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35-539: The house, initially built on the waterfront near Willamette Falls , has been moved twice in its history, first in 1910 to the corner of 11th and Center streets, and again in 1986 to its current location at the corner of 6th and John Adams streets, adjacent to the Stevens Crawford House museum. It was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977, and has since been operated as

70-626: A flow rate of 30,850 cu ft/s (874 m /s). Located 26 miles (42 km) upriver from the Willamette's mouth at Portland , Willamette Falls is a culturally significant site for many tribal communities in the region. Opened in 1873 and closed since 2011, the Willamette Falls Locks allowed boat traffic on the Willamette to pass into the main Willamette Valley . Native American oral history taught that

105-657: A museum. Built in the Greek Revival style, the house was originally located near the Willamette River , in the downtown area near Willamette Falls . Francis Ermatinger, an employee of the Hudson's Bay Company , remained in Oregon City after the company abandoned its operations there in 1845. The house was moved in 1910 to the corner of 11th and Center streets, and again in 1986 to its current location at

140-556: A portion of the former town site. The locks were sold by the Willamette Falls Canal and Locks Company to the United States Army Corps of Engineers in 1915. They were closed in 2011. The Willamette Falls Electric Company (later renamed Portland General Electric ) was formed in 1888 to build a hydro-electric generation facility at the falls. Four turbine-driven dynamos were built on the east end of

175-461: A surge of crime on the reservation, particularly in White Swan . The resolution sought to impose greater penalties on tribal members who commit crimes (including the loss of treaty rights to hunt and fish, as well as banishment from the tribe) and stated that non-members who committed crimes on the reservation could be excluded from the reservation. In June 2019, the tribal council said that

210-441: Is 1 ⁄ 4 . The Yakama Nation suffers from high poverty and unemployment; a 2005 report indicated that 42.8% of Yakama Nation families lived in poverty. As of 2017, there was a wait list of 1,800 families for tribal housing, and high rates of homelessness . In 2016, an encampment at the reservation was set up by about 130 people evicted from tribal housing. Members of the tribe responded by building tiny houses , but

245-671: Is believed to have been the Ermatinger House's left parlor that the famous coin toss between Francis Pettygrove and Asa Lovejoy occurred, reputedly during a dinner party held in the house in 1845. The two were arguing about whether the town they envisioned on their land claim , then called The Clearing , should be incorporated as Boston —Lovejoy's hometown in Massachusetts—or Portland —Pettygrove's hometown in Maine. Pettygrove won two out of three tosses, resulting in

280-536: Is operated by the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife . The estimated spring chinook salmon run for 2007 was 52,000. The public can view the falls from viewpoints on the bluffs of Oregon City , from a signed viewpoint along Highway 99E , from the Oregon City Bridge , from a viewpoint on northbound I-205 , or from boats in the river. The industrialization precluded public access to

315-712: The Confederated Tribes and Bands of the Yakama Nation , the Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde , the Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians , the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation , and the Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs . European fur traders became aware of the falls in 1810. John McLoughlin established a land claim at the falls in the name of the Hudson's Bay Company in 1829. Oregon City

350-597: The Confederated Tribes and Bands of the Yakama Nation . The tribe is made up of Klikitat , Palus , Wallawalla , Wenatchi , Wishram , and Yakama peoples. The reservation is located on the east side of the Cascade Mountains in southern Washington state. The eastern portion of Mount Adams lies within this territory. According to the United States Census Bureau , the reservation covers 2,185.94 square miles (5,661.56 km²) and

385-567: The Grand Ronde Reservation and the Siletz Indian Reservation . Willamette Falls is an important location for many tribes. The abundance of salmon brought tribal communities from all over to fish, trade, and interact at the falls - creating an economic and cultural hub for the region. Each year many tribes harvest ceremonial salmon at Willamette Falls and collect lamprey during the summer, including

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420-719: The Confederated Tribes and Bands of the Yakama Nation, Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians, Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation and Confederated Tribes of the Warm Springs. Confederated Tribes and Bands of the Yakama Nation The Yakama Indian Reservation (spelled Yakima until 1994) is a Native American reservation in Washington state of the federally recognized tribe known as

455-601: The Eastern District of Washington issued an opinion letter stating that federal prosecutors would enforce existing federal liquor laws, but would not enforce a ban on the sale of alcohol on privately owned, non-Indian communities within the reservation. The reservation has struggled with substance abuse over a series of decades. Although the recreational use of marijuana is generally legal in Washington state under Initiative 502 (enacted by voters in 2012),

490-469: The United States that are "dry" (alcohol-free). The Yakama Nation is one of several tribal governments in the northwestern United States to offer free bus service on its reservation. The governance of the tribe is the responsibility of a 14-member tribal council, elected by a vote of the tribe's members. In 1963, most criminal and civil jurisdiction over tribal members was transferred from

525-465: The Willamette's confluence with the Columbia River . Operated by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the lock was a four lock canal and was the oldest continuous operating, multiple lift navigation canal in the United States. The industrialization of the area led to diminishing salmon and steelhead runs, prompting the construction of a fish ladder in 1882. A new fish ladder , built in 1971,

560-672: The Yakama and allied tribes waged against the United States. Following the Bannock War of 1878, the United States government forced the Northern Paiute people out of Nevada and onto the Yakama Reservation, although most had not been involved in the war. The more than 500 Paiute in Washington were subjected to privation for more than a decade before being allowed to return to Nevada. They were forced to compete for

595-405: The Yakama have sought to block the issuance of licenses for the legal marijuana cultivation and sales on their lands; in 2014, the tribe filed challenges to almost 1,300 pending applications for marijuana business licenses in the 10-county area on which the reservation is located. In February 2018, the Yakama tribal council Yakamas passed a resolution declared a public safety crisis in response to

630-595: The base of the waterfall for well over a century. As of 2017, a process to redevelop the Blue Heron Paper Mill site and provide public access to the area, including a river walk, is underway. The Willamette Falls Trust is coordinating the Willamette Falls Inter-Tribal Public Access Project that is led by a team that includes Tribal Council Members and appointees from several sovereign nations, including

665-486: The city of Portland, Oregon . Willamette Falls The Willamette Falls is a natural waterfall in the northwestern United States , located on the Willamette River between Oregon City and West Linn, Oregon . The largest waterfall in the Northwest U.S. by volume, it is the seventeenth widest in the world. Horseshoe in shape, it is 1,500 feet (455 m) wide and forty feet (12 m) high, with

700-529: The corner of 6th and John Adams streets, adjacent to the Stevens Crawford House museum. Damage from being moved twice had left the house unstable, resulting in the windows being removed. In 2011, it was closed to the public. After repairs, the house was re-opened on July 7, 2018 by the City of Oregon City Parks and Recreation Department. The house is open for both guided and self-guided tours of Fridays and Saturdays, with various events held at different times. It

735-418: The entirety of the 1.2-million-acre reservation, including private land owned by the estimated 20,000 non-tribal members who lived on the reservation. Washington state, represented by its state attorney general , sued the tribe. The suit was dismissed on ripeness grounds, because the ban had not yet been enforced against non-tribal members or on privately owned land. In 2001, the acting U.S. Attorney for

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770-779: The falls were placed there by the ancient hero T'allapus (Coyote) so that their people would have fish to eat all winter. · Willamette Falls was once the home to the Charcowah village of the Clowewalla band of Tumwaters or Willamette Band of Tumwaters, an upper Chinookan speaking people. These lands were ceded to the United States Government under the Willamette Valley Treaty of 1855 (signed on January 22, 1855; ratified on March 3, 1855). Tribal members were then removed from these ancestral lands to

805-437: The falls. A 14-mile (23-kilometer) long transmission line to Portland was built, becoming the first long-distance transmission of electrical energy in the United States in 1889. In 1895 Portland General Electric built a second generation station on the west side of the falls. The newer plant, called the T.W.Sullivan Plant (previously Station B), is still in operation with a capacity of 16,000 kilowatts. The foundations of

840-483: The land can support. The reservation was created in 1855 by a treaty signed by Washington Territory Gov. Isaac Stevens and representatives of the Yakama tribe. Several Native leaders believed that those representatives did not have the authority to cede communal land and had not properly gained consensus from the full council or tribe. A dispute over the treaty conditions led to the Yakima War (1855–1858), which

875-568: The limited resources and housing on the reservation with peoples who had been established there for decades. The Paiute did not return to Nevada until the 1886 expansion of the Duck Valley Indian Reservation permitted them to reunite with their Western Shoshone brethren. In 1994, the Yakima Tribal Council unanimously voted to change the spelling of the tribe's name from Yakima to Yakama , matching

910-723: The old plant still remain. The falls have been home to several paper mills beginning with the Oregon City Paper Manufacturing Co. in 1866. The Willamette Pulp and Paper Co. opened on the West Linn side during 1889. The ownership of the mills has changed several times. The last two remaining mills in 2011 were owned by the West Linn Paper Company and the Blue Heron Paper Company . West Linn Paper Company announced it

945-596: The population in 2000 was 31,799. It lies primarily in Yakima and the northern edge of Klickitat counties. The largest city on the reservation is Toppenish . About 80% of the reservation's land is held in trust by the federal government for the benefit of the tribe and tribal members . The remaining 20% of the reservation's land is privately owned. Some 410,000 acres of the reservation are shrub-steppe rangeland ; as of 2014, about 15,000 wild horses roamed these lands—an unsustainable population, many times what

980-566: The sale of the site itself was announced in June 2013, but later fell apart. In May 2014, another developer, George Heidgerken, purchased the property. Heidgerken then sold the property to the Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde in August 2019. The falls is a horseshoe -shaped, block waterfall caused by a basalt shelf in the river floor. The 40 ft (12 m) high and 1500 ft (457 m) wide falls occur 26 river miles (42 km) upstream from

1015-472: The spelling of the 1855 treaty. The pronunciation remained the same. The Yakama reservation was affected by the Cougar Creek fire, one of the 2015 Washington wildfires . About 80% of the Cougar Creek fire burned on reservation land. The Yakama responded by salvage logging . Roughly 10,000 people were enrolled members of the Yakama Nation in 2009. The required blood quantum for tribal membership

1050-415: The structures do not have plumbing and are not viewed as a permanent solution. The tribe undertakes forest management activities, including a lumber mill that supports several hundred jobs in the region. The tribe owns one of the largest commercial forests in the country, which makes up a sizable percent of the tribe's income. The tribe operates a casino , one of the few Native American casinos in

1085-469: The towns was fierce until the Great Flood of 1862 . Oregon City was inundated and badly damaged, while Linn City was obliterated. Navigating past the falls was not possible until the completion of the Willamette Falls Locks in 1873. During construction of the locks, channels were blasted from the rocks that formerly supported the town of Linn City. Along with the locks, the city of West Linn sits on

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1120-460: The tribe to the Washington state government under Public Law 280 . (Misdemeanors and traffic infractions continued to be handled by the tribe.) From 1983 to April 1993, thirteen women were killed on the reservation , and two other women disappeared in the early 1990s; none of the cases were solved, fueling native distrust of the FBI . In 2016, full criminal jurisdiction over tribal members reverted to

1155-446: The tribe, along with jurisdiction over the five civil areas of "compulsory school attendance, public assistance, domestic relations, juvenile delinquency and operations of motor vehicles on public roads and highways on the reservation." The Yakama Nation bans alcohol on tribal land, including its casino and convenience store, as well as on tribal powwows and other ceremonies. In 2000, the tribal council voted to extend its alcohol ban to

1190-536: Was established in 1842 near the east end of the falls. The town of Linn City was founded on the western shore one year later in 1843. The two towns competed economically, vying for the lucrative steamboat traffic and the trade it generated. With the falls representing the end of the line for boat traffic, river boat captains were forced to choose a side of the river on which they would dock to unload their passengers and goods; some of which would continue their upriver journey on winding portage toll roads. Competition between

1225-597: Was shutting down in October 2017, and reopened in November 2019 as Willamette Falls Paper Company . Blue Heron Paper Company closed its mill in February 2011. The Blue Heron site has subsequently been auctioned off for redevelopment. The milling facilities were sold to a Canadian investment firm, NRI Global, Inc., which has begun work removing the old machinery and cleaning the grounds of contamination. An agreement for

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