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66-416: Fransaskois ( pronounced [fʁɑ̃.sas.kwa] ), (cf. Québécois ), Franco-Saskatchewanais ( pronounced [fʁɑ̃.ko.sas.ka.tʃə.wa.nɛ] ) or Franco-Saskatchewanians are French Canadians or Canadian francophones living in the province of Saskatchewan . According to the 2016 Canadian Census , approximately 17,735 residents of the province stated that French was their mother tongue . In

132-625: A growing menace of independence from the 13 original British colonies. As shown by the 2016 Statistics Canada census, 58.3% of residents of Quebec identify their ethnicity as Canadian , 23.5% as French and 0.4% as Acadian . Roughly 2.3% of residents, or 184,005 people, describe their ethnicity as Québécois . The term became more common in English as Québécois largely replacing French Canadian as an expression of cultural and national identity among French Canadians living in Quebec during

198-524: A list of sample choices ("Québécois" did not appear among the various sample choices). The ethnicity "Canadien" or Canadian, did appear as an example on the questionnaire, and was selected by 4.9 million people or 68.2% of the Quebec population. In the more detailed Ethnic Diversity Survey , Québécois was the most common ethnic identity in Quebec, reported by 37% of Quebec's population aged 15 years and older, either as their only identity or alongside other identities. The survey, based on interviews, asked

264-545: A nation, compared with 38 per cent of English-speaking Canadians. As well, 78 per cent of 1,000 Québécois polled thought that Québécois should be recognized as a nation. The Québécois self-identify as an ethnic group in both the English and French versions of the Canadian census and in demographic studies of ethnicity in Canada. In the 2016 census, 74,575 chose Québécois as one of multiple responses with 119,985 choosing it as

330-523: A new Quebec nationalism in the 1960s led to Québécois increasingly referring to provincial institutions as being national. This was reflected in the change of the provincial Legislative Assembly to National Assembly in 1968. Nationalism reached an apex in the 1970s and 1990s, with contentious constitutional debates resulting in close to half of all of French-speaking Québécois seeking recognition of nation status through tight referendums on Quebec sovereignty in 1980 and 1995. Having lost both referendums,

396-737: A result, their identification with their ethnicity is weaker tending to have a more broad based cultural identification: for example, only 50% of third generation "Canadians" strongly identify as such, bringing down the overall average. The survey report notes that 80% of Canadians whose families had been in Canada for three or more generations reported "Canadian and provincial or regional ethnic identities". These identities include "Québécois" (37% of Quebec population), "Acadian" (6% of Atlantic provinces) and "Newfoundlander" (38% of Newfoundland and Labrador). French expressions employing "Québécois" often appear in both French and English. Fort de la Corne Too Many Requests If you report this error to

462-467: A single response (194,555 as a combined response). In the 2001 Census of Canada, 98,670 Canadians, or just over 1% of the population of Quebec identified "Québécois" as their ethnicity, ranking "Québécois" as the 37th most common response. These results were based on a question on residents in each household in Canada: "To which ethnic or cultural group(s) did this person's ancestors belong?" , along with

528-447: A strong sense of belonging. The generational profile and strength of identity of French New World ancestries contrast with those of British or Canadian ancestries, which represent the largest ethnic identities in Canada. Although deeply rooted Canadians express a deep attachment to their ethnic identity, most English-speaking Canadians of British ancestry generally cannot trace their ancestry as far back in Canada as French-speakers. As

594-548: Is Pierre Poilievre , who as of October 2023 is an MP serving as Leader of the Conservative Party and leader of the Official Opposition; Poilievre's adoptive father Donald was Fransaskois and their household was bilingual. In the arts, notable Fransaskois include sculptor Joe Fafard , folk music bands La Raquette à Claquettes and Hart-Rouge , and children's entertainer Carmen Campagne (from

660-453: Is a personal choice. Despite near-universal support in the House of Commons, several important dissenters criticized the motion. Intergovernmental Affairs minister Michael Chong resigned from his position and abstained from voting, arguing that this motion was too ambiguous and had the potential of recognizing a destructive ethnic nationalism in Canada. Liberals were the most divided on

726-524: Is a word used primarily to refer to a French-speaking inhabitant of the Canadian province of Quebec . Sometimes, it is used more generally to refer to any inhabitant of Quebec. It can refer to French spoken in Quebec . It may also be used, with an upper- or lower-case initial, as an adjective relating to Quebec, or to the French-Canadian culture of Quebec . A resident or native of Quebec

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792-567: Is an annual francophone arts and culture festival held in June. The festival has been held since 1980, it has been an opportunity for Fransaskois to get together, express themselves and celebrate in French for a weekend and to preserve their roots. A French-language professional theatre company, La Troupe du Jour, founded in 1987, operates from a base in Saskatoon. Gravelbourg's Fransaskois community

858-510: Is further reinforced by the province's Education Act . The Conseil des écoles fransaskoises is the province's only francophone school division, and encompasses the entire province. The francophone school board operates twelve elementary schools and two secondary schools; with a total enrolment of 1,603 students during the 2015–16 academic year. There are no publicly-funded francophone post-secondary institutions in Saskatchewan. However,

924-573: Is often referred to in English as a Quebecer or Quebecker. In French, Québécois or Québécoise usually refers to any native or resident of Quebec. Its use became more prominent in the 1960s as French Canadians from Quebec increasingly self-identified as Québécois. English expressions employing the term may imply specific reference to francophones; examples include "Québécois music","a Québécois rocker" or "Québécois literature" . The dictionary Le Petit Robert , published in France, states that

990-449: Is the most common mother tongue in the province after English, Tagalog , German, and Cree (including Cree languages not otherwise specified). The majority of francophone Saskatchewanians are bilingual in English and French, with only 530 Fransaskois reporting they only had proficiency in French. There were 51,355 Saskatchewanians, approximately 4.7 per cent of the population, that reported being bilingual in both English and French; although

1056-481: Is the subject of a short documentary Les Fransaskois , produced for the documentary series The Grasslands Project . The Fransaskois flag was created in 1979 to represent the community. The flag features a green cross on a field of yellow, with a red fleur-de-lis on the bottom right of the flag. The green represents both the boreal forest and the historic role of the Roman Catholic Church within

1122-533: The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms in 1982 resulted in several decisions from the Supreme Court of Canada , that reaffirmed the educational, and judicial rights of the francophones in Saskatchewan. According to the 2016 Canadian Census , the number of people that reported French was their mother tongue in Saskatchewan was 17,735, or approximately 1.6 per cent of the population. French

1188-649: The Assemblée communautaire fransaskoise . The ACF originated from the Association Franco-Canadienne de la Saskatchewan, formed in 1912. The organization was renamed as the Association Catholique Franco-Canadienne in 1913. The association dropped the word "catholique" in favour of "culturelle" in 1962. The organization adopted the name "L’Association Communautaire Fransaskoise" in 1999, to further reflect

1254-545: The Association des commissaries d’écoles franco-canadiens (ACEFC) . In 1918, Monsignor Mathieu Regina opened College Mathieu in Gravelbourg, a private institution that offered classical education in French. College Mathieu remained the only option for a French education in Saskatchewan for the next 75 years. It remained in operation as Western Canada 's only private French language secondary school until 2003, when it

1320-643: The French colony of New France to Britain after the Seven Years' War . Quebec City remained the capital. In 1774, Guy Carleton obtained from the British Government the Quebec Act , which gave Canadiens most of the territory they held before 1763; the right of religion; and their right of language and culture. The British Government did this to in order to keep their loyalty, in the face of

1386-651: The House of Commons of Canada in 2006 approved a motion tabled by Prime Minister Stephen Harper , which stated that the Québécois are a nation within a united Canada. Harper later elaborated that the motion's definition of Québécois relies on personal decisions to self-identify as Québécois, and therefore is a personal choice. Québécois (pronounced [kebekwa] ); feminine : Québécoise (pronounced [kebekwaz] ), Quebecois (fem.: Quebecoise ), or Québecois (fem.: Québecoise )

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1452-812: The Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) and the North-West Company . A number of French fur traders often had local First Nations women as their companions. While the majority of these couples were not formally married, the offspring that they produced often carried the French names of their fathers. Names like Dumont, Cardinal, Breland and Vandal are often associated with the French Métis . Between 1840 and 1880, several Métis communities developed in Batoche , Île-à-la-Crosse , St. Laurent de Grandin , and Willow Bunch . In addition to French Canadian fur traders, and

1518-567: The Languages Act does allow legislation to be published bilingually in English and French; and permits its members to address the legislature in the French language. Although the Languages Act permits the use of French in the legislature, it revoked many of the linguistic rights previously guaranteed to Fransaskois under Section 110 of the North-West Territories Act . French is one of two official languages used in

1584-499: The North-West Territories Act still applied to its succeeding provinces ( Alberta and Saskatchewan), notably Section 110, which affords certain linguistic rights to francophones. However, the court also stated in its decision that said provinces were also permitted to legislate on matters of official languages, resulting in the passage of the Languages Act in Alberta, and The Language Act in Saskatchewan. Although both laws affirmed

1650-615: The Quiet Revolution of the 1960s. The predominant French Canadian nationalism and identity of previous generations was based on the protection of the French language , the Roman Catholic Church , and Church-run institutions across Canada and in parts of the United States. In contrast, the modern Québécois identity is secular and based on a social democratic ideal of an active Quebec government promoting

1716-756: The Saskatchewan Grain Growers , the Saskatchewan School Trustees’ Association, the Saskatchewan Association of Rural Municipalities resolved to forbid the use of foreign languages in Saskatchewan's schools. Premier William Martin drafted an amendment to Section 177 of the School Act which limited French instruction to one hour a day. In response to the loss of the right to teach French in a public school in 1918, Franco-Catholic school trustees formed

1782-548: The University of Regina operates a bilingual English and French institution, La Cité universitaire francophone . The institution operates as a centre that provides a limited number of academic programs in the French-language, as well as some francophone services for the university. Education in the French language occurred in the region as early as the 19th century, although saw efforts to curtail its instruction in

1848-488: The town of Willow Bunch ). New upcoming artists such as Alexis Normand, Véronique Poulin and Shawn Jobin are becoming staples on the Fransaskois music scene, joining more established artists such as Annette Campagne, Chritianne Blondeau and Michel Lalonde. In sports, the most notable Fransaskois is NHL games-played record holder, Patrick Marleau , and Colorado Avalanche forward Blake Comeau of Meadow Lake . Comeau

1914-608: The 18th century. Francophone settlement into the region first occurred with French Canadian fur traders, along with Roman Catholic missionaries, and the Métis , during the mid 19th century. In 1885, a rebellion that included the French-speaking Métis broke out in the region. In the early 20th century, the provincial government attempted to assimilate the francophone minority into the anglophone majority by curtailing French language education in Saskatchewan. The enactment of

1980-560: The Americas. In the 2016 census, 125,810 Saskatchewanians reported having partial or full French ancestry. French is the seventh most commonly reported ethnic group in Saskatchewan, after German, Canadian, English, Scottish, Irish, and Ukrainian. Francophones in Saskatchewan are concentrated along three main areas of the province, the North and South Saskatchewan River , and in southern Saskatchewan. The majority of Fransaskois reside around

2046-639: The Attorney General Alphonse Turgeon. Later that year the society would go on to form the Association Franco-Canadienne de la Saskatchewan (renamed the Assemblée communautaire fransaskoise of ACF in 1999) in an effort to protect the rights of Fransaskois . The early 20th century saw efforts to curtail French language education, in an effort to assimilate the francophone minority with the anglophone majority. In 1916, several provincial organizations like

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2112-516: The Bloc Québécois resolution came to a vote. The English version changed the word Quebecer to Québécois and added "within a united Canada" at the end of the Bloc motion. The "Québécois nation" was recognized by the House of Commons of Canada on November 27, 2006. The Prime Minister specified that the motion used the "cultural" and "sociological" as opposed to the "legal" sense of

2178-854: The French language and French-speaking culture in the arts, education, and business within the Province of Quebec . Politically, this resulted in a push towards more autonomy for Quebec and an internal debate on Quebec independence and identity that continues to this day. The emphasis on the French language and Quebec autonomy means that French-speakers across Canada now self-identify more specifically with provincial or regional identity-tags, such as acadienne , or franco-canadienne , franco-manitobaine , franco-ontarienne or fransaskoise . Terms such as Franco-Ontarian and Franco-Manitoban are still predominant. Francophones and anglophones use many terms when discussing issues of francophone linguistic and cultural identity in English. The political shift towards

2244-673: The Métis, Roman Catholic missionaries were among the first francophone settlers into the region, with several French missionaries dispatched to Qu'Appelle River valley (near present-day Fort Qu'Appelle in the early 19th century. After the two fur trading companies were united in 1821, the French Métis settled along the Red River in Rupert's Land , until the Deed of Surrender transferred

2310-596: The Parti Québécois tabled a motion that was unanimously adopted in the National Assembly affirming that the Quebec people formed a nation. Bloc Québécois leader Gilles Duceppe scheduled a similar motion in the House of Commons for November 23, 2006, that would have recognized "Quebecers as a nation". Conservative Prime Minister Stephen Harper tabled the Québécois nation motion the day before

2376-529: The Supreme Court in 1988 and 1990 asserted the fact that francophones the right to govern their own education. However, a separate public francophone school system was not implemented in the province until 1993. The province established eight public francophone school boards in 1995, all of which were eventually consolidated into the Conseil scolaire fransaskois in 1999. The Conseil culturel fransaskois

2442-552: The adjective québécois , in addition to its territorial meaning, may refer specifically to francophone or French Canadian culture in Quebec. The dictionary gives as examples cinéma québécois and littérature québécoise . However, an ethnic or linguistic sense is absent from Le Petit Larousse , also published in France, as well as from French dictionaries published in Canada such as Le Dictionnaire québécois d'aujourd'hui and Le Dictionnaire du français Plus , which indicate instead Québécois francophone "francophone Quebecer" in

2508-743: The agricultural landscape of the province. Others worked to ensure the survival of the Catholic Church and the French language in the province. The first bishops of the west were French Canadians who believed that the survival of the Church was dependent on the survival of the mother tongue. In February 1912, 450 members of the Francophone community of Saskatchewan met at Duck Lake to form a provincial organization called La Sociéte du Parler Français de la Saskatchewan . Invited delegates included Bishop Mathieu of Regina, Bishop Charlebois of Keewatin and

2574-613: The area around Quebec City where the Saint Lawrence River narrows to a cliff-lined gap. French explorer Samuel de Champlain chose this name in 1608 for the colonial outpost he would use as the administrative seat for the French colony of Canada and New France . The Province of Quebec was first founded as a British colony in the Royal Proclamation of 1763 after the Treaty of Paris formally transferred

2640-615: The community; the yellow representing the Canadian Prairies ; and the red fleur-de-lis representing Louis Riel's struggle for francophone and Métis rights. In 1910, a province-wide, French-language weekly "Le Patriote de l'Ouest" was established in the town of Duck Lake. In 1941, "Le Patriote de l'Ouest" merged with "La Liberté" a French-language weekly newspaper based in Saint-Boniface Manitoba, becoming "La Liberté et le Patriote". In 1971, "L'Eau vive" became

2706-460: The early 20th century. In 1911, the provincial government limited French language education was to Grade 1 of elementary school; before outright banning its instruction in 1931. Elementary school teachers were again permitted to teach the French language after an amendment to the provincial Education Act was enacted in 1968, allowing teachers to teach the language. Teachers in secondary school were permitted to teach French in 1971. Provisions made to

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2772-579: The following figure includes francophone residents of the province, and Saskatchewanian who speak French as a second language . Approximately 56 per cent of Fransaskois were born in Saskatchewan, with 29 per cent of francophones in the province born in another province or territory of Canada. Approximately 16 per cent of all francophones in Saskatchewan were born outside Canada. Among the Fransaskois that were born outside Canada, approximately 57 per cent originated from Africa, 22 per cent from Europe, 18 per cent from Asia, and 6 per cent from all other countries in

2838-541: The following questions: "1) I would now like to ask you about your ethnic ancestry, heritage or background. What were the ethnic or cultural origins of your ancestors? 2) In addition to "Canadian", what were the other ethnic or cultural origins of your ancestors on first coming to North America?" This survey did not list possible choices of ancestry and permitted multiple answers. In census ethnic surveys, French-speaking Canadians identify their ethnicity most often as French , Canadien , Québécois , or French Canadian , with

2904-591: The issue and represented 15 of the 16 votes against the motion. Liberal MP Ken Dryden summarized the view of many of these dissenters, maintaining that it was a game of semantics that cheapened issues of national identity. A survey by Leger Marketing in November 2006 showed that Canadians were deeply divided on this issue. When asked if Québécois are a nation, only 53 per cent of Canadians agreed, 47 per cent disagreed, with 33 per cent strongly disagreeing; 78 per cent of French-speaking Canadians agreed that Québécois are

2970-847: The latter three referred to by Jantzen (2005) as "French New World" ancestries because they originate in Canada. Jantzen (2005) distinguishes the English Canadian , meaning "someone whose family has been in Canada for multiple generations", and the French Canadien , used to refer to descendants of the original settlers of New France in the 17th and 18th centuries. Those reporting "French New World" ancestries overwhelmingly had ancestors that went back at least 4 generations in Canada: specifically, 90% of Québécois traced their ancestry back this far. Fourth generation Canadiens and Québécois showed considerable attachment to their ethno-cultural group, with 70% and 61% respectively reporting

3036-481: The linguistic sense. The online dictionary Grand dictionnaire terminologique of the Office québécois de la langue française mentions only a territorial meaning for Québécois . Newspaper editor Lysiane Gagnon has referred to an ethnic sense of the word Québécois in both English and French. The name Québec comes from an Algonquin word meaning 'narrow passage' or 'strait'. The name originally referred to

3102-793: The new French-language weekly in Saskatchewan. L'Eau vive , is published in Regina. Two community newspapers, Triangle News in Coronach and the Gravelbourg Tribune in Gravelbourg, publish content in both English and French. The Fransaskois community is served primarily by the radio and television services of Radio-Canada , the country's French language public broadcaster. Radio-Canada launched its French language first television station in Saskatchewan in 1976. Ici Radio-Canada Télé 's CBKFT-DT and Ici Radio-Canada Première 's CBKF-FM are based in Regina and have rebroadcasters throughout

3168-578: The northern coast of Lake Superior, through Fort Paskoya (Le Pas, Manitoba) and into what is today the province of Saskatchewan establishing Fort Saint-Louis, or what became known as Fort-à-la-Corne , near the forks of the Saskatchewan River. The area was the westernmost region of New France . French Canadian coureurs de bois continued to utilize the territory after the British conquest of New France , in their pursuit of furs to trade with

3234-536: The province's largest cities, with three out of four Fransaskois' residing in Saskatoon , Regina , and Prince Albert . However, smaller communities of Fransaskois are also based in Gravelbourg , Albertville , Duck Lake , Zenon Park , Bellegarde , and St. Isidore-de-Bellevue . In 1752, Louis de la Corne, Chevalier de la Corne was appointed commandant poste de l’Ouest . He embarked on an expedition along

3300-550: The province, featuring locally produced content in both mediums. The two radio stations became rebroadcasters of CBKF after their acquisition. Also included in this French language network are CBKF 860 kHz AM, Saskatoon, and CBKF-1 690 kHz AM Gravelbourg. The most famous Fransaskoise, Jeanne Sauvé , born in Prud'Homme , served as a Liberal MP , Cabinet minister , Speaker of the House of Commons and ultimately Governor General of Canada . Another politician having Fransaskois heritage

3366-514: The province, while Regina and Saskatoon receive Ici Musique service from rebroadcasters of CKSB-FM in Winnipeg . A privately owned bilingual community radio station, CKZP-FM , also operates in Zenon Park. In 2003, a privately owned community station, CFRG-FM , was launched in Gravelbourg by a new community group which has no ownership affiliation with the original CFRG. The original CFRG

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3432-501: The provincial Education Act in 1978 allowed for designated schools to use French as their primary language of instruction. Although these schools were open to francophones, they were administered by anglophone school boards, typically as French immersion schools. Following the enactment of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms , Fransaskois have pushed for the right to administer their own schools. Decisions passed by

3498-541: The provincial judiciary. The rights of francophones for the provincial judicial system was outlined in An Act Respecting the Use of the English and French Languages in Saskatchewan , passed in 1988 shortly after the Supreme Court decision on R v Mercure . French language education rights for minority francophone populations in Canada is guaranteed under Section 23 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms , and

3564-490: The right to use French in the judiciary and legislature, they also revoked many of the privileges accorded to francophones under the North-West Territories Act . Another Supreme Court decision (Mahe decision) in 1990 recognized the Fransaskois’ right to control their children’s education. In 2003, the provincial government introduced its first policy on French-language support for certain provincial services. The year 2012

3630-487: The same census, 125,810 Saskatchewanians claimed full or partial French ancestry. There are several Fransaskois communities in Saskatchewan, although the majority of francophones in Saskatchewan reside in the province's three largest cities, Saskatoon , Regina , and Prince Albert . The first francophones to enter the region were French Canadian coureurs des bois employed in the North American fur trade during

3696-569: The sovereigntist Parti Québécois government renewed the push for recognition as a nation through symbolic motions that gained the support of all parties in the National Assembly. They affirmed the right to determine the independent status of Quebec. They also renamed the area around Quebec City the Capitale-Nationale (national capital) region and renamed provincial parks Parcs Nationaux (national parks). In opposition in October 2003,

3762-500: The structural makeup of the organization. The ACF's mandate is to represent the Fransaskois community in order to promote services protecting their rights. Under the provincial Languages Act passed in 1988, English serves as the official language of the province. English is the primary language of the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan , with legislation passed there permitted to be published in English only. However,

3828-580: The territory to Canada in 1870. As a result of the sale, a number of Métis left the Red River to seek out new lands in an attempt to return to their way of life. The vast majority landed on the banks of the Saskatchewan River in the area of Batoche and Duck Lake, although a dispute over land titles resulted in the North-West Rebellion ; which saw the Métis eventually defeated at the Battle of Batoche in 1885 when. The rebellion's leader, Louis Riel

3894-529: The turn of the century, the French-speaking settlers represented about 2.9% of the population. Five years after the foundation of the province of Saskatchewan in 1905, the French-speaking population represented 5.2%. The population grew from 2,600 to 25,000 in the first ten years of the twentieth century, and they would double their population during next two decades. The French Canadians arriving in Saskatchewan were mostly farmers interested in developing

3960-407: The word "nation" . According to Harper, the motion was of a symbolic political nature, representing no constitutional change, no recognition of Quebec sovereignty, and no legal change in its political relations within the federation. The Prime Minister has further elaborated, stating that the motion's definition of Québécois relies on personal decisions to self-identify as Québécois, and therefore

4026-665: Was proclaimed the Year of the Fransaskois Community in Saskatchewan by Minister Donna Harpauer in recognition of the 100th anniversary of the ACF. The Francophone Affairs Branch (established as the Office of French Language Coordination) was established by the provincial government in 1990, and serves as the liaison between the provincial government and the Fransaskois community. Conversely, Fransaskois interests are represented by

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4092-443: Was a member of the 2004 Memorial Cup champion Kelowna Rockets and of two gold medal-winning World Junior Hockey championship teams. Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois people Self-identification as Québécois became dominant starting in the 1960s; prior to this, the francophone people of Quebec mostly identified themselves as French Canadians and as Canadiens before anglophones started identifying as Canadians as well. A majority in

4158-420: Was absorbed by the province's public francophone school system and renamed L'école Secondaire Collège Mathieu. In 1982, Section 23 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms guaranteed minority education rights. The establishment of the Charter led to the Fransaskois community pushing for further linguistic rights through the judiciary. In 1988, the Supreme Court of Canada ruled in R v Mercure that

4224-417: Was established in 1974 as an organization that assists francophone cultural centres in the province. The organization is responsible for popularizing the term Fransaskois to refer to the French Canadian community in Saskatchewan. Fransaskois celebrate their vibrant culture regularly. Folk arts, visual arts, fine arts and performance arts all feature prominently in their festivals. The Fête fransaskoise festival

4290-651: Was later tried in court , the outcome of which became a major point of contention between English and French Canadians. In 1892, the Northwest Territories abolished French as an official language. At the end of the nineteenth century, the Roman Catholic Church aided the government in bringing new groups of immigrants to the prairies. The resulting immigration saw many arrive from Quebec who began establishing towns, schools, churches and businesses. The Canadian government worked to encourage French immigrants from France and Belgium, achieving some success in 1912 and 1913 as some 3000 French arrived in Canada in those two years. At

4356-413: Was one of two privately owned French language radio stations that operated in Saskatchewan prior to 1973. Programming at CFRG started in June 1952 at CFRG Gravelbourg; whereas the second station, CFNS , started broadcasting in November 1952 in Saskatoon. In 1973, Radio-Canada bought the two stations and has since taken a leading role in broadcasting French-language radio and French-language television across

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