Misplaced Pages

#208791

62-449: Franches-Montagnes may refer to: Franches-Montagnes District , one of the three districts of the canton of Jura, Switzerland Franches-Montagnes, a horse breed, also known as a Freiberger Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Franches-Montagnes . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change

124-447: A Fachhochschule ). Of the 785 who completed tertiary schooling, 61.9% were Swiss men, 27.3% were Swiss women, 5.4% were non-Swiss men and 5.5% were non-Swiss women. The Canton of Jura school system provides two year of non-obligatory Kindergarten , followed by six years of Primary school. This is followed by three years of obligatory lower Secondary school where the students are separated according to ability and aptitude. Following

186-614: A complex registration or re-registration process. In the United States, for example, there is no accurate registry of exactly who is eligible to vote, since only about 70–75% of people choose to register themselves. Thus, turnout has to be calculated based on population estimates. Some political scientists have argued that these measures do not properly account for the large number of legal permanent residents (green card holders), undocumented immigrants , disenfranchised felons and persons who are considered 'mentally incompetent' in

248-645: A democracy is also an important factor. Elections require considerable involvement by the population, and it takes some time to develop the cultural habit of voting, and the associated understanding of and confidence in the electoral process. This factor may explain the lower turnouts in the newer democracies of Eastern Europe and Latin America. Much of the impetus to vote comes from a sense of civic duty, which takes time and certain social conditions that can take decades to develop: Demographics also have an effect. Older people tend to vote more than youths, so societies where

310-421: A difference, are more likely to make the effort to vote, and less likely to vote tactically . Compared to countries with plurality electoral systems, voter turnout improves and the population is more involved in the political process in ~70% of cases. The exceptions to the rule can include cases where a plurality system has an unusually high number of competitive districts, for example, before it transitions to

372-546: A direct and dramatic effect on turnout while adding barriers, such as a separate registration process or unnecessarily scheduling many elections , suppresses turnout . In addition, the closer democracies are to 'one person, one vote' increases turnout as voters see that their effort has an impact. This can be seen in the higher turnout rates of proportional parliamentary democracies. Other methods of making voting easier to increase turnout include vote-by-mail , absentee polling and improved access to polls, such as increasing

434-567: A district where one is a recent arrival, including knowing little about the local candidates and issues. It has been argued that democratic consolidation (the stabilization of new democracies) contributes to the decline in voter turnout. A 2017 study challenges this, however. Various measures have been proposed to attempt to increase voter turnout. One of these is to make election days national holidays in order to give potential voters more time and freedom to vote. This has been implemented in multiple democracies of which have higher voter turnouts than

496-409: A field experiment that exploits the rare opportunity of a tied election for major political office. Informing citizens that the special election to break the tie will be close (meaning a high P term) has little mobilizing effect on voter turnout. Riker and Ordeshook developed the modern understanding of D . They listed five major forms of gratification that people receive for voting: complying with

558-564: A gradual decrease in voter turnout globally when looking at the voting-age population. However, a 2001 article in the American Political Science Review , Michael McDonald and Samuel Popkin argued, that at least in the United States, voter turnout since 1972 has not actually declined when calculated for those eligible to vote, what they term the voting-eligible population. In 1972, noncitizens and ineligible felons (depending on state law) constituted about 2% of

620-542: A large number of eligible but unregistered citizens creating inflated turnout figures. For some time, the Gallup Organization has utilized a metric of polls to determine who would vote. These polls would look at "intention to vote, registration status, reported frequency of past voting, awareness of where to vote, interest in politics in general, interest in the particular election, and intensity of candidate preference." Since around 1985, there appears to be

682-509: A loss of community, which in turn has weakened participation in civic life. At the same time, some forms of participation have increased. People have become far more likely to participate in boycotts , demonstrations , and to donate to political campaigns. Many causes have been proposed for what some see as a decline in voter participation though all offered in this section are heavily disputed. When asked why they do not vote, many people report that they have too little free time. However, over

SECTION 10

#1732764677209

744-521: A party specifically geared towards the working class will tend to have higher turnouts among that class than in countries where voters have only big tent parties, which try to appeal to all the voters, to choose from. A four-wave panel study conducted during the 2010 Swedish national election campaign, show (1) clear differences in media use between age groups and (2) that both political social media use and attention to political news in traditional media increase political engagement over time. Social media

806-549: A party's record can increase it. To counter this, programs such as MTV 's " Rock the Vote " and the " Vote or Die " initiatives have been introduced to increase turnouts of those between the ages of 18 and 25. A number of governments and electoral commissions have also launched efforts to boost turnout. For instance, Elections Canada has launched mass media campaigns to encourage voting prior to elections, as have bodies in Taiwan and

868-489: A place, regardless of age , citizenship status or other factors that affect voting eligibility. This has the advantage of being an accessible indicator of how close a place may be to universal suffrage . Voting-age population: everyone above the legal voting age in a country regardless of citizenship status or other factors that might affect voting eligibility. This has the advantage of being easier to measure than 'eligible voters.' Eligible voters: This measures all

930-618: A polling booth have been mandatory since the 1920s, with the 2016 federal election having turnout figures of 91% for the House of Representatives and 91.9% for the Senate . In Singapore, turnout at the 2020 general election was 95.81%, the highest since 1997 where it was 95.91%. This was an increase from the record low of 93.06% at the 2011 general election . Penalties for failing to vote are not always strictly enforced, and sanctions for non-voters are often mild. For instance, while voting

992-433: A population (as of December 2020 ) of 10,479. Most of the population (as of 2000 ) speaks French (8,975 or 91.9%) as their first language, German is the second most common (431 or 4.4%) and Portuguese is the third (91 or 0.9%). There are 72 people who speak Italian and 4 people who speak Romansh . As of 2008 , the population was 49.7% male and 50.3% female. The population was made up of 4,498 Swiss men (45.1% of

1054-519: A proportional one. Differing methods of measuring voter turnout can contribute to reported differences between nations. There are difficulties in measuring both the numerator, the number of voters who cast votes, and the denominator, the number of voters eligible to vote. In Sweden, validated individual-level turnout data is available for a subset of general and European Parliament elections, taken from Swedish election registers. From largest to smallest Signed-in: includes people who signed-in at

1116-551: A single legislature that holds most political power. Malta has a two-party system in which a small swing in votes can significantly alter the executive. Voters' perceptions of fairness also have an important effect on salience, where fears of fraud and corruption can suppress turnout. Minority voters are shown to mobilize when issues pertaining to their group identity become politically salient. Since most votes count in proportional representation systems , there are fewer " wasted votes ", so voters, aware that their vote can make

1178-418: A voter fails to participate in an election, they may be denied withdrawal of their salary from the bank for three months. Mark N. Franklin argues that salience, the perceived effect that an individual vote will have on how the country is run, has a significant effect on turnout. He presents Switzerland as an example of a nation with low salience. The nation's administration is highly decentralized, so that

1240-406: Is a decline in turnout in the United States and that it is the product of a change in campaigning strategies as a result of the so-called new media. Before the introduction of television, almost all of a party's resources would be directed towards intensive local campaigning and get out the vote initiatives. In the modern era, these resources have been redirected to expensive media campaigns in which

1302-546: Is a move to a proportional representation system for countries that currently use first-past-the-post in elections. Countries that use proportional representation systems have higher turnouts when compared to those that do not. The reasoning that has been given for this is that voters feel they "are given a more meaningful choice at the ballot box" and that a proportional electoral system leads to greater voter representation. Voter turnout varies considerably between nations. One dataset with voter turnouts by country and election

SECTION 20

#1732764677209

1364-515: Is nominally compulsory in Greece for adults up to 70 years of age, no one has ever been prosecuted for failing to vote, with voter turnout rates reaching as low as 57% in the September 2015 Greek legislative election . In Australia, people who do not vote are subject to a small fine, which is easily waived if one of many acceptable excuses for failing to vote is provided. In Bolivia , however, if

1426-439: Is not always used effectively and may sometimes have a negative impact on the results of the election. Barack Obama utilized Facebook to his benefit during his first run for presidency and truly jumpstarted the use of social media in political campaigns. We recently saw the utilization of social media and perhaps the negative impacts social media has on campaigns in the recent 2020 election. Rosenstone and Hansen contend that there

1488-399: Is one of the three districts of the canton of Jura , Switzerland . Its capital is the town of Saignelégier . The French -speaking district has a population of 10,479 (as of 31 December 2020). Franches-Montagnes contains a total of 12 municipalities : The blazon of the district coat of arms is Or, a Roundel Argent bordered Sable and Coupeaux of Six Gules. Franches-Montagnes has

1550-629: Is the Election turnout indicator in V-Dem Democracy indices . It tends to be lower in North America, Asia and Latin America than in most of Europe and Oceania. Based on all parliamentary elections between 1945 and 1997, Western Europe averages a 77% turnout, and South and Central America around 54%. The differences between nations tend to be greater than those between classes, ethnic groups, or regions within nations. Confusingly, some of

1612-553: The 2014 , saw a record breaking voters in the 2019 Indonesian general election with more than 158 million people cast their ballots on the same day, and has been called "the world's most complex one-day elections". Wealth and literacy have some effect on turnout, but are not reliable measures. Countries such as Angola and Ethiopia have long had high turnouts, but so have the wealthy states of Europe. The United Nations Human Development Index shows some correlation between higher standards of living and higher turnout. The age of

1674-665: The CSP (21.85%), the CVP (19.47%) and the FDP (13.05%). In the federal election, a total of 3,330 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 44.6%. According to the 2000 census , 8,649 people (88.6% of total population) identified as Christian , with a confessional division of 7,068 (72.4%) were Roman Catholics , 1,102 (11.3%) Reformed (Protestant) and 479 (5%) adherents of other Christian confessions (mostly free churches , but also including 25 members of an Orthodox church and 4 members of

1736-606: The Christian Catholic Church ). 750 (7.7% of the population) stated no religious adherence (agnostic or atheist). 480 individuals (or about 4.91% of the population) did not answer the question. 86 (0.9%) people identified as Muslim , 9 as Hindu , 6 as Buddhist , and 7 âs adherents of other religious groups. In Franches-Montagnes about 3,255 or (33.3%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education , and 785 or (8.0%) have completed additional higher education (either university or

1798-780: The Padrón is supervised by a national government agency, the Instituto National de Estatística (INE). La Oficina Electoral del Censo is the bureau, as part of the INE, responsible for compiling the electoral roll. Every Spanish citizen or EU resident, older than 18 years, is automatically included in the voter register. A strong factor affecting voter turnout is whether voting is compulsory, as countries that enforce compulsory voting tend to have far higher voter turnout rates. For example, in Australia , voter registration and attendance at

1860-470: The U.S., which does not make elections days national holidays. Voter registration has been found to be a barrier to democratic participation. Therefore, another measure cited to boost election turnout is to have automatic voter registration, a measure that has been implemented in various democracies around the world. studies have shown that increased voter registration leads to greater turnout at elections. Another proposed measure to increase voter turnout

1922-679: The United Kingdom. Structural differences between democracies, including the complexity of the system and ease of voting are more often used to explain differences in turnout between nations, with United States voters in particular suffering from a complicated maze of federalism and separation of powers that is relatively unique among democracies. The Brennan Center for Justice reported that in 2016 fourteen states passed restrictive voting laws. Examples of these laws are photo ID mandates, narrow times for early voting, and limitations on voter registration. Barbour and Wright also believe that one of

Franches-Montagnes - Misplaced Pages Continue

1984-567: The United States, negative campaigning and character attacks are more common than elsewhere, potentially suppressing turnouts. The focus placed on get out the vote efforts and mass-marketing can have important effects on turnout. Partisanship is an important impetus to turnout, with the highly partisan more likely to vote. Turnout tends to be higher in nations where political allegiance is closely linked to class, ethnic, linguistic, or religious loyalties. Countries where multiparty systems have developed also tend to have higher turnouts. Nations with

2046-573: The United States. In the United States and most Latin American nations, voters must go through separate voter registration procedures before they are allowed to vote. This two-step process quite clearly decreases turnout . US states with no, or easier, registration requirements have larger turnouts. A country with a highly efficient registration process is France. At the age of eighteen, all youth are automatically registered . Only new residents and citizens who have moved are responsible for bearing

2108-447: The United States. Voter turnout everywhere would be higher if measured by eligibility and not voting-age population. Even in countries with fewer restrictions on the franchise, voting age population turnout data can still be impacted by large numbers of non-citizen residents and non-resident citizens voting , often under-reporting turnout by as much as 10 percentage points. Professor Michael P. McDonald constructed an estimation of

2170-445: The average age is somewhat higher, such as Europe; have higher turnouts than somewhat younger countries such as the United States. Populations that are more mobile and those that have lower marriage rates tend to have lower turnout. In countries that are highly multicultural and multilingual, it can be difficult for national election campaigns to engage all sectors of the population. The nature of elections also varies between nations. In

2232-520: The causes is restrictive voting laws but they call this system of laws regulating the electorate. The Constitution gives states the power to make decisions regarding restrictive voting laws. In 2008 the Supreme Court made a crucial decision regarding Indiana's voter ID law in saying that it does not violate the constitution. Since then almost half of the states have passed restrictive voting laws. These laws contribute to Barbour and Wrights idea of

2294-438: The civic and political sphere. This category is not limited to any socioeconomic or demographic groups. Google theorizes that individuals in this category suffer from political apathy , as they are interested in political life but believe that their individual effect would be negligible. These individuals often participate politically on the local level, but shy away from national elections. The chance of any one vote determining

2356-541: The costs and inconvenience of updating their registration. Similarly, in Nordic countries , all citizens and residents are included in the official population register, which is simultaneously a tax list, voter registration, and membership in the universal health system. Residents are required by law to report any change of address to the register within a short time after moving. This is also the system in Germany (but without

2418-475: The differences between voters and nonvoters can be dramatic. More importantly than changes in specific election outcomes, voter turnout has seismic long-term implications on the abilities of democracies to function. For example, regulatory capture tends to afflict low-turnout democracies more, blocking popular democratic reforms like streamlining elections. Institutional factors have the most significant impact on voter turnout. Making voting compulsory has

2480-479: The district. There were 4,596 married individuals, 524 widows or widowers and 374 individuals who are divorced. There were 1,073 households that consist of only one person and 409 households with five or more people. The historical population is given in the following chart: In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SPS which received 33.99% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were

2542-465: The factors that cause internal differences do not seem to apply on a global level. For instance, nations with better-educated populaces do not have higher turnouts. There are two main commonly cited causes of these international differences: culture and institutions. However, there is much debate over the relative impact of the various factors. Indonesia, which before 1998 always had a high percentage of voter (more than 87%) but then dip down to low 70% in

Franches-Montagnes - Misplaced Pages Continue

2604-412: The federal government has limited powers. Important decisions are also placed before the population in a referendum . Individual votes for the federal legislature are thus less likely to have a significant effect on the complex web of systems, which probably explains some of the low average turnouts in that more complicated democracy. By contrast Malta , with one of the world's highest voter turnouts, has

2666-634: The high youth turnout of 1972 (the first year 18- to 20-year-olds were eligible to vote in most states) is removed from the trendline. Other forms of political participation have declined, such as voluntary participation in political parties and the attendance of observers at town meetings. Meanwhile, church attendance, membership in professional, fraternal, and student societies, youth groups, and parent-teacher associations has also declined. Some argue that technological developments in society such as "automobilization," suburban living, and "an explosive proliferation of home entertainment devices" have contributed to

2728-402: The last several decades, studies have consistently shown that the amount of leisure time has not decreased, even if the perception of less leisure time results in less participation. While wages and employment decrease voter turnout in gubernatorial elections, they appear to not affect national races. Geographic mobility has increased over the last few decades, bringing barriers to voting in

2790-546: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franches-Montagnes&oldid=1195538580 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Franches-Montagnes District Franches-Montagnes District ( German : Freiberge , French : District des Franches-Montagnes , Franc-Comtois : Dichtrict des Fraintches-Montaignes )

2852-643: The lower Secondary students may attend a three or four year optional upper Secondary school followed by some form of Tertiary school or they may enter an apprenticeship . During the 2009–10 school year, there were a total of 922 students attending 55 classes in Franches-Montagnes. There were 12 kindergarten classes with a total of 197 students in the district. The district had 43 primary classes and 725 students. 47°15′N 6°59′E  /  47.250°N 6.983°E  / 47.250; 6.983 Voter turnout Institutional factors drive

2914-517: The membership in the health system). Spain has also a similar system called "Padrón Municipal de Habitantes", held by municipalities. Persons register themselves in the Padrón as local residents (every resident in Spain must be registered in any municipality). The Padrón is used for providing most local, regional, and national government services. It also serves as the electoral register. In order to avoid duplications and to gather statistics on demography,

2976-417: The number of possible voting locations, lowering the average time voters wait in line, or requiring companies to give workers some time off on voting day. A 2017 study found that turnout among older voters increases the earlier polling places open, while turnout among younger voters improves the longer polling places stay open. If there are many elections in close succession, voter turnout tends to decrease as

3038-636: The outcome is low. Some studies show that a single vote in a voting scheme such as the Electoral College in the United States has an even lower chance of determining the outcome. Other studies claim that the Electoral College actually increases voting power. Studies using game theory , which takes into account the ability of voters to interact, have also found that the expected turnout for any large election should be zero. The basic formula for determining whether someone will vote, on

3100-412: The outcome of the election. For the numerator, it is often assumed that the number of voters who went to the polls should equal the number of ballots cast, which in turn should equal the number of votes counted, but this is not the case. Not all voters who arrive at the polls necessarily cast ballots. Some may be turned away because they are ineligible, some may be turned away improperly, and some who sign

3162-430: The polls, but did not cast a ballot. Ballots Cast: Total number of ballots cast, regardless of how many were filled-out or accepted. Ballots Accepted: this subtracts spoilt votes but in some places includes blank ballots that were otherwise accepted. Completed Ballots: This metric looks at ballots that were accepted and completed. This is the smallest numerator, but captures only those ballots that will impact

SECTION 50

#1732764677209

3224-543: The population) and 456 (4.6%) non-Swiss men. There were 4,573 Swiss women (45.9%) and 446 (4.5%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the district, 4,147 or about 42.5% were born in Franches-Montagnes and lived there in 2000. There were 2,328 or 23.8% who were born in the same canton, while 1,840 or 18.8% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 1,031 or 10.6% were born outside of Switzerland. As of 2000 , there were 4,275 people who were single and never married in

3286-515: The potential voter is a passive participant. During the same period, negative campaigning has become ubiquitous in the United States and elsewhere and has been shown to impact voter turnout. Attack ads and smear campaigns give voters a negative impression of the entire political process. The evidence for this is mixed: elections involving highly unpopular incumbents generally have high turnout; some studies have found that mudslinging and character attacks reduce turnout, but that substantive attacks on

3348-469: The public tires of participating. In low-turnout Switzerland, the average voter is invited to go to the polls an average of seven times a year; the United States has frequent elections, with two votes per year on average (e.g. local government and primaries ). Eliminating off-cycle elections boosts turnout while being popular with voters. Another form of voter fatigue occurs when voters are asked to weigh-in on dozens of contests, as occurs in some parts of

3410-447: The questionable assumption that people act completely rationally, is where Since P is virtually zero in most elections, PB may be also near zero, and D is thus the most important element in motivating people to vote. For a person to vote, these factors must outweigh C . Experimental political science has found that even when P is likely greater than zero, this term has no effect on voter turnout. Enos and Fowler (2014) conducted

3472-594: The rational nonvoter. This is someone who does not vote because the benefits of them not voting outweighs the cost to vote. These laws add to the "cost" of voting, or reason that make it more difficult and to vote. Google extensively studied the causes behind low voter turnout in the United States, and argues that one of the key reasons behind lack of voter participation is the so-called "interested bystander". According to Google's study, 48.9% of adult Americans can be classified as "interested bystanders", as they are politically informed but are reticent to involve themselves in

3534-538: The sum of votes for the top race on the ballot, because not all jurisdictions report the actual number of people who went to the polls nor the number of undervotes or overvotes. Overvote rates of around 0.3 percent are typical of well-run elections, but in Gadsden County Florida, the overvote rate was 11 percent in November 2000. From largest to smallest Total population: everyone who lives in

3596-460: The turnout against the ' voting eligible population ' (VEP), instead of the ' voting age population' (VAP). For the American presidential elections of 2004, turnout could then be expressed as 60.32% of voting eligible population, rather than 55.27% of voting age population. In New Zealand, registration is supposed to be universal. This does not eliminate uncertainty in the eligible population because this system has been shown to be unreliable, with

3658-475: The vast majority of differences in turnout rates. For example, simpler parliamentary democracies where voters get shorter ballots, fewer elections, and a multi-party system that makes accountability easier see much higher turnout than the systems of the United States, Japan, and Switzerland. Some parts of society are more likely to vote than others. As turnout approaches 90%, significant differences between voters and nonvoters lessen, but in lower turnout elections

3720-496: The voters allowed to vote under current law, which in some places includes people who have not registered or re-registered to vote. This is more difficult to measure as more categories of people are disenfranchised and can include non-resident voters . Registered voters : This measurement captures all who are registered to vote. This has the advantage of being easy to measure and readily accessible, though overlooks those who are unwilling or unable to register due to barriers such as

3782-517: The voting register may not actually cast ballots. Furthermore, voters who do cast ballots may abstain, deliberately voting for nobody, or they may spoil their votes, either accidentally or as an act of protest. In the United Kingdom, the Electoral Commission distinguishes between "valid vote turnout", which excludes spoilt ballots, and "ballot box turnout", which does not. In the United States, it has been common to report turnout as

SECTION 60

#1732764677209

3844-470: The voting-age population. By 2004, ineligible voters constituted nearly 10%. Ineligible voters are not evenly distributed across the country – 20% of California's voting-age population is ineligible to vote – which confounds comparisons of states. Furthermore, they argue that an examination of the Census Bureau's Current Population Survey shows that turnout is low but not declining among the youth, when

#208791