Co-belligerents :
30-697: Co-belligerents : [a] Gustav IV Adolf was deposed by a coup d'etat on March 9, 1809, and Charles XIII was appointed king in his place. The Franco-Swedish War or Pomeranian War was the first involvement by Sweden in the Napoleonic Wars . The country joined the Third Coalition in an effort to defeat France under Napoleon Bonaparte . In 1803, the United Kingdom had declared war on France , and Sweden remained neutral, together with Denmark–Norway and Prussia . However, after
60-612: A Swedish Crown Prince after the coup d'etat in March 1809. On 30 August 1809, the new Swedish government was to conclude the Treaty of Fredrikshamn with Russia, which legitimised the Russian annexation of Finland and Åland . A peace treaty between Sweden and Denmark-Norway was signed with no territorial adjustments on 10 December 1809. On 6 January 1810, Sweden signed a Russian-mediated Treaty of Paris with France, regaining Pomerania at
90-587: A ceasefire according to which the French were to leave Pomerania. However, the Swedish government refused to join the Continental System and denounced the armistice under the influence of British diplomacy on 8 July. On 6 August 1807, 50,000 French, Spanish and Dutch troops under Marshal Guillaume-Marie-Anne Brune began an assault on Swedish Pomerania and besieged Stralsund again. On 20 August 1807,
120-651: A cost of joining the Continental System . On 17 November 1810, Sweden was forced to declare war on Britain , and all British goods in Swedish Pomerania were seized. The government-supported smuggling continued, however, over the North Sea , and the Royal Navy was informed that it would be a phantom war. The war lasted until 1812, but no military action was taken. Coup of 1809 The Coup of 1809 ( Swedish : Statskuppen 1809 ) also referred to as
150-503: A parliament or Riksdag , which met on 1 May, and handed over power to it. The Riksdag declared the king deposed and elected his uncle Charles XIII as the new king. In negotiating the new constitution , Charles XIII and subsequent kings were able to retain some measure of absolute power with the Royal Right of Disposal . Treaty of Tilsit The Treaties of Tilsit ( French : Traités de Tilsit ), also collectively known as
180-718: A population of 200,000 inhabitants. The following is a tabulation of the territorial and population losses that Prussia sustained, but not accounting for the Prussian acquisitions since 1772, under the terms of the Tilsit Treaties: The War of the Fourth Coalition was over. The Peninsular War began on 19 November 1807 and the War of the Fifth Coalition began in 1809. The Neman was crossed at
210-626: A raft in the middle of the Neman river. The second was signed with Prussia on 9 July. The treaties were made at the expense of King Frederick William III of Prussia , who had already agreed to a truce on 25 June after the Grande Armée had captured Berlin and pursued him to the easternmost frontier of his realm. In Tilsit, Prussia ceded about half of its pre-war territories. From these territories, Napoleon had created French client states , which were formalized and recognized at Tilsit:
240-630: The Battle of Austerlitz , the British and the Russian forces started to evacuate Hanover and left only a small Swedish force alone to face the French. In April 1806, the Swedes were also forced to retreat to Swedish Pomerania after an agreement had been concluded between Prussia and France. However, during the summer of 1806 Prussia formed the Fourth Coalition against France, which gave Sweden
270-411: The Battle of Lübeck , about 1,000 Swedish soldiers had to surrender to the numerically-superior French forces. The French Army began its offensive towards Swedish Pomerania in early 1807 and besieged Stralsund on 15 January. That began a seven-month siege, and since the French forces were engaged in warfare elsewhere as well, the number of troops stationed around Stralsund was gradually reduced. When
300-671: The Kingdom of Westphalia , the Duchy of Warsaw and the Free City of Danzig ; the other ceded territories were awarded to existing French client states and to Russia. Napoleon not only cemented his control of Central Europe but also had Russia and the truncated Prussia ally with him against his two remaining enemies, the United Kingdom and Sweden , triggering the Anglo-Russian and Finnish wars. Tilsit also freed French forces for
330-773: The Ottoman Empire while Russia agreed to join the Continental System against the British Empire . Napoleon also convinced Alexander to enter into the Anglo-Russian War and to instigate the Finnish War against Sweden to force Sweden to join the Continental System. More specifically, the Tsar agreed to evacuate Wallachia and Moldavia , which had been occupied by Russian forces as part of
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#1732798843235360-527: The Peace of Tilsit ( German : Friede von Tilsit ; Russian : Тильзитский мир , romanized : Tilzitski mir ), were two peace treaties signed by French Emperor Napoleon in the town of Tilsit in July 1807 in the aftermath of his victory at Friedland , at the end of the War of the Fourth Coalition . The first was signed on 7 July, between Napoleon and Russian Emperor Alexander I , when they met on
390-548: The Peninsular War . Central Europe became a battlefield again in 1809 when Austria engaged France in the War of the Fifth Coalition . The treaty ended the war between Imperial Russia and the French Empire and began an alliance between the two empires that rendered the rest of continental Europe almost powerless. The two countries secretly agreed to aid each other in disputes. France pledged to aid Russia against
420-609: The Revolution of 1809 (Swedish: Revolutionen 1809 ) was a Swedish coup d'état 13 March that year by a group of noblemen led by Georg Adlersparre , with support from the Western Army. The coup resulted in the deposition of King Gustav IV Adolf and the introduction of a new Instrument of Government . The coup was provoked by the disastrous Finnish War . The leaders of the coup are known in history collectively as 1809 års män ('Men of 1809'). The coup executors convened
450-510: The Russo-Turkish War, 1806-1812 . The Ionian Islands and Cattaro ( Kotor ), which had been captured by Russian admirals Ushakov and Senyavin , were to be handed over to the French. In recompense, Napoleon guaranteed the sovereignty of the Duchy of Oldenburg and several other small states ruled by the Tsar's German relatives. The treaty with Prussia stripped the country of about half its territory: Cottbus passed to Saxony ,
480-522: The British government to protect Sweden from possible French-Danish attack, arrived on 3 May 1808 and stayed until July, when it was redirected to Portugal . Napoleon's plans to invade Sweden were never executed because of the British activity on the Baltic Sea , the weakness of the Danish military and the hesitations of French Marshal Bernadotte , whose actions made him popular enough to be elected as
510-587: The Neman river and invaded Russia , ending any vestige of alliance. The Prussian state was diminished by more than half under the terms of the Treaties of Tilsit, from 5,700 square miles to 2,800 square miles. Compared to the 9.75 million inhabitants Prussia had prior to the Treaties of Tilsit, no more than 4.5 million inhabitants remained within the new boundaries of the Prussian state. The state revenue , which formerly amounted to forty million dollars per year,
540-520: The Swedes were reinforced on 1 April, a decision was made to attempt to break the siege. That was done with some success since the Swedes managed to take Usedom and Wolin , but the French chose to counterattack, and a force of 13,000 men attacked the Swedes from Stettin on 16 April and forced the left section of the Swedish army to withdraw. Another division in Ueckermünde was then cut off and later captured. On 18 April, France and Sweden agreed on
570-599: The Third Coalition and declared war on France on 31 October. In early November 1805, a combined British, Russian and Swedish force of about 12,000 men were sent from Swedish Pomerania to liberate French-held Hanover . The offensive against Hanover was repeatedly delayed because of Prussia's partial reluctance for the Swedes and the Russians to move troops through Prussian territory. However, in December 1805, after
600-640: The debts in 1818 by a £5 million loan (= thaler 30 million) at 5% at the London financial market, the Prussian government had to accept a disagio of 28⅓%, thus paying an annual effective rate of 6.98%. When the Treaty was being formulated, it was noted by an observer that the Prussian king was pacing on the bank of the Neman river; Napoleon had to "but raise his hand, and Prussia would cease to exist" (McKay). Hence, many observers in Prussia and Russia viewed
630-537: The defenders of the city capitulated and the remains of the Swedish Army were surrounded at Rügen . However, Swedish General Johan Christopher Toll managed to conclude the Convention of Schlatkow with Marshal Brune on favourable terms, and his forces withdrew to Sweden, along with all of their war munitions, on 7 September. The Franco-Russian Treaty of Tilsit left Britain and Sweden without other allies in
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#1732798843235660-424: The execution of Louis-Antoine-Henri de Bourbon-Condé in 1804, the Swedish government broke all diplomatic ties with France and concluded a convention to allow the British to use Swedish Pomerania as a military base against France in exchange for payments. Russia also promised Sweden that 40,000 men would come to the aid of the country if it was threatened by French forces. Therefore, on 9 August 1805 Sweden joined
690-760: The left bank of the Elbe was awarded to the newly created Kingdom of Westphalia , Białystok was given to Russia (which led to the creation of the Belostok Oblast ), and most of the Polish lands in Prussian possession since the Second and Third Partitions became the quasi-independent Duchy of Warsaw . Prussia was to reduce the army to 43,000 and on 9 March 1808, France fixed its tribute to be levied from Prussia at 154,500,000 francs (= Prussian dollar 41.73 mio.), deducting 53,500,000, which had been raised so far during
720-813: The ongoing French occupation. The sum was lowered in two steps to 120 million francs by 1 November 1808. Talleyrand had advised Napoleon to pursue milder terms; the treaties marked an important stage in his estrangement from the emperor. Until 1812, the French occupants requisitioned in money and kind from various corporations and persons, especially by billetting soldiers on cities, further contributions additionally amounting to between 146 and 309 million francs, according to different calculations. The Prussian government indebtedness soared between 1806 and 1815 by thaler 200 million to altogether 180.09 million interest-bearing debts, 11.24 million non-interest-bearing unconsolidated treasury notes and another 25.9 million former provincial debts assumed by
750-528: The outset of the 1812 French invasion of Russia . Following the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815, the Congress of Vienna would restore many Prussian territories. By signing these treaties, France left Persia and the Ottomans, who had previously hoped for France's help under treaties with France (including Finckenstein ), in the face of Russian aggression, and established the loss of parts of Persia in
780-435: The right to occupy Saxe-Lauenburg . In the autumn, the French forces advanced rapidly and soon much of the western German regions were occupied, which forced the Swedish troops on a retreat towards Lübeck . The plan was for the troops from there to take the sea route to Stralsund to avoid the advancing French forces. The Swedes were still caught by the French on the 6 November while they loaded their ships at Lübeck, and after
810-419: The royal government. The cities' debts, especially those of Berlin often billetted on, were not assumed by the Prussian government. Since the creditors deemed Prussia to be over-indebted in 1817, the 4-per cent state bonds were traded at the bourses with a disagio of 27 to 29 percent, in 1818 even with a discountor of 35 percent, causing the effective interest to rise to 6.15 percent. At restructuring part of
840-470: The treaty as unequal and as a national humiliation. The Russian soldiers refused to follow Napoleon's commands, as the Lisbon Incident demonstrated to all Europe. Napoleon's plans to marry the tsar's sister were stymied by Russian royalty. Cooperation between Russia and France eventually broke down in 1810 when the tsar began to allow neutral ships to land in Russian ports. In 1812, Napoleon crossed
870-530: The war against France. On 21 February 1808, Russia joined the war against Sweden by invading Finland and on 14 March the same year, Denmark-Norway also declared war on Sweden . Danish, French and Spanish troops began preparations for an invasion of Skåne in Sweden, but the plan was soon aborted, and the war was instead directed to the Norwegian-Swedish border. Sir John Moore 's expedition, sent by
900-414: Was decreased in a even greater proportion. The ceded provinces were rich and fertile, and many millions had been spent on their improvement. Almost all that Prussia had gained by the partitions of Poland (1772–1795) was taken away from Prussia. The Kingdom of Saxony , a former confederate of Prussia, was the recipient of the provinces. Russia, the more powerful of its erstwhile allies, gained territory with
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