses because Jobs had personally visited

3913-462: The information technology field. SGML also was extensively applied by the military, and the aerospace, technical reference, and industrial publishing industries. The advent of the XML profile has made SGML suitable for widespread application for small-scale, general-purpose use. SGML (ENR+WWW) defines two kinds of validity. According to the revised Terms and Definitions of ISO 8879 (from the public draft ): A conforming SGML document must be either

4004-550: The regular expression notation of automata theory, because automata theory provides a theoretical foundation for some aspects of the notion of conformance to a content model. No assumption should be made about the general applicability of automata to content models. A report on an early implementation of a parser for basic SGML, the Amsterdam SGML Parser, notes the DTD-grammar in SGML must conform to

4095-533: The 1960s. Goldfarb, editor of the international standard, coined the "GML" term using their surname initials. Goldfarb also wrote the definitive work on SGML syntax in "The SGML Handbook". The syntax of SGML is closer to the COCOA format. As a document markup language, SGML was originally designed to enable the sharing of machine-readable large-project documents in government, law, and industry. Many such documents must remain readable for several decades—a long time in

4186-536: The 88000-series architecture in the time leading up to the AIM alliance 's transition to PowerPC . In late 1991, in preparation for NeXT's future withdrawal from the hardware industry, the company started porting the NeXTSTEP operating system to Intel 80486 -based IBM PC compatible computers. In January 1992, it was demonstrated at NeXTWorld Expo. By mid-1993, the process was completed, and version 3.1 (NeXTSTEP 486)

4277-705: The Canon object.station 41. In 1993, NeXT withdrew from the hardware industry, and the company was renamed to NeXT Software, Inc. Consequently, 230 of the 530 staff employees were laid off. NeXT negotiated to sell its hardware business, including the Fremont factory, to Canon, which later canceled the deal. Work on the PowerPC machines was stopped, along with all hardware production. Sun CEO Scott McNealy announced plans to invest $ 10 million in 1993 and use NeXT software in future Sun systems. NeXT partnered with Sun to create

4368-652: The NeXT Computer received standing ovations when it was revealed at a private gala event, " NeXT Introduction  – the Introduction to the NeXT Generation of Computers for Education" at the Louise M. Davies Symphony Hall in San Francisco , California. The following day, selected educators and software engineers were invited to attend the first public technical overview of the NeXT computer at

4459-476: The NeXT Computer would surpass sales of Compaq computers after 12 months. That year, Canon invested $ 100 million in NeXT, for a 16.67% stake, making NeXT worth almost $ 600 million. This had the condition of installing NeXTSTEP on its own workstations, greatly expanding NeXTSTEP's market. After NeXT exited the hardware business, Canon produced a PC line called object.station —including models 31, 41, 50, and 52—specifically designed to run NeXTSTEP on Intel. Canon

4550-480: The SuperMicro division with him, but he also promised that his new company would not compete with Apple and might even consider licensing their designs to them under the Macintosh brand. Several former Apple employees followed him to NeXT, including Joanna Hoffman , Bud Tribble , George Crow , Rich Page , Susan Barnes , Susan Kare , and Dan'l Lewin. After consulting with major educational buyers from around

4641-544: The United States higher-education institutions only, with a base price of $ 6,500 (equivalent to $ 16,000 in 2023). The computer was widely reviewed in magazines, primarily the hardware portion. When asked if he was upset that the computer's debut was delayed by several months, Jobs responded, "Late? This computer is five years ahead of its time!" The NeXT Computer has the 25 MHz Motorola 68030 central processing unit (CPU). The Motorola 88000 RISC chip

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4732-725: The company was profitable early on. Because of the flourishing desktop publishing market on the Apple Macintosh , the software was ported to the Mac as its second platform. In the early 1990s, a wave of UNIX workstation vendors— Apollo , Data General , MIPS , Motorola and Sony —provided funding to Frame Technology for an OEM version for their platforms. At the height of its success, FrameMaker ran on more than thirteen UNIX platforms, including NeXT Computer 's NeXTSTEP , Dell 's System V Release 4 UNIX and IBM 's AIX operating systems . Sun Microsystems and AT&T were promoting

4823-545: The company's board of directors. Over the next five years the NeXTSTEP operating system was ported to the PowerPC architecture of Macintosh . At the same time, an Intel port and OpenStep Enterprise toolkit for Windows were produced. That operating system was codenamed Rhapsody , and the crossplatform toolkit is Yellow Box. For backward compatibility, Apple added the Blue Box to Rhapsody, running existing Mac applications in

4914-454: The computer industry. Object-oriented programming and graphical user interfaces became more common after the 1988 release of the NeXTcube and NeXTSTEP. The technologically successful platform was often held as the trendsetter when other companies started to emulate the success of NeXT's object-oriented system. Widely seen as a response to NeXT, Microsoft announced the Cairo project in 1991;

5005-422: The country, including a follow-up meeting with Paul Berg, a tentative specification for the workstation was drawn up. It was designed to be powerful enough to run wet lab simulations and affordable enough for dormitory rooms. Before the specifications were finished, however, Apple sued NeXT on September 23, 1985, for "nefarious schemes" to take advantage of the cofounders' insider information . Jobs argued, "It

5096-531: The current document in MIF. Any document that can be created interactively in FrameMaker can also be represented, exactly and completely, in MIF (the reverse, however, is not true: a few FrameMaker features are available only through MIF). All versions of FrameMaker can export documents in MIF, and can also read MIF documents, including documents created by an earlier version or by another program. Frame Technology

5187-539: The deal credibility. The main purpose of the acquisition was to use NeXTSTEP as a foundation to replace the dated classic Mac OS . Steve Jobs also returned to Apple as a consultant. The deal was finalized on February 7, 1997. In 2000, Jobs took the CEO position as a permanent assignment, holding the position until his resignation on August 24, 2011, shortly before his death on October 5, 2011. Several NeXT executives replaced their Apple counterparts when Jobs restructured

5278-436: The document's SGML Declaration it is always possible to know whether a document is supported by a particular processor. Many SGML features relate to markup minimization. Other features relate to concurrent (parallel) markup (CONCUR), to linking processing attributes (LINK), and to embedding SGML documents within SGML documents (SUBDOC). The notion of customizable features was not appropriate for Web use, so one goal of XML

5369-516: The document. A document begins in a "root" or document entity. Logically, the document is composed of declarations, elements, comments, character references, and processing instructions , all of which are indicated in the document by explicit markup. For introductory information on a basic, modern SGML syntax, see XML . The following material concentrates on features not in XML and is not a comprehensive summary of SGML syntax. SGML generalizes and supports

5460-653: The end of July 2007, FrameMaker 9 in 2009, FrameMaker 10 in 2011, FrameMaker 11 in 2012, FrameMaker 12 in 2014, FrameMaker (2015 release - confusingly, internal version 13.0) in June 2015, FrameMaker 2017 (internal version 14.0) in January 2017, FrameMaker 2019 (internal version 15.0) in August 2018, FrameMaker 2020 (internal version 16.0) in 2020, and FrameMaker 2022 (internal version 17.0) in 2022. FrameMaker has two ways of approaching documents: structured and unstructured. When

5551-487: The event "The NeXT Day" held at the San Francisco Hilton. The event gave developers interested in NeXT software an insight into their architecture , object-oriented programming , and the NeXT Computer. The luncheon speaker was Steve Jobs. The first NeXT Computers were test launched in 1989, and then NeXT sold a limited number to universities with NeXTSTEP 0.9 beta pre-installed. Initially, this targeted

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5642-479: The following declarations: (and "&#RE;&#RS;" is a short-reference delimiter in the concrete syntax), then: is equivalent to: SGML has many features that defied convenient description with the popular formal automata theory and the contemporary parser technology of the 1980s and the 1990s. The standard warns in Annex H: The SGML model group notation was deliberately designed to resemble

5733-421: The hardware business, NeXT focused on other operating systems. New OpenStep products were released, including OpenStep Enterprise for Windows NT . NeXT launched WebObjects , a platform for building large-scale dynamic web applications. It did not achieve wide popularity, partly because of the initial high price of $ 50,000 (equivalent to $ 100,000 in 2023), but it did generate profit for the company. WebObjects

5824-399: The markup norm is using angle brackets as start- and end-tag delimiters in an SGML document (per the standard-defined reference concrete syntax ), it is possible to use other characters—provided a suitable concrete syntax is defined in the document's SGML declaration . For example, an SGML interpreter might be programmed to parse GML, wherein the tags are delimited with a left colon and

5915-459: The number of characters required to mark up a document, which must be enabled in the SGML Declaration. SGML processors need not support every available feature, thus allowing applications to tolerate many types of inadvertent markup omissions; however, SGML systems usually are intolerant of invalid structures. XML is intolerant of syntax omissions, and does not require a DTD for checking well-formedness. Both start tags and end tags may be omitted from

6006-614: The only mainstream periodical to discuss NeXT computers and software. The publication was discontinued in 1994 after only four volumes. A developer conference , NeXTWORLD Expo, was held in 1991 and 1992 at the San Francisco Civic Center and in 1993 and 1994 at the Moscone Center in San Francisco, with Jobs as the keynote speaker. Though not very profitable, the company had a wide-ranging impact on

6097-943: The original Macintosh toolbox, called Carbon , running existing Mac applications natively without the constraints of Blue Box. Some of NeXTSTEP's interface features are used in Mac OS X, including the Dock , the Services menu , the Finder 's " Column " view, and the Cocoa text system . NeXTSTEP's processor-independent capabilities were retained in Mac OS X, leading to PowerPC, x86, and ARM versions. Only PowerPC versions were publicly available before 2006 and were discontinued by 2009, and ARM versions were not released until 2020. Apple transitioned its Mac computers to Intel processors by August 2006, and to ARM processors as of September 2022. Jobs created

6188-465: The previous markup example could be written: One feature of SGML markup languages is the "presumptuous empty tagging", such that the empty end tag </> in <ITALICS>this</> "inherits" its value from the nearest previous full start tag, which, in this example, is <ITALICS> (in other words, it closes the most recently opened item). The expression is thus equivalent to <ITALICS>this</ITALICS> . Another feature

6279-516: The product. The decision to cancel FrameMaker for OS X caused considerable friction between Adobe and Mac users, including Apple itself, which relied on it for creating documentation. As late as 2008, Apple manuals for OS X Leopard and the iPhone were still being developed on FrameMaker 7 in Classic mode; Apple has since switched to using InDesign . FrameMaker versions 5.x through 7.2 (from mid-1995 to 2005) did not contain updates to major parts of

6370-639: The program (including its general user interface, table editing, and illustration editing), concentrating instead on bug fixes and the integration of XML-oriented features (previously part of the FrameMaker+ SGML premium product). FrameMaker did not feature multiple undo until version 7.2 (its 2005 release). FrameMaker 8 (2007) introduced Unicode , Flash , 3D , and built-in DITA support. Platform support included Windows (2000, XP, and Vista) and Sun Solaris (8, 9, and 10). FrameMaker 9 (2009) introduced

6461-464: The second slash stands for the NET. NOTE: XML defines NESTC with a / , and NET with an > (angled bracket)—hence the corresponding construct in XML appears as <QUOTE/> . The third feature is 'text on the same line', allowing a markup item to be ended with a line-end; especially useful for headings and such, requiring using either SHORTREF or DATATAG minimization. For example, if the DTD includes

6552-533: The solution. If you want options go talk to other people. ' " Rand created a 20-page brochure detailing the brand, including the precise angle used for the logo (28°) and a new company name spelling, NeXT. I want some kid at Stanford to be able to cure cancer in his dorm room. Steve Jobs, on the purpose of the NeXT Computer In mid-1986, NeXT changed its business plan to develop both hardware and software, rather than just workstations. Rich Page ,

6643-585: The technical publishing market, such as Arbortext , Interleaf , and Corel Ventura . Many academic users now use LaTeX , because modern editors have made that system increasingly user-friendly, and LyX allows LaTeX to be generated with little or no knowledge of LaTeX. Several formats, including DocBook XML, target authors of technical documents about computer hardware and software. Lastly, alternatives to FrameMaker for technical writing include Help authoring tools and XML editors . SGML The Standard Generalized Markup Language ( SGML ; ISO 8879:1986)

6734-729: The then super-secret National Reconnaissance Office located in Chantilly, Virginia. NeXT's long-term plan was to migrate to one of the emerging high-performance Reduced Instruction Set Computing (RISC) architectures, with the NeXT RISC Workstation (NRW). Initially, the NRW was to be based on the Motorola 88110 processor, but it was later redesigned around dual PowerPC 601s, due to a lack of confidence in Motorola's commitment to

6825-546: Was NeXT's distributor in Japan. The NeXT Computer was released in 1990 for $ 9,999 (equivalent to $ 23,000 in 2023). In June 1991, Perot resigned from the board of directors to concentrate on his company, Perot Systems , a Plano, Texas –based software system integrator. In 1990, NeXT released a second generation of workstations, a revised NeXT Computer called NeXTcube and the NeXTstation . The NeXTstation's nickname

6916-558: Was a software company founded in 1983 by Brad Cox and Tom Love, best known for releasing the original version of the Objective-C programming language. In April 1995, NeXT acquired the Objective-C trademark and rights from Stepstone. Stepstone concurrently licensed back from NeXT the right to continue selling its Objective-C based products. Apple Computer later acquired the rights to Objective-C along with NeXT. After exiting

7007-412: Was designed by Hartmut Esslinger and his team at Frog Design . In 1987, Ross Perot became NeXT's first major outside investor. He invested $ 20 million for 16% of NeXT's stock after seeing a segment about NeXT on the 1986 PBS documentary Entrepreneurs . In 1988, he joined the company's board of directors. NeXT and Adobe collaborated on Display PostScript (DPS), a 2D graphics engine that

7098-630: Was founded in 1985 by CEO Steve Jobs , the Apple Computer co-founder who had been forcibly removed from Apple that year. NeXT debuted with the NeXT Computer in 1988, and released the NeXTcube and smaller NeXTstation in 1990. The series had relatively limited sales, with only about 50,000 total units shipped. Nevertheless, the object-oriented programming and graphical user interface were highly influential trendsetters of computer innovation. NeXT partnered with Sun Microsystems to create

7189-512: Was founded in 1986 by David Murray, Charles Corfield, Steven Kirsch , and Vickie Blackslee. While working on his doctorate in astrophysics at Columbia University , Corfield, a mathematician alumnus of the University of Cambridge , decided to write a WYSIWYG document editor on a Sun-2 workstation . The only substantial DTP product at the time of FrameMaker's conception was Interleaf , which also ran on Sun workstations. After only

7280-449: Was in that meeting from the [Apple] management team who said, 'You guys won easily, no problem. You have nothing to worry about.' Avie Tevanian , presenting NeXT versus Be to Apple On December 20, 1996, Apple Computer announced its intention to acquire NeXT. Apple paid $ 427 million in cash, shares, stock options, and debt. Steve Jobs preferred to only receive cash, but Gil Amelio insisted he take 1.5 million Apple shares to give

7371-466: Was later withdrawn due to insurance complications. The payroll schedule was also very different from other Silicon Valley companies at the time, because instead of employees being paid twice per month at the end of the pay period, they were paid once per month in advance. Jobs found office space in Palo Alto, California , at 3475 Deer Creek Road, occupying a glass-and-concrete building that featured

7462-413: Was limited by its high price of US$ 50,000 (equivalent to $ 100,000 in 2023), it is a prominent early example of dynamic web pages rather than static content . Apple merged with NeXT in 1997 as part of a $ 427 million deal, including 1.5 million shares of Apple stock. The deal appointed Steve Jobs, then the chairman and CEO of NeXT, to an advisory role at Apple; and OPENSTEP for Mach was combined with

7553-423: Was made before 1997 or that is unaware of SGML (ENR+WWW), covers type-validity only. The SGML emphasis on validity supports the requirement for generalized markup that markup should be rigorous. (ISO 8879 A.1) An SGML document may have three parts: An SGML document may be composed from many entities (discrete pieces of text). In SGML, the entities and element types used in the document may be specified with

7644-540: Was office space with an open floor plan. The only enclosed rooms were Jobs's office and a few conference rooms. NeXT's expansion prompted renting an office at 800 and 900 Chesapeake Drive, in Redwood City, also designed by Pei. The architectural centerpiece was a "floating" staircase with no visible supports. The open floor plan was retained, with furnishings that were luxurious, such as $ 5,000 chairs, $ 10,000 sofas, and Ansel Adams prints. NeXT's Palo Alto office

7735-437: Was originally considered, but it was not available in sufficient quantities. The computer has between 8 and 64 MB of random-access memory (RAM), a 256 MB magneto-optical (MO) drive, a 40 MB ( swap -only), 330 MB, or 660 MB hard disk drive , 10BASE2 Ethernet , NuBus , and a 17-inch MegaPixel grayscale display with 1120×832 pixels . In 1989, a typical new PC, Macintosh , or Amiga computer included

7826-418: Was released in 1987. NeXT engineers wrote an alternative windowing engine edition to take full advantage of NeXTSTEP. NeXT engineers used DPS for on-screen graphics such as title bar and scroller for the user-space windowing library . The original design team anticipated completing the computer in early 1987 and launching it for $ 3,000 (equivalent to $ 8,000 in 2023) by mid-year. On October 12, 1988,

7917-449: Was released. NeXTSTEP 3.x was later ported to PA-RISC - and SPARC -based platforms, for a total of four versions: NeXTSTEP/NeXT (for NeXT's own hardware), NeXTSTEP/Intel, NeXTSTEP/PA-RISC, and NeXTSTEP/SPARC. Although the latter three ports were not widely used, NeXTSTEP gained popularity at institutions such as First Chicago NBD , Swiss Bank Corporation , O'Connor and Company, due to its sophisticated programming model. The software

8008-400: Was subsequently occupied by Internet Shopping Network (a subsidiary of Home Shopping Network ) in 1994, and later by SAP AG . Its Redwood City office was later occupied by ApniCure and OncoMed Pharmaceuticals Inc. The first issue of NeXTWORLD magazine was printed in 1991. It was edited by Michael Miley and, later, Dan Ruby and was published in San Francisco by Integrated Media. It was

8099-439: Was to ensure any version of FrameMaker could read a document produced by any other version, at least to the extent it had the same features. While every version of FrameMaker could read the last couple of version's documents, reading them all took too much software effort and testing, so reading MIF was sufficient. The third was to ensure that FrameMaker would never lose a writer's work. If FrameMaker crashed, it would first write out

8190-429: Was to minimize optional features. However, XML's well-formedness rules cannot support Wiki-like languages, leaving them unstandardized and difficult to integrate with non-text information systems. The usual (default) SGML concrete syntax resembles this example, which is the default HTML concrete syntax: SGML provides an abstract syntax that can be implemented in many different types of concrete syntax . Although

8281-899: Was used by many U.S. government agencies, including the United States Naval Research Laboratory , the National Security Agency , the Advanced Research Projects Agency , the Central Intelligence Agency , and the National Reconnaissance Office . Some IBM PC clone vendors offered somewhat customized hardware solutions that were delivered running NeXTSTEP on Intel, such as the Elonex NextStation and

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