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44-516: Like many languages, German has pronouns for both familiar (used with family members, intimate friends, and children) and polite forms of address. The polite equivalent of "you" is " Sie ." Grammatically speaking, this is the 3rd-person-plural form, and, as a subject of a sentence, it always takes the 3rd-person-plural forms of verbs and possessive adjective/ pronouns, even when talking to only one person. (Familiar pronouns have singular and plural forms.) Honorific pronouns are always capitalized except for

88-406: A Herr or Frau respectively (and almost never with a Fräulein ); the contrary shall be noted as exceptions in the following. All clergy and ministers are usually called Herr (or Protestants also: Frau ) plus the title of their office, e. g., Herr Pfarrer , Frau Pastorin . Adjectival predicates are only used for Roman Catholic clergy, and then in the following order: Whether Monsignors of

132-440: A person knighted for their (in this case commercial) achievements. Germany generally has not kept the practice, except for the fine arts ( Kammersänger , Staatsschauspieler and so forth). People who had received a title under the monarchies usually retained them until their death. On the other hand, the distinction Hoflieferant ("Court supplier") was not strictly speaking a honorific (though often used as such), but implied

176-879: A position usually given to young noble men in the service of a princely rank person at the court. A Kammerjunker was ranked below a chamberlain , but above a chamber page . The title of junker is also used within military roles, most notably in the Swedish military , with the rank of fanjunkare and its derivates (the equivalent of a colour sergeant ). Protonotary Apostolic Jus novum ( c.  1140 -1563) Jus novissimum ( c.  1563 -1918) Jus codicis (1918-present) Other Sacraments Sacramentals Sacred places Sacred times Supra-diocesan/eparchal structures Particular churches Juridic persons Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law Clerics Office Juridic and physical persons Associations of

220-484: A priest who serves as teacher of religion at a state school). Professors of theology are always addressed by their academic function (except, possibly, if prelates, which usually, though of similar eminence, they aren't). Parochial vicars usually have the honorific title Kaplan (chaplain), while actual chaplains as a rule have the in this case honorific title Pfarrer ("parish priest"). The traditional honorifics for nobility are, in descending order, The last one

264-400: Is Herr (or nowadays Frau ) plus their military rank , e. g., Herr Leutnant . If needed for distinction, the last name can be attached. Subordinates can alternatively be called with rank plus last-name. For soldiers who know each other, for Mannschaften (enlisted personnel not NCOs) among themselves, and also for an officer from the same unit to an enlisted soldier whom he knows personally,

308-668: Is Monsignore (using the Italian form), but it is only usually used for Monsignors of the first degree (Chaplains of His Holiness), not for prelates as in English, or for bishops as in Italian. If used, protocol demands to leave away the usual Herr (to avoid the meaning "Lord My Lord"), but this is uncommon in German and the incorrect phrase "Herr Monsignore" can often be heard. Higher prelates are addressed Herr Prälat (not, usually, "Herr Protonotar "), or possibly with their office (if it

352-602: Is a noble honorific , derived from Middle High German Juncherre , meaning 'young nobleman' or otherwise 'young lord' (derivation of jung and Herr ). The term is traditionally used throughout the German-speaking, Dutch-speaking and Scandinavian-speaking parts of Europe. It was also used in the Russian Empire due to Baltic German influence, up until the Russian Revolution . The term

396-462: Is considered incorrect to attach Herr, Frau, Fräulein to "Baron" and so forth, except if the Baron in question is one's actual superior, though this appears often nevertheless. It certainly is incorrect to speak of "Herr Freiherr" and so forth, seeing that this is a doubling, so sometimes the phrase "[sehr geehrter] Freiherr von [e. g.] Sonstwoher" is used (given that Freiherr is unquestionably part of

440-712: Is currently still in use by the Georgian Defense Forces for student officers of the National Defence Academy . In Brandenburg , the Junker was originally one of the members of the higher Edelfrei ( immediate ) nobility without or before the accolade . It evolved to a general denotation of a young or lesser noble, sometimes politically insignificant, understood as "country squire ". Martin Luther disguised himself as "Junker Jörg" at

484-409: Is forbidden to attach honorifics to themselves or demand them (but may attach them to family members). The equivalent of a Baron is called Freiherr (fem. Freifrau , fem. unmarried Freifräulein , which is rare, or its more usual abbreviation Freiin ), though some "Barone" exist with foreign (e. g. Russian) titles. Nevertheless, in address they are usually called "Baron", "Baronin", and "Baroneß". It

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528-487: Is in full vigour as far as courtrooms are concerned, where the participants will all the time be addressed as Herr Angeklagter ("Mr. Defendant"), Herr Verteidiger ("Mr. Defending Counsel"), Herr Zeuge ("Mr. Witness"), Herr Kläger ("Mr. Plaintiff") and so forth. Judges are Herr Richter , Herr Vorsitzender , Herr Vizepräsident or Herr Präsident (depending on their rank), similarly the public prosecutors (usually Herr Staatsanwalt ). The general address for soldiers

572-421: Is not known and the addresser is not familiar with the shoulder strap), but otherwise somewhat outdated. As teachers on public schools are, as a rule, civil servants (and on Church schools often receive a similar status), this is likewise true for teachers, with the exception that for teachers not the headmaster, it is perhaps even a bit more outdated to use their rank than for other civil servants. It used to be

616-548: Is not that of a Cathedral capitular without further distinction, in which case the title of prelate is preferred.) Abbots are addressed Herr Abt or Vater Abt ("Father Abbot"), abbesses Frau Äbtissin or Mutter Äbtissin ("Mother Abbess"). (The "Father" and "Mother" versions are one of the few cases where Herr or Frau falls away.) Other male religious are called Pater ("Father", but in Latin) if priests and Frater ("Brother", but also in Latin) if not, sometimes together with

660-514: Is now completely obsolete, as is the incorrect practice of elevating bourgeois notables to Hochwohlgeboren (which emerged in the last years of the German monarchies to give expression to the importance of the bourgeoisie in a society that was in its formalities still pre–Industrial Revolution). But also Erlaucht , Hochgeboren , Hochwohlgeboren are increasingly rare (and some make a point of not attaching any such predicate unless to sovereigns of non-German states). Austrian (but not German) nobility

704-517: Is the Kommerzialrat (Prussia: Kommerzienrat ) ("Commercial Counsellor [implied: to the Court]), which denotes an entitled businessman. In the monarchies, there also was an "augmented" form of that, in this case Geheimer Kommerzialrat , generally received by adding the adjective "Geheim" (see Geheimrat ). This literally means "Privy (Commercial, etc.) Councillor" and is roughly the equivalent of

748-409: Is used; after retirement, the title Pfarrer (parish priest, pastor) can be kept if held at some point in their life. It is also quite common to address such priests with their academic rank, if they have some ("[hochwürdiger] Herr Dr. Lastname", for a doctor), or their civil-servant rank if they have some ("[hochwürdiger] Herr Oberstudienrat", literally something like "Rev. Mr. Teacher-first-class", for

792-525: The Roman Curia or, outside Rome, an honorary prelate on whom the pope has conferred this title and its special privileges. An example is Prince Georg of Bavaria (1880–1943), who became in 1926 Protonotary by papal decree. In late antiquity , there were in Rome seven regional notaries who, on the further development of the papal administration and the accompanying increase of the notaries, remained

836-467: The Wartburg ; he would later mock King Henry VIII of England as "Juncker Heintz". As part of the nobility, many Junker families only had prepositions such as von or zu before their family names without further ranks. The abbreviation of the title was Jkr ., most often placed before the given name and titles, for example: Jkr. Heinrich von Hohenberg. The female equivalent Junkfrau ( Jkfr. )

880-468: The nuncio ), but especially Seine Gnaden (which dates from a time when not all bishops were accorded the style "Excellency" then considered higher) and hochehrwürdig and wohlehrwürdig (which tend to be replaced by a simple ehrwürdig ), followed by "Excellency" at least as far as auxiliary bishops are concerned. It is good style, though, to use them at least in all places where layfolk would be addressed as sehr geehrte (which they replace), such as at

924-514: The 2nd person plural (" Ihr " ; like the French «  vous  ») or the 3rd person singular (" Er " He, " Sie " She) and their corresponding possessive adjectives and verb forms were used. The 3rd person plural as polite form of address as it is used today became standard during the 19th and 20th centuries. For more details about German grammar, see the entries about the German language. Using "Herr" for very young men, certainly those below

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968-571: The actual function of someone supplying a Court in at least a marginal role with some (high-quality) goods. Hoflieferant is now still attached to the companies who had received it under the monarchies, but no longer as previously to their proprietors in person (if they, as now always the case, came into that position later, whether by inheriting or buying). Junker Junker ( Danish : Junker , German : Junker , Dutch : Jonkheer , English: Yunker , Norwegian : Junker , Swedish : Junker , Georgian : იუნკერი , Iunkeri )

1012-519: The age of 16, is rather awkward and often avoided (except in letters from the state's bureaucracy) by using the first name, or first name and last name. There used to be a direct equivalent to Fräulein , viz., Junker (formed “jung Herr”, lit. “young lord”, and equivalent to Master in English), but this word is now only used in describing a specific class (which properly speaking did not consist of "junkers" in this sense at all, but of "Herren") and in

1056-462: The beginning of letters, speeches and so forth. The oft-seen abbreviation "H. H." (e. g. in obituaries) means "hochwürdigster Herr". It is incorrect to address an auxiliary bishop as "Herr Weihbischof"; he must be called Herr Bischof . Cardinals are always Herr Kardinal (or more formally Seine/Euer Eminenz ), never, for instance, Herr Erzbischof even if they are diocesan archbishops and are addressed as such. The literal translation of "Monsignor"

1100-441: The case that the name of professions was used as a honorific, together with Herr (or Frau ), e. g. Herr Schriftsteller ("Mr. Professional Writer"), Herr Installateur ("Mr. Plumber") and so forth. This is generally outdated. Though there is a professional qualification called Meister ("master craftsman"), and there is also an outdated honorific called Meister (in this case roughly equivalent to "goodman"; in use, when "Herr"

1144-587: The faithful Pars dynamica (trial procedure) Canonization Election of the Roman Pontiff Academic degrees Journals and Professional Societies Faculties of canon law Canonists Institute of consecrated life Society of apostolic life In the Roman Catholic Church , protonotary apostolic ( PA ; Latin : protonotarius apostolicus ) is the title for a member of the highest non-episcopal college of prelates in

1188-403: The first degree (that is, Chaplains of His Holiness) are hochwürdigst or hochwürdig is a borderline case. The predicate hochwürdigst is sometimes also extended to other priests of certain high positions (say, cathedral capitulars ), but never for parish priests or for deans. All these predicates are in increasingly sparing use (except for the first, and except for "Excellency" as applied to

1232-536: The general caveats concerning the use of Fräulein ). However, a practising female physician or attorney would be Frau Doktor if holding a doctorate; a Fräulein Doktor suggests an unmarried woman with a doctorate in an academic (or retired) position. In German, the last name can be added after the honorific and academic title, e.g., "Frau Professor Müller". The otherwise outdated use of calling people with Herr and their functions (when they are not ranks of any kind)

1276-667: The name of the person in Germany - not in Austria - while calling him "Baron" means treating him as nobility). It is likewise considered incorrect to attach Herr, Frau, Fräulein to Counts (m. Graf , fem. Gräfin , fem. unmarried Komteß ), unless the Count in question is one's actual superior, though again this still appears often Doktor and Magistra are the only honorifics (other than those of lower nobility) which can be combined not only with Frau but also with Fräulein (subject to

1320-474: The office had almost entirely disappeared. On 8 February 1838, Pope Gregory XVI re-established the college of real protonotaries with seven members called protonotarii de numero participantium , also known as numerary protonotaries , because they shared in the revenues, as officials of the Roman Chancery . Since the sixteenth century, the popes had also appointed honorary protonotaries, who enjoyed

1364-484: The polite reflexive pronoun " sich ." In letters, e-mails, and other texts in which the reader is directly addressed, familiar pronouns may be capitalized or not. In schoolbooks, the pronouns usually remain lowercased. Declension of the polite personal pronoun " Sie ": Nominative case: Sie Accusative case: Sie Genitive case: Ihrer Dative case: Ihnen Declension of polite possessive adjectives: Obsolete forms of honorific addresses: In former times,

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1408-466: The rank can fall away except if the subordinate addresses the superior, but Herr is never attached to the last-name simply. Superiors can alternatively call their enlisted subordinates by their function (e. g. Richtschütze "gunner", Kraftfahrer "motorist", Truppführer "assistant squad leader", and so forth). The NVA used Genosse ("Comrade") instead of Herr . In the Imperial Army ,

1452-599: The same privileges as the seven real members of the college; and titular protonotaries, who held a corresponding position in the administration of the episcopal ordinariate or in the collegiate chapter. By the motu proprio Inter multiplices of 21 February 1905, Pope Pius X defined the position of the protonotaries, ... privileges, dress, and insignia of the members of the four classes: An example from more recent times: Since 1969 (following Pope Paul VI 's issuing of two motus proprios, Pontificalis Domus of March 28, 1968 and Pontificalia Insignia of June 21, 1968),

1496-411: The style of "Excellency" was appropriate for some high-ranking generals. A direct equivalent to the frequent anglophone use of "Sir" does not exist. Civil servants ( Beamten ) used to be called with Herr or Frau plus their rank (for their respective ranks, see the tables at Beamter ). This is in full vigour for police-officers (with the now unused rank Wachtmeister stepping in if the precise rank

1540-534: The supreme palace notaries of the papal chancery ( notarii apostolici or protonotarii ). In the Middle Ages, the protonotaries were very high papal officials and were often raised directly from this office to the cardinalate . Originally numbering seven, Pope Sixtus V (1585–90) increased their number to twelve. Their importance gradually diminished, and at the time of the French Revolution ,

1584-481: The surname, sometimes also with the first name (though Canons Regular are called Herr rather than Pater or Frater). Female religious are called Schwester ("Sister", but this time in German). This is not used together with both Herr/Frau and their name, though in the address, it is quite common to address a religious priest who does pastoral work in a parish orally as Herr Pater ("Mr. Father"). (Note generally that

1628-412: The term Fahnenjunker ("officer candidate 3rd class"), reflecting the tradition that only officers are Herren (though now used together with "Herr", see below under military). Also, it never lost the touch of describing exclusively those of higher class, which was originally true of all the four mentioned above but has been lost by all of them. Note that almost all other honorifics will be combined with

1672-400: The term Junker connotes a young lord, originally the son of a medieval duke or count, but is also a term for a member of the privileged landowner class, and can be considered the equivalent of the gentry . Before 1375 the honorific was also suitable for Danish royal sons. It was also used in the title Kammerjunker within the royal household, the equivalent of the French valet de chambre ,

1716-584: The term became popularly used as a loosely defined synecdoche for the landed nobility (particularly of so-called East Elbia ) who controlled almost all of the land and government, or by extension, the Prussian estate owners regardless of noble status. With the formation of the German Empire in 1871, the Junkers dominated the central German government and the Prussian military. A leading representative

1760-483: The translation of "Father" into German is only used for the Pope and for abbots, and into Latin only for religious clergy.) - The office of "Priester" ( priest ) taken simply is nb. never used as a title (there is "Herr Diakon" and "Herr Bischof" but no "Herr Priester"). In the usually brief period where a secular priest has no office that could be used in addressing him, the phrase "Herr Neupriester" ("Mr. New Priest")

1804-587: Was Prince Otto von Bismarck . "The Junkers " of Prussia were often contrasted with the elites of the western and southern states in Germany, such as the city-republic of Hamburg (which had no nobility) or Catholic states like Bavaria, in which the " Junker class" of Prussia was often viewed with contempt. After World War II, the junker class, which had formed much of the officer corps of the Wehrmacht and whose prominent member President and former General Paul von Hindenburg had appointed Hitler chancellor in 1933,

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1848-760: Was often blamed for Prussian militarism, the rise of the Nazis and World War II. As a consequence, a land reform in the Soviet Occupation Zone which had the goal of collectivization along Soviet lines was justified in propaganda as a strike against the Junker class with the slogan "Junkerland in Bauernhand" (junker lands in peasant hands). It has also been used in military context in the German armed forces , such as rank of Fahnenjunker . In Denmark,

1892-529: Was only applied to high-ranking persons, for the non-dependent men below them), this was never a honorific specifically in use for master craftsmen. In Austria – and in monarchical times also in Germany – the Head of State can give certain titles to people of notable achievements in their profession (and, if not for civil servants, usually considerable donations to public welfare). These, again, are usually used with Herr and Frau respectively. A well-known example

1936-512: Was used only sporadically. In some cases, the honorific Jkr. was also used for Freiherren (barons) and Grafen (counts). Junker (and its cognates) was traditionally used as a noble honorific throughout the German-speaking parts of Europe. The title today survives in its traditional meaning in the Netherlands and Belgium in the Dutch form Jonkheer . In modern Prussian history,

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