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44-454: According to biographer/translator Herbert E. Bolton , "Fray Palóu was a diligent student, devout Christian, loyal disciple, tireless traveler, zealous missionary, firm defender of the faith, resourceful pioneer, successful mission builder, able administrator, and fair minded historian of California ". Palóu is particularly noted for his pious biography of Serra, and for his multi-volume early history of Spanish Empire exploration and occupation of

88-663: A Bancroft Prize from Columbia University. Bolton rose to international fame and received numerous honors by the end of his career. The University of California conferred upon him the Sather Professorship in History. Ten colleges and universities of the United States and Canada granted him their highest honorary degrees . Universities in Latin America gave him honorary membership in their faculties. He

132-569: A deep channel through the bedrock on their way to the ocean. (A similar process created the undersea Hudson Canyon off the coast of New York and New Jersey .) The strait is well known today for its depth and powerful tidal currents from the Pacific Ocean. Many small whirlpools and eddies can form in its waters. With its strong currents, rocky reefs and fog , the Golden Gate is the site of over 100 shipwrecks . The Golden Gate

176-491: A few weeks later. Palóu remained at the new mission until he was called to give his mentor and close friend, Junípero Serra, his last rites in 1784 at Mission San Carlos. With Serra's death, Palóu became the acting presidente of the Upper California missions until the formal appointment of Lasuén as successor to Serra. Palou remained at Mission San Carlos until failing health and old age led him to retire in 1785 to

220-532: A new synthesis of Spanish Borderlands historiography, based on his own work and fifty years of research by other Bolton scholars. Bannon focused on the successful Spanish expansion in New Spain, from eastern Texas westward. Golden Gate The Golden Gate is a strait on the west coast of North America that connects San Francisco Bay to the Pacific Ocean . It is defined by the headlands of

264-462: A standard history of the California missions from 1767 to 1784 in his " noticias " as a four-volume set. He also wrote of his teacher, Junípero Serra. Both works provide key information about early California and the missionary system established there. Herbert Eugene Bolton Herbert Eugene Bolton (July 20, 1870 – January 30, 1953) was an American historian who pioneered the study of

308-688: Is best known for his research on Spanish colonial history in the Spanish-American borderlands and his vision of an integrated history of the Americas. Biographer Kathleen Egan Chamberlain argues: His writings, particularly The Spanish Borderlands, still challenge traditional views of colonial and frontier history. They raise significant questions, such as the role of frontier on Spanish institutions and Spanish-Indian versus Anglo-Indian relations. The search for common historical elements between North and South America remains an open subject, and

352-595: Is often shrouded in coastal fog , especially during the summer. Heat generated in the California Central Valley causes air there to rise, creating a low pressure area that pulls in cool, moist air from over the Pacific Ocean. The Golden Gate forms the largest break in the hills of the California Coast Range , allowing a persistent, dense stream of fog to enter the bay there. Although there is no weather station on Golden Gate proper,

396-512: The American Historical Association , and his presidential address, "The Epic of Greater America," he laid out his vision of hemispheric history, which has later been called the "Bolton Theory." In 1937 Bolton examined the recently discovered Drake's Plate of Brass and called it authentic proof that Sir Francis Drake had landed on the California coast in 1579. Later analysis in 1977 demonstrated conclusively that

440-727: The American Institute of Architects . The Golden Gate strait serves as the primary access channel for navigation to and from the San Francisco Bay, one of the largest cargo ports in the United States. Commercial ports includes the Port of Oakland , the Port of Richmond , and the Port of San Francisco . Commercial cargo ships use the Golden Gate to access the San Francisco Bay, as well as barges, tankers, fishing boats, cruise ships, and privately owned boats, including wind-surfers and kite-boards. About 9000 ships moved through

484-593: The Franciscan Order around the age of seventeen in 1739. After developing a mentor/student relationship with Junípero Serra , they both eagerly joined the Spanish mission system in Alta California . They, along with several other missionaries, reached Veracruz , New Spain in 1749. Palóu worked in New Spain for many in missions such as Sierra Gorda. He was later recalled, along with Serra, to work in

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528-769: The San Francisco Peninsula and the Marin Peninsula, and, since 1937, has been spanned by the Golden Gate Bridge . The entire shoreline and adjacent waters throughout the strait are managed by the Golden Gate National Recreation Area . During the last ice age , when sea level was several hundred feet lower, the waters of the glacier-fed Sacramento River and the San Joaquin River scoured

572-578: The San Saba region of Texas . However, the biggest part of Palóu's journey would not begin until 1767, when he and fourteen other Franciscan friars were sent north to extend their efforts and replace many of the Jesuit missionaries who had been previously expelled from Spain. Much of Palóu's life would be spent in Alta California , and many of his notable endeavors occurred there as well. Palóu and

616-535: The Spanish-American borderlands and was a prominent authority on Spanish American history. He originated what became known as the Bolton Theory of the history of the Americas which holds that it is impossible to study the history of the United States in isolation from the histories of other American nations, and wrote or co-authored ninety-four works. A student of Frederick Jackson Turner , Bolton disagreed with his mentor's Frontier theory and argued that

660-523: The 18th century, the area around the strait and the bay was inhabited by Native Americans  – the Ohlone people to the south and Coast Miwok to the north. Descendants of both tribes remain in the area. The opening to the strait was surprisingly elusive for early European explorers, presumably due to persistent summer fog. The strait is not recorded in the voyages of Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo nor Francis Drake , both of whom may have explored

704-766: The Americas and in summer 1902 began traveling to Mexico in search of historical documents. The Carnegie Institution asked Bolton to write a report of information found about United States history in Mexican archives, and the report was published in 1913. Soon afterward, Bolton became an associate editor of the Quarterly of the Texas State Historical Association (now the Southwestern Historical Quarterly ). In 1904, Bolton and Eugene C. Barker published With

748-656: The Bay of San Francisco, and on December 4 planted the cross on a hill he named "Lobos" (wolves), which sits in clear view of the Golden Gate and Pacific Ocean . The name lives on as Lobos Creek , within the Presidio of San Francisco . The Rivera expedition returned to the Presidio of Monterey via the coastal route first explored by the Portolà expedition of 1769. At the north end of Monterey Bay , Rivera and Palóu inspected

792-745: The Californias . Francesc Palou was born in Petra, Majorca , where he joined the Franciscan Order . Together with Junípero Serra , he traveled to New Spain in 1740 and served as a missionary in the Sierra Gorda region of Querétaro . When the Jesuits were expelled from Baja California in 1768, the Franciscans under Serra were sent to replace them. Palóu was assigned to the mission of San Javier . The following year, Serra went north to find

836-598: The Dominican missionaries, Palóu was able to rejoin his brethren and mentor in Upper California. He first went to San Diego , then continued onwards to Mission San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo (in present-day Carmel ), which Serra had been using as his headquarters. Palóu greatly assisted in the placement of friars and recorded historical data, the only surviving account of some aspects of the early California missions. In 1774, Palóu accompanied Captain Rivera 's expedition to

880-490: The Golden Gate in 2014, and a similar amount in 2015. The U.S Coast Guard maintains a Vessel Traffic Service to monitor and regulate vessel traffic through the Golden Gate. For navigational guidance, there are white and green lights on the center of the span of the Golden Gate Bridge. Lighthouses with beacons and foghorns provide alerts at Point Bonita , Point Diablo , Lime Point and Mile Rocks . Before

924-866: The Louisiana-Texas Frontier, 1768–1780 . A year later, Bolton published Texas in the Middle Eighteenth Century: Studies in Spanish Colonial History and Administration . He declined the presidency of the University of Texas. Over the next twenty-nine years, Bolton published many works, including Texas in the Middle Eighteenth Century (1921), The Spanish Borderlands (1921), Outpost of Empire (1931), Rim of Christendom (1936) and Coronado (1949), for which he received

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968-684: The Makers of Texas: A Source Reader in Texas History , a textbook. In 1906, Bolton began studying Native Americans in Texas for the Bureau of Ethnology , writing more than 100 articles for the Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico . In 1911, Bolton became a professor at the University of California, Berkeley. There he served as the chair of the history department for twenty-two years and became

1012-500: The area around today's Santa Cruz , described by friar Juan Crespí (who accompanied Portolà) and recommended by Crespí as a future mission site. Palóu agreed, and on December 9 selected a location where Mission Santa Cruz was later founded by Fermín Lasuén , in 1791. Palou returned to Lobos in 1776 with the De Anza expedition and, on June 28, offered up the first mass at the future site of Mission Dolores , which Palóu founded but

1056-509: The area has a mediterranean climate ( Köppen Csb ) with very narrow temperature fluctuations, cool summers and mild winters. For the nearest weather station see the weatherbox of San Francisco . The Golden Gate Bridge being nearer the ocean and at elevation indicate it being cooler during summer days. Nearer the San Francisco urban core, the temperatures resemble the official NOAA weather station instead. Before Europeans arrived in

1100-484: The call for greater hemispheric history has yet to be answered. Bolton taught enthusiastically until 1953 when he died at the age of 82, and left hundreds of graduate students, who have expanded Borderlands history and seek to make it relevant to 20th-century history. In a collection of essays on the development of research and teaching of Latin American history, an entire section, "Bolton, Boltonism, and Neo-Boltonism,"

1144-584: The discovery of gold in California , the entrance acquired a new name. In his memoirs, John C. Frémont wrote: "To this Gate I gave the name of 'Chrysopylae', or 'Golden Gate'; for the same reasons that the harbor of Byzantium was called Chrysoceras, or Golden Horn ." He went on to comment that the strait was "a golden gate to trade with the Orient". The U.S. Post Office issued a postage stamp on May 1, 1923, celebrating The Golden Gate , portraying

1188-494: The fake to just to prank him. But the joke went horribly wrong when Bolton mistakenly and publicly authenticated it. His doctoral students include Woodrow Borah , John W. Caughey , LeRoy R. Hafen , Abraham P. Nasatir , J. Fred Rippy , and Ursula Lamb . In 1944 retired as a professor at Berkeley. He taught briefly at San Francisco State College in retirement. He died of a stroke in Berkeley, California, in 1953. Bolton

1232-468: The founding director of the renowned Bancroft Library . In his book The Americas , George P. Hammond noted, “the next twenty years might well be called the Bolton era in historical studies at the University of California.” In his dual capacity as founding director and chairperson, he made Bancroft Library a great research center for American history and elevated his department into a top-ranking position in

1276-584: The historical world. Bolton was involved with the 1918 founding of The Hispanic American Historical Review , the first specialized journal of Latin American history, serving as an advisory editor. He taught the "History of the Americas" course, which enrolled up to a thousand students. His round-table seminar became famous, and the historians trained in that group have long been known as the “Bolton School.” At Berkeley he supervised more than 300 Masters theses and 104 doctoral dissertations , an all-time record. In 1914, Bolton published Athanase de Mézières and

1320-458: The history of the Americas is best understood by taking a holistic view and trying to understand the ways that the different colonial and precolonial contexts have interacted to produce the modern United States. The height of his career was spent at the University of California, Berkeley where he served as chair of the history department for twenty-two years and is widely credited with making

1364-581: The islands and the mainland. The first recorded observation of the strait occurred nearly two hundred years later than the earliest European explorations of the coast. In 1769, Sgt José Francisco Ortega , the leader of a scouting party sent north along the San Francisco Peninsula by Don Gaspar de Portolá from their expedition encampment in San Pedro Valley to locate the Point Reyes headlands, reported back to Portolá that he could not reach

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1408-528: The location because of the existence of the strait. On August 5, 1775 Juan de Ayala and the crew of his ship San Carlos became the first Europeans known to have passed through the strait, anchoring in a cove behind Angel Island , the cove now named in Ayala's honor. Until the 1840s, the strait was called the "Boca del Puerto de San Francisco" ("Mouth of the Port of San Francisco"). On July 1, 1846, before

1452-457: The missionary College of San Fernando de Mexico . He was elected guardian of the college and held this office until his death in Mexico, where he had completed his biography of Serra, most of which he had written while still in California. Francisco Palóu played many key roles and offices vital to the establishment of several of the missions in California and many of those in Mexico. He compiled

1496-648: The nearby coast in the 16th century in search of the fabled Northwest Passage . The strait is also unrecorded in observations by Spanish galleons on the Manila-Acapulco run from the Philippines that laid up in nearby Drakes Bay to the north. These rarely passed east of the Farallon Islands (27 miles (43 km) west of the Golden Gate), for fear of the possibility of rocks between

1540-569: The new mission province of Alta California, and Palóu succeeded him as head of the Baja California missions. When the Dominicans took over the peninsular Baja California missions in 1773, Palóu, being Franciscan, moved on to Upper California, marking the geographical boundary between the two orders' fields. He assisted in the exploration of the site of San Francisco and administered Mission San Francisco de Asís . When Serra died, Palóu

1584-571: The other friars reached Loreto in Lower California in the spring of 1768. Palou was given control of Mission San Francisco Javier . The following year, Junipero Serra left for Alta California to proceed with the further establishment of missions in that region. This left the office of "president" or superior of all missions in Lower California for Palóu to control until 1773. When the Lower Californian missions were turned over to

1628-522: The plate was a forgery. Portland State University archaeologist, Melissa Darby, maintained Bolton knew it was a forgery but took part in a deliberate deception to support his contention that Drake landed somewhere near San Francisco Bay. Bolton’s biographer, Albert Hurtado, conceded that Bolton may have been careless in his assessment of the brass plate but doubted that the world-renowned historian would deliberately risk his reputation. The hoax may well have been perpetrated by colleagues of Bolton's, who planted

1672-591: The renowned Bancroft Library the preeminent research center it is today. Bolton was born on a farm between Wilton and Tomah , Monroe County, Wisconsin , in 1870 to Edwin Latham and Rosaline (Cady) Bolton. He attended the University of Wisconsin–Madison , where he was a brother of Theta Delta Chi , and graduated with a bachelor's degree in 1895. That same year he married Gertrude Janes, with whom he eventually had seven children. Bolton studied under Frederick Jackson Turner from 1896 to 1897. Starting in 1897, Bolton

1716-568: The schooner USS Babcock passing through an empty strait. The Babcock served in the United States Navy from 1917 to 1919, with San Francisco as its port of call. In 1933 construction began on the Golden Gate Bridge , a suspension bridge connecting the city of San Francisco on the northern tip of the San Francisco Peninsula to Marin County . Today it is part of both US Highway 101 and California Route 1 . The Bridge

1760-426: Was a Harrison Fellow at the University of Pennsylvania and studied American history under John Bach McMaster . In 1899, he received his Ph.D. from the University of Pennsylvania and then taught at Milwaukee State Normal School until 1900. From 1901 to 1909, Bolton was a history professor at the University of Texas , where he taught medieval and European history. He became interested in the Spanish colonization of

1804-520: Was briefly acting head of the Baja California missions, but soon returned to central Mexico. As a missionary of the Spanish colonization of the Americas , Palóu traveled and proselytized in the Spanish colonial empire . His extensive travels left him knowledgeable of world matters, and well-respected as a scholar. Coming from simple beginnings, Palóu was born in 1723 at Palma, on the Island of Majorca, and began religious work early in his life as he entered

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1848-792: Was devoted to his work and influence, with nine essays and sixty-six pages devoted to him and his work. His 94 written works are still influential today, especially through the concepts of the Spanish Borderlands and the Bolton Theory . The Bolton Prize of the Conference on Latin American History , the professional organization of Latin American historians, honors the best work in English on Latin American history. The 1970 publication, The Spanish Borderland Frontier, 1513–1821 , by John Francis Bannon (1905–1986), provided

1892-637: Was made Commander of the Royal Order of Isabella the Catholic in 1925 by the King of Spain . The government of Italy decorated him for his historical work on Father Eusebio Kino . Although Bolton was not a Catholic, Pope Pius XII in 1949 named him Knight of St. Sylvester as recognition for his contribution to the history of the Catholic Church in New Spain. In 1932, Bolton served as president of

1936-619: Was the longest suspension bridge span in the world when completed in 1937 and is an internationally recognized symbol of San Francisco and the state of California . Since its completion the span has been surpassed by eighteen other bridges and remains second longest in the United States, after the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge in New York City . In 2007, it was ranked fifth on the List of America's Favorite Architecture by

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