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36-456: Hutchinson was born in Carsington , Wirksworth , Derbyshire , the second son of Mary and Edward Hutchinson or Hitchinson (a family of the lesser landed gentry). He was taught history by his uncle, Francis Tallents , a Puritan clergyman, before beginning his studies at Katharine Hall, Cambridgein 1678. Hutchinson graduated B.A. in 1681 and M.A. in 1684, a year after he was ordained by

72-752: A centre for lead mining and stone quarrying. Many lead mines were owned by the Gell family of nearby Hopton Hall . The name was recorded as Werchesworde in the Domesday Book of 1086 A.D. Outlying farms (berewicks) were Cromford , Middleton, Hopton , Wellesdene [sic], Carsington , Kirk Ireton and Callow . It gave its name to the earlier Wirksworth wapentake or hundred. The Survey of English Place-Names records Wyrcesuuyrthe in 835, Werchesworde in 1086, and Wirksworth(e) in 1536. The toponym might be "Weorc's enclosure", or "fortified enclosure". The origins of Wirksworth are thought to have related to

108-424: A consciously rational approach to the phenomenon." Historian Wallace Notestein, writing in 1911, ends a similar survey in 1718 "because that year marked the publication of Francis Hutchinson's notable attack." Notestein calls it "epoch-making" and writes, "Hutchinson levelled a final and deadly blow at the dying superstition." Ian Bostridge suggests Hutchinson's delays in publishing the work "indicates how contentious

144-578: A first-hand account of such a family and the miner at work. At this time, the London Lead Company was formed to provide finance for deeper mines with drainage channels, called soughs , and introduce Newcomen steam-engine pumps. Many institutions in the area have ties with the Gell family of nearby Hopton Hall . One member, Sir John Gell, 1st Baronet , fought on Parliament's side in the Civil War . A predecessor, Anthony Gell , founded

180-540: A minister and perpetual curate at St. James parish in Bury St Edmunds and this may have led to an interest in researching the infamous trials that had occurred there. In 1700, a skeptical book about the 1692 Salem witch trials by Robert Calef was printed in London and in his own book Hutchinson praises and recommends Calef's work, providing the name of the bookseller in London. Calef had emigrated to Boston from

216-486: A water sports and sailing centre. Inside the visitor centre are a trail, several specialist shops including an excellent and informative RSPB shop, and a café/restaurant. The nearest railway station to Carsington is Wirksworth on the Ecclesbourne Valley Railway 53°04′41″N 1°37′37″W  /  53.078°N 1.627°W  / 53.078; -1.627 Wirksworth Wirksworth

252-641: Is a market and former quarry town in the Derbyshire Dales district of Derbyshire , England. Its population of 4,904 in the 2021 Census was estimated at 5,220 in 2023. Wirksworth contains the source of the River Ecclesbourne . The town was granted a market charter by Edward I in 1306 and still holds a market on Tuesdays in the Memorial Gardens. The parish church of St Mary's is thought to date from 653. The town developed as

288-498: Is a tricky business," as Ian Bostridge notes regarding Hutchinson's process. A few years later a book appeared by Richard Boulton which Hutchinson detested, and this seem to have finally galled him into publishing his book in 1718. It was a lengthy work carefully and patiently deconstructing and dissecting witch-hunting and the witchcraft prosecutions in East Anglia and other parts of England, as well as New England, and "applied

324-544: Is the town and surrounding villages: Middleton , Carsington , Brassington , Kirk Ireton , Turnditch , Matlock Bath , Cromford and Crich . The Anthony Gell School qualifies as a Sports College . Wirksworth railway station is a stop on the heritage Ecclesbourne Valley Railway . Services operate to and from Duffield , which provides a connection to the National Rail network for ongoing East Midlands Railway services to Nottingham , Derby and Matlock on

360-479: Is the town's weekly local newspaper. Fanny Shaw's Playing Field, just beyond the centre, is the main recreation area for the north of the town. It includes a play area. In the south is the "Rec", another children's play area, along with cricket and football pitches. There are public toilets in the car park alongside the United Reformed Church at Baromote Croft. Haarlem Mill has been mentioned as

396-673: Is twinned with Die in southern France and with Frankenau in the Kellerwald range south-west of the Talgang, Germany, through the Wirksworth Twinning Association. Wirksworth civil parish contains 108 listed buildings and structures , protected by Historic England for their historic or architectural interest. The parish church of St Mary is listed Grade I and eight structures (15 Market Place, 35 Green Hill, 1 Coldwell Street, Haarlem Mill, Wigwell Grange,

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432-470: The 2011 census , Wirksworth civil parish had 2,416 dwellings, 2,256 households and a population of 5,038. Areas of Wirksworth include Yokecliffe to the west, Gorseybank and Bournebrook to the south-east, Miller's Green to the south-west, and Steeple Grange and Bolehill to the north. Bolehill, although technically a hamlet in its own right in Wirksworth's suburbs, is the oldest and most northerly part of

468-652: The Anthony Gell School and Callow Park College. Anthony Gell was a local, requested by Agnes Fearne to build a grammar school on her death. The original site is now a private house on the edge of the churchyard. The current school is an 11–18 comprehensive, built on a larger site by the Hannage Brook with about 800 pupils. The school's five houses are named after Fearne, Arkwright ( Sir Richard Arkwright ), Wright ( Joseph Wright of Derby ), Gell and Nightingale ( Florence Nightingale ). Its catchment area

504-477: The Derwent Valley Line . The town is served by five bus routes: Local news and television programmes are provided by BBC East Midlands and ITV Central . Television signals are received from the local relay TV transmitter. Wirksworth's local radio stations are BBC Radio Derby on 95.3 FM, Capital Midlands on 102.8 FM, and Greatest Hits Radio Midlands on 101.8 FM. The Matlock Mercury

540-611: The Industrial Revolution , pointing to the local lead and silver smelting around Wirksworth, Castleton etc. as the main source with a remarkable correlation. There is a tiny carving in Wirksworth Church of a miner with a pick and whisket (basket); the figure is known as "T'Owd Man of Bonsall." It stood in Bonsall Church for centuries, but was moved for safekeeping during a restoration project. It

576-649: The Peak District , dating from 835, when the Abbess of Wirksworth granted nearby land to Duke Humbert of Mercia. Many lead mines in Anglo-Saxon times were owned by Repton Abbey . Three of these are identified in Wirksworth's Domesday Book entry from 1086. Scientists studying a Swiss glacial ice core have found that levels of lead in European air pollution between 1170 and 1216 were similar to those during

612-746: The "Dream Cave" adjacent to the Callow and Hopton end of Summer Lane in the late 19th century. Carsington is recorded in Domesday Book of 1086 as one of the berewicks (supporting farms) of the town and manor of Wirksworth. During the Middle Ages and right up until about 1800 it was a major location for lead mining and the lead obtained in the many Brassington and Carsington mines was usually smelted in Wirksworth . The Channel 4 archaeology series Time Team once visited Carsington to investigate

648-513: The Miner's Arms, and a primary school. The community is primarily composed of a strong commuter and retiree contingent to replace the traditional agricultural, mining and quarrying community. Carsington Reservoir , opened in 1992, stores water from the River Derwent and is operated by Severn Trent Water . It is open all year for recreation, with an extensive cycle path, several bird hides,

684-502: The Red Lion Hotel, Gate House and the former grammar school) are Grade II*. Wirksworth Heritage Centre illustrates the history of Wirksworth from its prehistoric Dream Cave and woolly rhinos , through its Roman and lead mining histories, to modern times. The study Wirksworth and Five Miles Around , by Richard Hackett , includes census information, notes on church monuments, accounts of crimes, church wardens' accounts, maps,

720-476: The archaeology and ancient remains in the pastures, where they visited a cave , discovered by the Pegasus Caving Club, full of ancient human bones. British aurochs specimen CPC98 was retrieved in 1998 from Carsington Pasture Cave , possess P mtDNA haplogroup sequences and radiocarbon dated to 6,738 ± 68 calibrated years BP. An aurochs is a kind of wild cattle. Today, Carsington has one pub,

756-453: The bishop of London and was appointed Lecturer at the rectory of Widdington , Essex . This living represented the lowest rung of the career ladder of the Church of England and Hutchinson remained there until appointed vicar of Hoxne , Suffolk in early 1690 by local Whig magnate, William Maynard. Hutchinson received a D.D. from Cambridge in 1698. Sometime before 1692, Hutchinson became

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792-434: The hamlet of Hopton , and is close to the historic town of Wirksworth and village of Brassington . According to the 1991 Census, the population was 111, increasing to 251 at the 2011 Census. Carsington has a long history, including Roman occupation (an old Roman settlement now lies beneath the reservoir ). In prehistoric times, woolly rhinos lived in the area; the remains of one such animal were discovered nearby in

828-400: The late 20th century. In Roman Britain , the limestone area of today's Derbyshire yielded lead , the prime site probably being Lutudarum in the hills south and west of present-day Matlock . Wirksworth is a candidate for the site of Lutudarum . Roman roads from Wirksworth lead to Buxton ( The Street ) and to Brough-on-Noe (The Portway). The town has the oldest charter of any in

864-612: The local grammar school, and a successor, Phillip Gell, opened the Via Gellia (perhaps an allusion to the Roman Via Appia), a road from the family lead mines round Wirksworth to a smelter in Cromford . More recently he has been remembered in the name of Anthony Gell School . The carboniferous limestone around Wirksworth has been much quarried over the town's history, resulting in several rock faces and cliffs surrounding

900-787: The possible model for the mill in George Eliot 's The Mill on the Floss . The town of Snowfield in George Eliot's Adam Bede is also said to be based in Wirksworth; Dinah Morris, a character in that novel, is based on Eliot's aunt, who lived in Wirksworth and whose husband ran the silk mill, which used to house the Wirksworth Heritage Centre. Wirksworth was the main location of ITV's Sweet Medicine in 2003, having featured as an occasional location in its forerunner, Peak Practice . More recently, some of Mobile

936-608: The presence of thermal warm water springs nearby, coupled with a sheltered site at the head of a glaciated valley, able to yield cereals such as oats and provide timber suitable for building. The Wirksworth area in the White Peak is known for Neolithic and Bronze Age remains. Woolly rhino bones were found by lead miners in 1822 in Dream Cave , on private land between Wirksworth and present-day Carsington Water . A nearby cave at Carsington Pasture yielded prehistoric finds in

972-464: The reign of Edward I in order to regulate lead mining ; anyone had a right to dig for ore wherever he chose, except in churchyards, gardens or roadways. All that was needed for a claim was to place one's stowce (winch) on the site and extract enough ore to pay tribute to the "barmaster". The present Moot Hall, where the barmote court met, dates from 1814. By the 18th century, there were many thousand lead mines worked individually. Daniel Defoe gives

1008-544: The subject was, within the elite circles in which Hutchinson moved." Bostridge does not diminish the importance of Hutchinson's book, but presents the vote to repeal of the Witchcraft Act in 1735 as politically complex event and not a foregone conclusion. In early 1721, Hutchinson was consecrated bishop of Down and Conner and took up residence in Lisburn, in modern-day Northern Ireland . He died in 1739, aged 79, and

1044-399: The town of Stanstead, only eleven miles south of Bury. By 1706, Hutchinson was passing around a draft of a book that would come to be called An Historical Essay Concerning Witchcraft but was discouraged by influential friends from publishing. In 1712, Hutchinson experienced the local trial of Jane Wenham firsthand and again considered publishing, but again demurred. "Writing about witchcraft

1080-656: The town, while Yokecliffe is a large estate in the westerly area. Modern houses have been built in the Three Trees area and at the bottom of Steeple Grange (Spring Close and Meerbrook Drive). In the future, it is planned to build new housing estates to the north of the centre and in the disused Middle Peak Quarry. These will total around 800 houses if they come to fruition. There are five schools in Wirksworth: Church of England and county infants, and regularly combined but on two sites, Wirksworth Junior School,

1116-451: The town. There was a workhouse from 1724 to 1829, called Babington House , standing on Green Hill ( grid reference SK286541 ) and housing 60 inmates. In 1777, Richard Arkwright leased land and premises for a corn mill from Philip Eyre Gell of Hopton and converted it to spin cotton , using his water frame . It was the world's first cotton mill to use a steam engine to replenish the millpond that drove its waterwheel . The mill

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1152-618: Was adjacent to another, Speedwell Mill, owned by John Dalley, a local merchant. Arkwright's mill was sublet in 1792, when Arkwright's son, Richard , began to sell off family property and move into banking. It was named Haarlem Mill in 1815, when converted to weaving tape by Madely, Hackett and Riley, who had set up Haarlem Tape Works in Derby in 1806. In 1879 the Wheatcroft family, which produced tape at Speedwell Mill, expanded into Haarlem. The two mills together employed 230; their weekly output

1188-648: Was buried in Portglenone Parish Church , County Antrim . Note that while the second edition has a larger type, generous spacing, an illustration, and advertisements, it seems to add no more content from Hutchinson, but omits one essay from the 1718 edition ("A Defence of the Compassionate Address to Papists"). Carsington Carsington is a village in the middle of the Derbyshire Dales, England ; it adjoins

1224-503: Was filmed on a train on the Ecclesbourne Valley Railway , and much of an episode of the BBC series Casualty was set in the town. Wirksworth features in the 2015 memoir, The Long Road Out of Town , by author and journalist Greg Watts, who grew up there. Middle Peak Quarry, on the outskirts of Wirksworth, featured in the 2010 music video "Unlikely Hero" by the Hoosiers . Wirksworth

1260-534: Was later found in a Bonsall garden and moved to Wirksworth by the vicar of the time. The ore was washed out through a sieve, whose iron wire had been drawn in Hathersage since the Middle Ages . Smelting took place in boles , hence the name Bolehill . The lead industry, the miner, the ore and the waste were also known collectively as "t'owd man". A barmote court was established in the town in 1288 during

1296-406: Was said to equal the circumference of the earth; Wirksworth was the main producer of red tape for Whitehall . These mills were close together at Miller's Green next to the Derby road. Haarlem Mill now houses an art collective; Speedwell Mill has been replaced by private houses and a carpentry workshop. The growing prosperity of the town led to the development of Wirksworth Town Hall in 1871. In

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