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37-589: Serrão served as captain of one of three vessels (and second in overall command under António de Abreu ) sent from Malacca by Afonso de Albuquerque to find the Spice Islands of Banda in Maluku in 1511. Banda was the world's only source of nutmeg and mace , spices used as flavourings, medicines and preserving agents that were at the time highly valued in European markets. The Portuguese sought to dominate

74-713: A starship crew in science fiction , where they are sometimes called astrogators, a merger of the prefix "astro" and "navigator". According to a science fiction citations site for the Oxford English Dictionary , the earliest known use of the word is in David Lasser 's 1931 book The Conquest of Space . According to that site and also Brave New Words: The Oxford Dictionary of Science Fiction , it first appeared in science fiction in Stanley G. Weinbaum 's short story " The Planet of Doubt ", published in

111-406: A comprehensive passage plan depending on the size and type of vessel, each applicable according to the individual situation. A good passage plan will include a track line laid out upon the largest-scale charts available which cover the vessel's track. The navigator will draw and redraw the track line until it is safe, efficient, and in line with all applicable laws and regulations. When the track

148-495: A folio of over three thousand charts this can be a laborious and time-consuming task for the navigator. Various and diverse methods exist for the correction of electronic navigational charts. The term nautical publications is used in maritime circles to describe a set of publications, generally published by national governments, for use in safe navigation of ships, boats, and similar vessels. The nature of waterways described by any given nautical publication changes regularly, and

185-639: A level equal to surface warfare officers. U.S. Coast Guard officers that are shipboard navigators are normally cutter qualified at a level analogous to the USN officers previously mentioned. Quartermasters are the navigator's enlisted assistants and perform most of the technical navigation duties. Aboard ships in the Merchant Marine and Merchant Navy , the second mate is generally the (senior) navigator. Navigators are sometimes also called 'air navigators' or 'flight navigators'. In civil aviation this

222-709: A mariner navigating by use of an old or uncorrected publication is courting disaster. Every producer of nautical publications also provides a system to inform mariners of changes that affect the chart. In the United States, corrections and notifications of new editions are provided by various governmental agencies by way of Notice to Mariners , Local Notice to Mariners , Summary of Corrections , and Broadcast Notice to Mariners. Radio broadcasts give advance notice of urgent corrections. For ensuring that all publications are fully up-to-date, similar methods are employed as for nautical charts. Various and diverse methods exist for

259-669: A maritime or flight region and adjacent coastal regions. Depending on the scale of the chart, it may show depths of water and heights of land, natural features of the seabed, details of the coastline, navigational hazards, locations of natural and man-made aids to navigation , information on tides and currents , local details of the Earth's magnetic field , restricted flying areas, and man-made structures such as harbors , buildings and bridges . Nautical charts are essential tools for marine navigation; many countries require vessels, especially commercial ships, to carry them. Nautical charting may take

296-413: A musket shot in the face, he lost several teeth and part of his tongue but indignantly refused Albuquerque's request to hand over his command. In November 1511, after sending ambassadors to Pegu and Siam one month before leaving Malacca, Albuquerque trusted Abreu with the command of a fleet of four ships sailing in search of the " Spice Islands ". Abreu was captain-major in the ship Santa Catarina ,

333-559: A pre-voyage conference (USAF term is "mission briefing") in order to ensure that all members of the team share the same mental model of the entire trip. Passage planning procedures are specified in International Maritime Organization Resolutions, in the laws of IMO signatory countries (for example, Title 33 of the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations ), and a number of professional books and USN/USAF publications. There are some fifty elements of

370-735: Is finished, it is becoming common practice to also enter it into electronic navigation tools such as an Electronic Chart Display and Information System , a chartplotter , or a GPS unit. Once the voyage has begun the progress of the vessel along its planned route must be monitored. This requires that the ship's position be determined, using standard methods including dead reckoning , radar fixing, celestial navigation , pilotage , and electronic navigation , to include usage of GPS and navigation computer equipment. Passage planning software, tide and tidal current predictors, celestial navigational calculators, consumables estimators for fuel, oil, water, and stores, and other useful applications. The navigator

407-415: Is responsible for the maintenance of the ship's navigational equipment. U.S. Air Force navigators are responsible for troubleshooting problems of the navigation equipment while airborne, but the ground Maintenance personnel are ultimately responsible for the repair and upkeep of that aircraft's navigation system. Boats and ships can use several Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) to navigate all of

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444-402: Is the person on board a ship or aircraft responsible for its navigation . The navigator's primary responsibility is to be aware of ship or aircraft position at all times. Responsibilities include planning the journey, advising the ship's captain or aircraft commander of estimated timing to destinations while en route, and ensuring hazards are avoided. The navigator is in charge of maintaining

481-399: Is with a "chart and publication correction record card" system. Using this system, the navigator does not immediately update every chart in the portfolio when a new Notice to Mariners arrives, instead creating a card for every chart and noting the correction on this card. When the time comes to use the chart, the navigator pulls the chart and chart's card, and makes the indicated corrections on

518-973: The Banda Islands , where they arrived in early 1512. They remained there for about a month, buying and filling their ships with nutmeg and cloves . Abreu then sailed to Amboina whilst his deputy commander Serrão stepped forward to the Moluccas but sank, ending in Ternate . Occupied with fighting elsewhere in the archipelago, such as Ambon and Ternate, he returned only in 1529. Abreu returned to Malacca in December 1512, from where he departed for India with Fernão Pires de Andrade in January 1513, then sailing for Portugal. He died in Azores, before reaching continental Portugal . Navigator A navigator

555-476: The historiography of Portuguese expeditions to Southeast Asia . The only written document is a list of captains' names in the fleet of Magellan's. His legacy was the trade deal he negotiated on behalf of Portugal for a monopoly on Ternate's cloves and other spices, which endured for another century. He was the first European to reach the northern Moluccas. Ant%C3%B3nio de Abreu António de Abreu ( c.  1480  – c.  1514 )

592-705: The King of Spain to finance his circumnavigation. Before they met each other, Serrão mysteriously died in Ternate in 1521, around the same time that Magellan died in the Philippines (in Mactan Island , Cebu ). One theory suggests that Serrão may have been poisoned after falling victim to intrigues at the Sultan's court administered by the Sultan of Ternate himself. His family ties with João Serrão remain unclear in

629-422: The Sultan appointed Serrão as his personal adviser for all matters, including military (Portuguese document purport) and family issues. Having been well received by the Sultan, Francisco Serrão decided to remain there, not making any efforts to return to Malacca. Francisco Serrão's letters to Ferdinand Magellan, carried to Portugal via Portuguese Malacca and describing the 'Spice Islands', helped Magellan persuade

666-622: The aircraft or ship's nautical charts , nautical publications , and navigational equipment, and they generally have responsibility for meteorological equipment and communications. With the advent of satellite navigation , the effort required to accurately determine one's position has decreased by orders of magnitude, so the entire field has experienced a revolutionary transition since the 1990s with traditional navigation tasks, like performing celestial navigation , being used less frequently. Using multiple independent position fix methods without solely relying on electronic systems subject to failure helps

703-526: The chart. This system ensures that every chart is properly corrected prior to use. British merchant vessels receive weekly Notices to Mariners issued by the Admiralty . When corrections are received all charts are corrected in the ship's folio and recorded in NP133A (Admiralty Chart Correction Log and Folio Index). This system ensures that all charts are corrected and up to date. In a deep-sea vessel with

740-443: The correction of electronic nautical publications. The navigator focuses on creating the ship's passage plans (or "mission plans" for USAF purposes). A mission or passage plan can be summarized as a comprehensive, step by step description of how the voyage is to proceed from berth to berth, including unberthing, departure, the en-route portion of a voyage, approach, and mooring/arrival at the destination. Before each voyage begins,

777-577: The dedicated Navigator's position was discontinued and its function was assumed by dual-licensed Pilot-Navigators, and still later by the aircraft's primary pilots (Captain and FO), resulting in a continued downsizing in the number of aircrew positions on commercial flights. Modern electronic navigation systems made the civil aviation navigators redundant by the early 1980s. In military aviation , navigators are still actively trained and licensed in some present day air forces , as electronic navigation aids cannot be assumed to be operational during wartime . In

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814-473: The deputy commander was Francisco Serrão on the ship Sabaia , and a third vessel, a caravel, was under command of Simão Afonso Bisagudo, having as pilot Francisco Rodrigues, an able cartographer who wrote about this expedition. With a crew of 120 Portuguese and 60 slaves they were guided by Malay pilots, recruited to guide them through Java , the Lesser Sunda Islands and Ambon Island to

851-735: The form of charts printed on paper or computerised electronic navigational charts . The nature of a waterway depicted by a chart changes regularly, and a mariner navigating on an old or uncorrected chart is courting disaster. Every producer of navigational charts also provides a system to inform mariners and aviators of changes that affect the chart. In the United States, chart corrections and notifications of new editions are provided by various governmental agencies by way of Notices to Airmen (NOTAMs), Notice to Mariners , Local Notice to Mariners , Summary of Corrections , and Broadcast Notice to Mariners. Radio broadcasts give advance notice of urgent corrections. A convenient way to keep track of corrections

888-406: The mid-1960s. USAF navigators/combat systems officers and USN/USMC naval flight officers must be basic mission qualified in their aircraft, or fly with an instructor navigator or instructor NFO to provide the necessary training for their duties. A naval ship's navigator is responsible for buying and maintaining its nautical charts. A nautical chart, or simply "chart", is a graphic representation of

925-414: The navigator detect errors. Professional mariners are still proficient in traditional piloting and celestial navigation. Shipborne navigators in the U.S. Navy are normally surface warfare officer qualified with the exception of naval aviators and naval flight officers assigned to ship's navigator billets aboard aircraft carriers and large deck amphibious assault ships and who have been qualified at

962-402: The navigator should develop a detailed mental model of how the entire voyage will proceed. In the aviation community, this is known as "chair flying". This mental model includes charting courses and forecasting weather, tides, and currents. It includes updating and checking aeronautical charts , nautical publications , which could include Sailing Directions and Coast Pilots , and projecting

999-496: The powerful chiefs of Hitu who were warring against Luhu , the principal settlement on Seram 's Hoamal Peninsula near Hitu. The Portuguese were also welcomed in the area as buyers of food and spices during a lull in the spice trade due to a temporary disruption to Javanese and Malay sailings to the area following the 1511 conflicts in Malacca. The visitors were recruited as military allies and their subsequent exploits were heard in

1036-543: The rival neighbours of Ternate and Tidore who both rushed emissaries to induce the visitors to assist. Supporting the territory of the Sultanate of Ternate , the Portuguese strongest power, Serrão served as the head of a mercenary band of Portuguese warriors under the service of the island's Sultan Bayan Sirrullah , one of two feuding powerful sultans who controlled the spice trade. They became close friends and

1073-538: The ship foundered in a squall and broke up on a reef off a small island. When the island's inhabitants, notorious shipwreck scavengers, surveyed the wreck from a boat, Serrão's crew posed as unarmed and helpless but wealthy castaways. As the scavengers drew near, the Portuguese attacked and commandeered both their craft and crew. Their inadvertent rescuers were then forced to take them to Ambon, where they disembarked in Hitu. Serrão's armour, muskets and marksmanship impressed

1110-525: The source, rather than relying on Arab traders who sold it to the Venetians for exorbitant prices. Malay pilots guided the expedition east via Java and along the Lesser Sundas before steering them north to Banda via Ambon . When Serrão's ship had berthed at Gresik on Java, he married a Javanese woman as his wife, who then accompanied him on the expedition's further journey. In 1512 his ship

1147-413: The various future events including landfalls, narrow passages, and course changes that will transpire during the voyage. This mental model becomes the standard by which the navigator will measure progress toward the goal of a safe and efficient voyage, and it is manifested in a written passage plan. When working in a team environment, the passage/mission plan should be communicated to the navigation team in

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1184-562: The world's air forces, modern navigators are frequently tasked with weapons and defensive systems operations, along with co-pilot duties such as flight planning and fuel management, depending on the type, model and series of aircraft. In the U.S. Air Force , the aeronautical rating of navigator has been augmented by addition of the combat systems officer , while in the U.S. Navy and U.S. Marine Corps , those officers formerly called navigators, tactical systems officers, or naval aviation observers have been known as naval flight officers since

1221-510: The world's lakes, seas and oceans. Maritime GNSS units include functions useful on water, such as "man overboard" (MOB) functions that allow instantly marking the location where a person has fallen overboard, which simplifies rescue efforts. GNSS may be connected to the ships self-steering gear and Chartplotters using the NMEA 0183 interface, and GNSS can also improve the security of shipping traffic by enabling AIS . Navigators are often part of

1258-545: Was a 16th-century Portuguese navigator and naval officer. He participated under the command of Afonso de Albuquerque in the conquest of Ormus in 1507 and Malacca in 1511 , where he got injured. Departing from Malacca in November 1511 with four ships, in an exploratory voyage to the 'Spice Islands' of Maluku , he led the first European expedition to reach Timor and the Banda Islands , in Indonesia , in 1512. Abreu

1295-510: Was a position on older aircraft, typically between the late-1910s and the 1970s, where separate crew members (sometimes two navigation crew members) were often responsible for an aircraft's flight navigation, including its dead reckoning and celestial navigation , especially when flown over oceans or other large featureless areas where radio navigation aids were not originally available. As sophisticated electronic air navigation aids and universal space-based GPS navigation systems came online,

1332-801: Was born about 1480 in Madeira, the son of nobleman João Fernandes de Andrade . After serving in Morocco, he fought in the campaigns of Afonso de Albuquerque in India and the Red Sea. On 25 July 1511, during the conquest of Malacca, António de Abreu led the Chinese junk that went up the Malacca River at high tide, allowing the Portuguese contingent to land and conquer the city in August. Severely wounded by

1369-534: Was shipwrecked but managed to reach Luco-Pino island ( Hitu ), north of Ambon. The expedition remained in Banda for about one month, purchasing and filling their ships with nutmeg and mace, as well as cloves in which Banda had a thriving entrepôt trade. Serrão left Banda in a Chinese junk purchased from a regional trader to replace his lost ship. D'Abreu sailed through Ambon while Serrão went ahead towards Maluku islands. With nine Portuguese crew and nine Indonesians,

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