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86-595: A small, eclectic faculty provided a diverse education. Areas of studies included the fine arts , architecture , performing arts , languages , law , and business . Franconia College opened in the former Dow Academy buildings as a two-year college in 1963 with nine founding staff members; the school began granting four-year degrees in 1965. The school was accredited by the New England Association of Schools and Colleges. The school first gained national attention in 1968 when William Loeb , publisher of

172-614: A printing process. It has been an important artistic medium for several centuries, in the West and East Asia. Major historic techniques include engraving , woodcut and etching in the West, and woodblock printing in East Asia, where the Japanese ukiyo-e style is the most important. The 19th-century invention of lithography and then photographic techniques have partly replaced the historic techniques. Older prints can be divided into

258-438: A book called Writing Without Tears , which would later become Writing Without Teachers . In the nearly 40 years since then, Elbow has written more than 10 books and over 100 articles on writing—theory and practice—and the teaching of writing. His most recent book is an ambitious treatment of writing, speaking, and the theory of written and spoken language: Vernacular Eloquence: What Can Speech Bring to Writing. Freewriting,

344-708: A book or album are called "miniatures", whether for a Western illuminated manuscript or in Persian miniature and its Turkish equivalent, or Indian paintings of various types. Watercolour is the western version of painting in paper; forms using gouache , chalk, and similar mediums without brushes are really forms of drawing. Drawing is one of the major forms of the visual arts, and painters need drawing skills as well. Common instruments include: graphite pencils , pen and ink , inked brushes , wax color pencils , crayons , charcoals , chalk , pastels , markers , stylus , or various metals like silverpoint . There are

430-454: A chain saw to thin the sugar maple woodlots, as well as learning how to tap a tree and how to protect oneself from the notorious black flies. One of the students reports that she was able to use the skills and experience learned in the auto mechanics class to hire on as a Journeyman marine machinist repairing diesel engines onboard Navy ships in Alameda, California . In 1975, that same year,

516-445: A different medium – for instance, a painting – but rather an image designed from inception as a print. An individual print is also referred to as an impression. Prints are created from a single original surface, known technically as a matrix . Common types of matrices include: plates of metal, usually copper or zinc for engraving or etching ; stone, used for lithography; blocks of wood for woodcuts, linoleum for linocuts and fabric in

602-420: A double standard of judgment for works of art and for useful objects". This was among theoreticians; it has taken far longer for the art trade and popular opinion to catch up. However, over the same period of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the movement of prices in the art market was in the opposite direction, with works from the fine arts drawing much further ahead of those from the decorative arts. In

688-612: A lesser extent the carvers of engraved gems . Several individuals in these groups were very famous, and copied and remembered for centuries after their deaths. The cult of the individual artistic genius, which was an important part of the Renaissance theoretical basis for the distinction between "fine" and other art, drew on classical precedent, especially as recorded by Pliny the Elder . Some other types of object, in particular Ancient Greek pottery , are often signed by their makers or

774-504: A marijuana raid that spring, and a cascade of changes happened at the school. College president Richard Ruopp resigned at the demand of the board of trustees in April, then the board let two teachers' contracts lapse against a faculty committee recommendation to rehire them. The teachers and staff responded in July with mass resignations, leaving the college with half the number of staff it had at

860-418: A methodology of skeptical doubting to find flaws in thinking that might look good. Elbow argues that really good thinking also calls on a complementary methodology: conditionally trying to believe all ideas in order to find virtues in thinking that looks wrong. (He is NOT arguing against the doubting game or critical thinking; just asking for an additional methodology.) Elbow has developed the believing game in

946-413: A number of subcategories of drawing, including cartooning and creating comics . Mosaics are images formed with small pieces of stone or glass, called tesserae . They can be decorative or functional. An artist who designs and makes mosaics is called a mosaic artist or a mosaicist. Ancient Greeks and Romans created realistic mosaics. Mythological subjects, or scenes of hunting or other pursuits of

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1032-491: A position at MIT in 1968. While sitting in his office one day in 1970, a representative from Oxford University Press came to show him some books that he might like to use in his classes. When the representative asked Elbow if he was writing anything, Elbow replied that he had thought about trying to write something to do with teacher-less writing groups—a process he had experimented with while teaching courses for Harvard's extension program. Soon after, he had an advance to begin

1118-518: A reader's mind as he or she is reading the text. Elbow calls this type of feedback "movies of the reader's mind." The list of detailed questions Elbow provides for reader-based feedback follow from the following essential questions: While Peter Elbow is the author of over 10 books, as well as numerous articles which largely deal with writing theory and practice, few of his works have been as critical to his career as Writing Without Teachers (Oxford UP 1973) and Writing With Power: Techniques for Mastering

1204-498: A section called "The Doubting and Believing Game: An Analysis of the Intellectual Enterprise". Elbow started out simply trying to justify his "no arguing" rule for teacher-less classes, but it developed into what really is the central theoretical foundation underlying all of his work. Elbow argues that Western conceptions of good thinking are based on the doubting game or critical thinking: A process that seeks to use

1290-507: A sense of what it meant to be a writer teaching writing. During this time, current-traditionalism was quite popular in handbooks for writers ( Strunk & White 's Elements of Style , for example). This method presented writers with a very cut and dried sense of how to write. With the publication of Writing With Power , Peter Elbow broke the current-traditionalist mold. This book proffers various techniques for writers to try, finding one that best suits them. This book takes writers through

1376-702: A series of essays written throughout his career: "Methodological Doubting and Believing: Contraries in Enquiry", in Embracing Contraries, ( Oxford University Press, 1986: 253–300); "Bringing the Rhetoric of Assent and The Believing Game Together—and into the Classroom", College English 67.4 (March 2005): 388–99; "The Believing Game and How to Make Conflicting Opinions More Fruitful", in Nurturing

1462-689: A similar system.) In that system, an artist or artisan was a skilled maker or practitioner, a work of art was the useful product of skilled work, and the appreciation of the arts was integrally connected with their role in the rest of life. "Art", in other words, meant approximately the same thing as the Greek word "techne", or in English "skill", a sense that has survived in phrases like "the art of war", "the art of love", and "the art of medicine". Similar ideas have been expressed by Paul Oskar Kristeller , Pierre Bourdieu , and Terry Eagleton (e.g. The Ideology of

1548-524: A sort of therapy. This helped him to write his graduate papers. When it came time to write a dissertation, he spent a year trying to write about metaphor—not metaphor as linguistic decoration but metaphor as thinking. He realized that this would make the process interminable. He settled on Chaucer . He would eventually make his dissertation book-length and publish it in 1975 under the title Oppositions in Chaucer . After receiving his PhD, Elbow accepted

1634-418: A special summer session that included classes for "Sugar Maple Woodlot Management" and "Auto Mechanics". Teachers with local professional experience offered hands-on education and experience with tools of the trade and actual work experience, such as the basics of auto tune-ups, as well as learning how to evaluate a woodlot for the healthiest growth of the trees. Students learned how to safely work on cars and use

1720-459: A term commonly used by Elbow, coined by Ken Macrorie (who called it free writing), is a process of writing without stopping, without editing, without sharing, without worrying about grammar, without thinking, without rushing. Elbow suggests that writers write whatever they want and however they want for 10 to 15 minutes—daily. Normal freewriting can be adapted to focused freewriting and public freewriting. Focused freewriting involves trying to stay on

1806-646: A topic, which is particularly useful when a writer has a specific assignment to do. Public freewriting is for sharing, which makes it seem a little more risky. But it can be very useful in groups where good trust has built up. The goal is to create language that is more natural and lively, all the while making the writing process easier and more comfortable Feedback techniques are also among Elbow's practices. These techniques, presented in Writing With Power , are divided into two types: criterion -based and reader-based feedback. Criterion-based feedback judges

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1892-408: A valid technical term, especially in archaeology . "Fine wares" are high-quality pottery, often painted, moulded or otherwise decorated, and in many periods distinguished from "coarse wares", which are basic utilitarian pots used by the mass of the population, or in the kitchen rather than for more formal purposes. Even when, as with porcelain figurines, a piece of pottery has no practical purpose,

1978-507: Is "the art of giving form to signs in an expressive, harmonious and skillful manner". Modern calligraphy ranges from functional hand-lettered inscriptions and designs to fine-art pieces where the abstract expression of the handwritten mark may or may not compromise the legibility of the letters. Classical calligraphy differs from typography and non-classical hand-lettering, though a calligrapher may create all of these; characters are historically disciplined yet fluid and spontaneous, improvised at

2064-475: Is considered to be an important art form, a source of popular entertainment and a powerful method for educating – or indoctrinating – citizens. The visual elements of cinema give motion pictures a universal power of communication. Some films have become popular worldwide attractions by using dubbing or subtitles that translate the dialogue. Cinematography is the discipline of making lighting and camera choices when recording photographic images for

2150-454: Is crucial to write as much as possible because the more a writer writes, not only does he have more to work with, but he also has more to throw away, allowing him to keep moving through the growing stages of writing. The second metaphor is to see writing as cooking, letting ideas simmer and bubble until they are ready to be used. In this metaphor, Elbow emphasizes interaction, particularly between writing and reiteration. According to Elbow, growing

2236-480: Is made primarily for aesthetics or creative expression , distinguishing it from popular art , decorative art or applied art , which also has to serve some practical function, such as pottery or most metalwork. In the aesthetic theories developed in the Italian Renaissance , the highest art was that which allowed the full expression and display of the artist's imagination, unrestricted by any of

2322-555: Is that Bartholomae believes the classroom to be a "'real space, not an idealized utopian space'" (88). This implies to Elbow that Bartholomae believes that "a classroom cannot be utopian , and that utopian spaces are not real spaces" (88). Another major aspect of the debate comes from the idea of writing without teachers, a concept that Bartholomae states doesn't exist. Elbow cites diaries , letters, stories, poems, and so forth as ways that students write for themselves with no teachers involved. Elbow acknowledges that unequal power, however,

2408-420: Is to generate words before a writer can continue to "grow" a piece of writing and move through the subsequent stages. Elbow argues that writing can be seen as a powerful organic process which develops new knowledge and insight. You "start writing at the very beginning-- before you know your meaning at all-- and encourage your words gradually to change and evolve. Only at the end will you know what you want to say or

2494-417: Is to write good sentences and work from an outline. He had to learn to write what he liked to call "garbage." He came to accept that he simply couldn't write right; he could only write wrong; and then try by revising to make it right. Elbow has said that the process of freewriting really came about during this time in his life. He would sit down with his typewriter and type out all his thoughts, making writing

2580-482: Is transformation at the macro level, cooking is transformation at the micro level. Essentially, the writing lets his ideas simmer until he can use them to interact with his writing. Elbow suggests that writers spend sufficient time writing as well as stopping completely and reflecting on what the larger picture is meant to present. Also notable in Writing Without Teachers is Elbow's proposition of

2666-399: Is ubiquitous, and not just in writing, but believes that there is still plenty of writing being done for the students' own enjoyment. The debate has, over the years, helped to shape the study and teaching of composition, especially in regard to how much power is granted to the writer. It has also caused composition pedagogy to consider audience in ways they may not have before. In the end,

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2752-579: The Manchester Union Leader , vilified the students for behavior that included unmarried persons of the opposite sex sleeping together. The headline "Bare Debauchery at Franconia College: Sex, Liquor, Drugs Rampant on Campus" made the front page of the newspaper the same day a larger, main headline announced the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. While the article was believed to be exaggerated, nine students were arrested in

2838-615: The Bachelor of Arts in Fine Art, or a Bachelor of Fine Arts , and/or a Master of Fine Arts degree – traditionally the terminal degree in the field. Doctor of Fine Arts degrees —earned, as opposed to honorary degrees — have begun to emerge at some US academic institutions, however. Major schools of art in the US: Peter Elbow Peter Elbow (born April 14, 1935) is a professor of English Emeritus at

2924-715: The University of Massachusetts Amherst , where he also directed the Writing Program from 1996 until 2000. He writes about theory, practice, and pedagogy , and has authored several books and papers. He is one of the pioneers of freewriting . In the introduction to the second edition of Writing Without Teachers , Elbow says that his interest in writing practices came from his own difficulty with writing. He attended Proctor Academy and Williams College from 1953 to 1957. While at Exeter College, Oxford University, on scholarship from Williams, he found himself unable to write

3010-417: The University of New Hampshire in 1956. Other buildings in town were used as classrooms and dorms. In June 1978, the campus was offered for sale at auction but failed to sell at that time. The main hotel building was torn down in 1985, and the former college president's house, known as "The Lodge" when built in 1892, opened as a bed and breakfast called The Inn At Forest Hills in 1993. The forested areas of

3096-627: The White Mountain National Forest , the college provided easy access for students to the outdoor sporting activities for which the North Country is most famous. Several students lived in their own tents and tepees in the nearby woods. The college initially used the former Dow Academy buildings. The trustees of Franconia College purchased the former Forest Hills Hotel property in 1960. The hotel had been in operation since its construction in 1882 and had been donated to

3182-688: The Young British Artists and the Turner Prize during the 1990s, its popular usage, particularly in the UK , developed as a synonym for all contemporary art that does not practice the traditional skills of painting and sculpture . Music is an art form and cultural activity whose medium is sound organized in time. The common elements of music are pitch (which governs melody and harmony), rhythm (and its associated concepts tempo, meter, and articulation), dynamics (loudness and softness), and

3268-885: The art trade the term retains some currency for objects from before roughly 1900 and may be used to define the scope of auctions or auction house departments and the like. The term also remains in use in tertiary education , appearing in the names of colleges, faculties, and courses. In the English-speaking world this is mostly in North America, but the same is true of the equivalent terms in other European languages, such as beaux-arts in French or bellas artes in Spanish. The conceptual separation of arts and decorative arts or crafts that have often dominated in Europe and

3354-474: The cinema . It is closely related to the art of still photography , though many additional issues arise when both the camera and elements of the scene may be in motion. Independent filmmaking often takes place outside of Hollywood , or other major studio systems . An independent film (or indie film) is a film initially produced without financing or distribution from a major movie studio . Creative, business, and technological reasons have all contributed to

3440-492: The pyramids of Egypt and the Roman Colosseum are cultural symbols, and are important links in public consciousness, even when scholars have discovered much about past civilizations through other means. Cities, regions, and cultures continue to identify themselves with, and are known by, their architectural monuments. With some modern exceptions, pottery is not considered as fine art, but "fine pottery" remains

3526-443: The 1980s and 1990s, Peter Elbow engaged in a public debate with David Bartholomae regarding the role of the writer, as well as that of an academic in undergraduate writing. Bartholomae posits that Elbow "comes down on the side of credulity as the governing idea in the undergraduate writing course," whereas he, himself, expresses more skepticism. The debate continued with these differing views: Elbow believes that writing belongs to

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3612-570: The Aesthetic ), though the point of invention is often placed earlier, in the Italian Renaissance ; Anthony Blunt notes that the term arti di disegno , a similar concept, emerged in Italy in the mid-16th century. But it can be argued that the classical world , from which very little theoretical writing on art survives, in practice had similar distinctions. The names of artists preserved in literary sources are Greek painters and sculptors, and to

3698-474: The Americas Art of Oceania According to some writers, the concept of a distinct category of fine art is an invention of the early modern period in the West. Larry Shiner in his The Invention of Art: A Cultural History (2003) locates the invention in the 18th century: "There was a traditional "system of the arts" in the West before the eighteenth century. (Other traditional cultures still have

3784-508: The Muses"). Dance is an art form that generally refers to movement of the body, usually rhythmic, and to music, used as a form of expression , social interaction or presented in a spiritual or performance setting. Dance is also used to describe methods of nonverbal communication (see body language ) between humans or animals ( bee dance , patterns of behaviour such as a mating dance), motion in inanimate objects ("the leaves danced in

3870-585: The Peacemakers in Our Students: A Guide to Teaching Peace, Empathy, and Understanding. Chris Weber, editor. Heinemann, 2006, 16–25; "The Believing Game or Methodological Believing", Journal for The Assembly for Expanded Perspectives on Learning 14 Winter 2009: 1–11. His essay "The Uses of Binary Thinking" is also crucial in this theoretical work. Writing With Power was published in 1981 during an era where writing teachers were starting to try to get

3956-578: The US is not shared by all other cultures. But traditional Chinese art had comparable distinctions, distinguishing within Chinese painting between the mostly landscape literati painting of scholar gentlemen and the artisans of the schools of court painting and sculpture. Although high status was also given to many things that would be seen as craft objects in the West, in particular ceramics, jade carving , weaving, and embroidery, this by no means extended to

4042-503: The West, although with less frequency. Fine arts film is a term that encompasses motion pictures and the field of film as a fine art form. A fine arts movie theater is a venue, usually a building, for viewing such movies. Films are produced by recording images from the world with cameras , or by creating images using animation techniques or special effects . Films are cultural artifacts created by specific cultures , which reflect those cultures, and, in turn, affect them. Film

4128-514: The Writing Process (Oxford UP 1981). Writing Without Teachers was Elbow's first book about writing, and the one that has made his freewriting technique so popular as a pedagogical practice. In this book, Elbow uses two main metaphors. These are metaphors that reflect Elbow's interest in letting one's ideas develop and change throughout the writing process. The first is to see writing as growing. It must move through stages. The first stage

4214-542: The art of the Chinese, the art of the Yoruba is also often composed of what would ordinarily be considered in the West to be craft production. Some of its most admired manifestations, such as textiles, fall in this category. Painting as a fine art means applying paint to a flat surface (as opposed for example to painting a sculpture, or a piece of pottery), typically using several colours. Prehistoric painting that has survived

4300-609: The artist is given primacy, regardless of the means through which it is expressed. The term is typically only used for Western art from the Renaissance onwards, although similar genre distinctions can apply to the art of other cultures, especially those of East Asia . The set of "fine arts" are sometimes also called the "major arts", with "minor arts" equating to the decorative arts. This would typically be for medieval and ancient art. Art of Central Asia Art of East Asia Art of South Asia Art of Southeast Asia Art of Europe Art of Africa Art of

4386-608: The assigned essays. When he began his PhD in English at Harvard University, his writing difficulties persisted, causing him to leave in the first year of his studies. Elbow began teaching, first as an instructor at MIT from 1960 to 1963, and then as one of five founding members of Franconia College from 1963 to 1965. It was at Franconia where Elbow discovered he could write more easily when writing for colleagues or students rather than as an assigned piece. In 1965 he returned to graduate school, this time at Brandeis University . He had to get over beginning by trying to write "well"—that

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4472-418: The beginning of the 1967–68 year. At the time, the school was running $ 100,000 per year in debt and the school's mortgage was threatened with foreclosure. In an attempt to ease its financial straits, the school made its grounds available as a weekend ski lodge the following winter. Franconia College again gained national attention in 1970, when 23-year-old Leon Botstein became the youngest college president in

4558-570: The best Persian carpets , architectural tiling and other decorative media, more consistently than happened in the West. Latin American art was dominated by European colonialism until the 20th-century, when indigenous art began to reassert itself inspired by the Constructivist Movement , which reunited arts with crafts based upon socialist principles. In Africa, Yoruba art often has a political and spiritual function. As with

4644-430: The case of screen-printing . But there are many other kinds. Multiple nearly identical prints can be called an edition . In modern times each print is often signed and numbered forming a "limited edition". Prints may also be published in book form, as artist's books . A single print could be the product of one or multiple techniques. Calligraphy is a type of visual art. A contemporary definition of calligraphic practice

4730-434: The college in the early 1970s. Other notable faculty included Mike Wallace , Peter Linebaugh , and Jerome Corsi in history, David Kettler in political science, and Michael Dorris in anthropology. The physics department sponsored a student UFO Study Group. In 1975, three student members contacted and interviewed Betty Hill . Part of Franconia College's oeuvre (body of work) was alternative education classes that were

4816-501: The college was denied a US$ 560,000 federal grant to support an experimental cooperative project with a local school district that met with opposition by both Governor Meldrim Thomson, Jr. and the Manchester Union Leader . 44°13′34″N 71°43′53″W  /  44.22611°N 71.73139°W  / 44.22611; -71.73139 Fine arts In European academic traditions, fine art (or, fine arts )

4902-462: The college, Robert Greenway, Peter Elbow , and Nicholas Howe. Notable faculty included Eliot Coleman , who taught Spanish , and Nancy L. Walker, a widely published and award-winning creative nonfictionist . After the closure of Franconia, Walker became Professor of English and Director of Composition at Missouri State University in Springfield . The influential poet Robert Grenier taught at

4988-509: The country. After securing $ 800,000 in federal grants, Botstein oversaw new construction including three small dormitories and a student union. In 1976, the college appeared on a segment of ABC Evening News with president Ira Goldenberg, economics professor George Wheeler and two students discussing the experiences and responsibility learned at Franconia. Honorary degrees were conferred on Muhammad Ali and Kenneth Clark in 1977. Franconia College closed on January 23, 1978, two days before

5074-441: The dominating themes in fine-art photography. Architecture is frequently considered a fine art, especially if its aesthetic components are spotlighted – in contrast to structural-engineering or construction-management components. Architectural works are perceived as cultural and political symbols and works of art. Historical civilizations often are known primarily through their architectural achievements. Such buildings as

5160-424: The fine art Old Master print and popular prints , with book illustrations and other practical images such as maps somewhere in the middle. Except in the case of monotyping , the process is capable of producing multiples of the same piece, which is called a print. Each print is considered an original, as opposed to a copy. The reasoning behind this is that the print is not a reproduction of another work of art in

5246-417: The fine arts and the decorative arts or applied arts (these two terms covering largely the same media). As far as the consumer of the art was concerned, the perception of aesthetic qualities required a refined judgment usually referred to as having good taste , which differentiated fine art from popular art and entertainment. The word "fine" does not so much denote the quality of the artwork in question, but

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5332-499: The five main fine arts were painting , sculpture , architecture , music , and poetry . Other "minor or subsidiary arts" were also included, especially performing arts such as theatre and dance , which were counted as "among the most ancient and universal." In practice, outside education, the concept is typically only applied to the visual arts . The old master print and drawing were included as related forms to painting, just as prose forms of literature were to poetry. Today,

5418-399: The future. In Writing With Power , Elbow gives a catalogue of criterion-based questions. These questions all stem from the following essential questions: While criterion-based feedback may seem obvious, it is the inclusion of reader-based feedback that makes this overall method fresh for teachers. Elbow claims that reader-based feedback lets the writer see what thoughts and feelings occur in

5504-519: The growth of the indie film scene in the late 20th and early 21st century. Poetry (the term derives from a variant of the Greek term ποίησις ( poiesis , "to make") is a form of literature that uses aesthetic and rhythmic qualities of language—such as sound symbolism, phonaesthetics and metre—to evoke meanings in addition to, or in place of, the prosaic ostensible meaning. In the United States an academic course of study in fine art may include

5590-544: The hotel property were subdivided into building lots. In the village, the Dow Academy buildings turned into condominiums and Dow Field into a town recreational area. In November 2019, the state's Division of Historical Resources installed New Hampshire Historical Marker No. 263 along NH Route 142 in Franconia at the site of the college. The nine founding staff members included Richard R. Ruopp, later president of

5676-432: The making of it is typically a collaborative and semi-industrial one, involving many participants with different skills. Sculpture is three-dimensional artwork created by shaping hard or plastic material, commonly stone (either rock or marble ), metal , or wood . Some sculptures are created directly by carving ; others are assembled, built up and fired , welded , molded , or cast . Because sculpture involves

5762-491: The moment of writing. Fine art photography refers to photographs that are created to fulfill the creative vision of the artist. Fine art photography stands in contrast to photojournalism and commercial photography. Photojournalism visually communicates stories and ideas, mainly in print and digital media. Fine art photography is created primarily as an expression of the artist's vision, but has also been important in advancing certain causes. Depiction of nudity has been one of

5848-561: The object of study in developing new ways to teach that gave more individualized instruction and more varied opportunities. There were no required courses, no formal academic departments, and no grades. Degrees were granted after students demonstrated competence in their fields to a faculty committee. In 1975, a group of students from the University of Pittsburgh Alternative Curriculum program toured several New England schools that were offering new and progressive programs, including Franconia College. Several students were invited to come back for

5934-437: The owner of the workshop, probably partly to advertise their products. The decline of the concept of "fine art" is dated by George Kubler and others to around 1880. When it "fell out of fashion" as, by about 1900, folk art was also coming to be regarded as significant. Finally, at least in circles interested in art theory , ""fine art" was driven out of use by about 1920 by the exponents of industrial design ... who opposed

6020-478: The practical considerations involved in, say, making and decorating a teapot . It was also considered important that making the artwork did not involve dividing the work between different individuals with specialized skills, as might be necessary with a piece of furniture, for example. Even within the fine arts, there was a hierarchy of genres based on the amount of creative imagination required, with history painting placed higher than still life . Historically,

6106-407: The purity of the discipline according to traditional European canons. Except in the case of architecture, where a practical utility was accepted, this definition originally excluded the "useful" applied or decorative arts, and the products of what were regarded as crafts . In contemporary practice, these distinctions and restrictions have become essentially meaningless, as the concept or intention of

6192-656: The range of what would be considered fine arts (in so far as the term remains in use) is commonly includes additional modern forms, such as film , photography , and video production / editing , as well as traditional forms made in a fine art setting, such as studio pottery and studio glass , with equivalents in other materials. One definition of fine art is "a visual art considered to have been created primarily for aesthetic and intellectual purposes and judged for its beauty and meaningfulness, specifically, painting, sculpture, drawing, watercolor, graphics, and architecture." In that sense, there are conceptual differences between

6278-595: The readers in the group, as opposed to one teacher's opinion. This is also very similar to Writing Workshops , which are also currently popular pedagogical practices. "The Believing Game" is an appendix essay, where Elbow acknowledges the game of believing as a method that he applies to all his work. The essay defines the believing game in comparison to the doubting game – which is also more familiarly known as critical thinking. Elbow feels doubting and believing are two methods needed in order to examine and accept an idea as true. The appendix to Writing Without Teachers has

6364-532: The scheduled start of its spring semester, due to bankruptcy. According to former dean of students and director of housing and counseling services Rich Colfer, every student who contacted counseling services during the closure was placed at another college. After Franconia College closed, the School of Human Services program moved to New Hampshire College (now Southern New Hampshire University ). The program currently resides at Springfield College . Situated north of

6450-523: The sonic qualities of timbre and texture (which are sometimes termed the "color" of a musical sound). Different styles or types of music may emphasize, de-emphasize or omit some of these elements. Music is performed with a vast range of instruments and vocal techniques ranging from singing to rapping; there are solely instrumental pieces, solely vocal pieces (such as songs without instrumental accompaniment) and pieces that combine singing and instruments. The word derives from Greek μουσική ( mousike , "art of

6536-410: The teacher-less writing class, which is the root of today's writing groups. In these teacher-less writing classes, which meet at least once a week, all group members actively participate by contributing a piece of writing and reading each other's work. They discuss it with the goal of getting the writer to see not necessarily what is wrong or right with the piece, but instead what effect the writing has on

6622-532: The use of materials that can be moulded or modulated, it is considered one of the plastic arts . The majority of public art is sculpture. Many sculptures together in a garden setting may be referred to as a sculpture garden . Sculpture in stone survives far better than works of art in perishable materials, and often represents the majority of the surviving works (other than pottery ) from ancient cultures; conversely, traditions of sculpture in wood may have vanished almost entirely. However, most ancient sculpture

6708-524: The wealthy, were popular as the centrepieces of a larger geometric design, with strongly emphasized borders. Early Christian basilicas from the 4th century onwards were decorated with wall and ceiling mosaics. The most famous Byzantine basilicas decorated with mosaics are the Basilica of San Vitale from Ravenna (Italy) and Hagia Sophia from Istanbul (Turkey). Printmaking covers the making of images on paper that can be reproduced multiple times by

6794-508: The whole writing process from generating ideas (where freewriting once more makes an appearance) to revising and editing both alone and with others. Elbow goes on to address issues when writing to different kinds of audiences and also how to seek adequate feedback. It seems to be Elbow's goal to show writers that there is more than just one "correct" way to involve oneself in the writing process. If writers learn to interact with their writing in these ways, they have learned to write with power. In

6880-632: The wind"), and certain musical genres. In sports, gymnastics, figure skating and synchronized swimming are dance disciplines while the kata of the martial arts are often compared to dances. Modern Western theatre is dominated by realism , including drama and comedy . Another popular Western form is musical theatre . Classical forms of theatre, including Greek and Roman drama , classic English drama ( Shakespeare and Marlowe included), and French theater ( Molière included), are still performed today. In addition, performances of classic Eastern forms such as Noh and Kabuki can be found in

6966-535: The words you want to say it with. You should expect yourself to end up somewhere different from where you started. Meaning is not what you start out with but what you end up with. Control, coherence, and knowing your mind are not what you start out with but what you end up with.... Writing is a way to end up thinking something you couldn't have started out thinking. Writing is, in fact, a transaction with words whereby you free yourself from what you presently think, feel, and perceive." In this section Elbow stresses that it

7052-463: The workers who created these objects, who typically remained even more anonymous than in the West. Similar distinctions were made in Japanese and Korean art . In Islamic art , the highest status was generally given to calligraphy , architects and the painters of Persian miniatures and related traditions, but these were still very often court employees . Typically they also supplied designs for

7138-522: The writer from the beginning; Bartholomae counters that he is more dismissive, not necessarily granting the writer her own presence. He believes that Elbow is too accepting while he, himself, thinks that the writer should prove himself first. In his response, Elbow agrees with Bartholomae that training for academic writing should be a crucial part of an undergraduate's career; however, Elbow says that this training can't be completed in just one semester. Elbow says that perhaps one of their greatest differences

7224-445: The writing against standard criteria, such as content, usage, organization, and general effectiveness. Elbow claims this is the kind of feedback that most people are used to giving and receiving. What Elbow says is quite useful about criterion-based feedback is that it allows the writer to reflect on her or his own writing as he goes along. It also allows her or him to recognize common troubles he has in writing so that he can avoid them in

7310-567: Was applied to natural rock surfaces, and wall painting, especially on wet plaster in the fresco technique was a major form until recently. Portable paintings on wood panel or canvas have been the most important in the Western world for several centuries, mostly in tempera or oil painting . Asian painting has more often used paper, with the monochrome ink and wash painting tradition dominant in East Asia . Paintings that are intended to go in

7396-438: Was brightly painted, and this has been lost. Conceptual art is art in which the concept(s) or idea(s) involved in the work take precedence over traditional aesthetic and material concerns. The inception of the term in the 1960s referred to a strict and focused practice of idea-based art that often defied traditional visual criteria associated with the visual arts in its presentation as text. However, through its association with

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